GW Notes

Special Issue: eLISA/NGO, revealing a hidden universe

Notes & News for GW science Guest editors: David Spergel and Zhang Shuangnan Editors: Pau Amaro-Seoane and Bernard F. Schutz

ISSN: 1868-1921

GW Notes was born from the need for a journal where the distinct communities in- volved in gravitational wave research might gather. While these three communities - Astrophysics, General Relativity and Data Analysis - have made significant collabora- tive progress over recent years, we believe that it is indispensable to future advancement that they draw closer, and that they speak a common idiom. Notes & News for GW science 6My2,2013 28, May #6 URL: 1868-1921 ISSN: Schutz B.F. and Seoane Amaro P. Editors: Germany Potsdam 14476 1 Mühlenberg Am (Albert-Einstein-Institut) Gravitationsphysik für Max-Planck-Institut Publisher: http://brownbag.lisascience.org/lisa-gw-notes/ WNotes GW 1

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1 6 , , , oe esfrG science GW for News & Notes Notes & News for GW science 6My2,2013 28, May #6 oa,JmHuh ct .Hge,PeoMdu anc ele,SelPhinney, Sterl Vinet. Jean-Yves Mellier, and Yannick Thorne, Madau, Kip Richstone, Piero Craig O. Hughes, Gundlach, Douglas A. Jens Scott Finn, Sam Hough, Lee Jim Cutler, Hogan, Centrella, J Joan Curt Buchman, Cruise, Mike Sasha T. Weber, Bender, Cerdonio, W. Peter Massimo Wen, Prince, S. Wealthy, Trenkel, A D. C. Thomas Wass, Texier, P. Zweifel, Rozemeijer, P. Waschke, D. Taylor, Ziegler, S. H. Ward, A. Robertson, H. Sopuerta, Wanner, C.F. D. G. Tu, P. Shaul, Pérez, H.B. Plagnol, D. Romera Schleicher, E. J.A. A. Perreur-Lloyd, Russano, Reiche, M. G. J. J. Nofrarias, McNamara, Ramos-Castro, M. P. J. Nicolodi, Mateos, Prat, D. I. R. J. Mitchells, Martin, Lloro, Hueller, V. I. E. M. Mance, Llamas, Mendes, Hoyland, X. D. Killow, D. Madden, C. Halloin, Korsakova, S. Hollington, H. N. Maarschalkerweerd, D. Guzmán, Karnesis, F. N. Hewitson, Johlander, Grynagier, M. B. A. Huesler, Heinzel, Grimani, G. C. Giardini, Harrison, Gerndt, D. R. I. Ferraioli, Marirrodriga, Gibert, L. García F. Fauste, C. Gesa, J. Freschi, Dunbar, M. L. N. Fitzsimons, Dolesi, E. Fichter, Marchia, R. W. De Dixon, Ferroni, F. V. G. Cruise, M. Diepholz, Congedo, I. Bor- G. Diaz-Aguilo, Cavalleria, D. M. Bogenstahl, A. J. Caleno, M. Benedetti, Brandt, M. Auger, N. G. toluzzi, Audley, H. Armano, M. Antonucci, F. ar- our LISA, for for point team starting ticle: science crucial a joint rest constituted former work the the whose of and members Team the Pathfinder of LISA the acknowledge We LS/G:Rvaigahde universe hidden a Revealing eLISA/NGO: WNotes GW

5 oe esfrG science GW for News & Notes Notes & News for GW science 6 WNotes GW ine h opeeynwsineo o-rqec rvttoa aeastronomy. wave will gravitational that low-frequency one of mission, science new new a completely fundamentally is the eLISA will pioneer But as 2014. sched- proposal, in mission, ESA previous Pathfinder by LISA launch the the for with uled from hardware familiar of those elements key to of clear incorporation its heritage be LISA’s will orbits. describes and design only design eLISA mission not the the document in on This overview an way. gives also other but any science in the dynamical probed strong-field be the cannot in relativity which general regime, of cosmology. tests and stringent astrophysics provide of also areas questions will the They scientific in key programme the Vision of Cosmic ESA’s these most by of addressing raised studies ratio, detailed signal-to-noise allow high will with measurements eLISA’s epoch signals symmetry-breaking Bang. the Big of un- the and and after inflation uncertain directly of the relics all, example about of for and interesting sources, evolution most predicted binary dwarf possibly about and white information supernovae; compact of Ia extremely Type source era; future rich present a Galaxy, the our of in nuclei mas- binaries of galactic horizons in the holes skimming just black orbits sive in stars compact growth; and black-hole holes and black galaxy stellar-mass hierarchical of earlier, epoch of coalescences the mergers during mergers; sensitivity: holes galaxy high black by less-massive together with brought systems binaries, and holes discover black events will massive cosmic mission of of eLISA variety The a them. study to and access have can community scientific the Gravitational that wider “New so ESA’s here presented in are captured they Document”; been Requirements have Science Observatory Wave that goals scientific basic the address to out sources its gravitational astrophysical by low-frequency dividual to the refer time will first (about we the band wave (which for survey mission will The “eLISA”) name deliver. informal will proposal) from LISA (derived previous mission (NGO) the Observatory Wave astronomy Gravitational and New science European new the fundamentally that and exciting the introduces document This LS/G:Rvaigahde universe hidden a Revealing eLISA/NGO: 0 . 1 H o1H) ihsffiin estvt odtc neetn in- interesting detect to sensitivity sufficient with Hz), 1 to mHz z Abstract = 15 h esrmnsdsrbdhr will here described measurements The .

a 8 2013 28, May oe esfrG science GW for News & Notes Notes & News for GW science 6My2,2013 28, May #6 Contents 4.11.2 4.11.1 4.11 4.10.2 4.10.1 4.10 4.9 4.8.2 4.8.1 4.8 4.7 4.6 4.5 4.4 4.3 4.2.1 4.2 4.1 4 3.5 3.4.4 3.4.3 3.4.2 3.4.1 3.4 3.3.4 3.3.3 3.3.2 3.3.1 3.3 3.2 3.1 3 2 1 5.5 5.4 5.3 5.2 5.1 5 xrm asrtoisiasadatohsc fdneselrsses51 systems stellar dense of astrophysics and inspirals ratio mass Extreme 27 9 14 11 Holes Black Astrophysical Binaries Ultra-Compact mission the of Description Introduction LS bevtos48 43 38 27 41 through history observations eLISA cosmic hole black massive the 34 Reconstructing 33 discover? eLISA sources: waves can gravitational what 36 as binaries hole 28 black Massive rate merger hole black 30 massive Cosmological 25 39 events accretion and coalescence via spins hole black massive Evolving 14 landscape holes cosmic black the Seed in AGN recoiling and binary Dual, coalescence hole black eLISA and mergers of window Galaxy sensitivity the in 16 holes framework Black cosmological the in holes black Massive observations the of realm the in holes Black Overview eLISA 20 with structure galactic of Studies 18 eLISA using binaries compact of astrophysics the Studying binaries new of thousands workhorse: a as eLISA verification Instrument Overview rb fglci yais54 55 51 52 54 eLISA with holes inspirals black ratio massive mass and stellar extreme of Detecting masses the of probe A dynamics galactic of probe nuclei A galactic in Inspirals Ratio Mass laboratory Extreme unique a Centre: Galactic The osriso aaercmdl 50 45 44 49 40 40 models parametric models on Constrains of set discrete a among Selection estimation Parameter performance Detector 28 23 accretion hole black and Spins coalescences 21 24 hole black in Spins 22 holes black supermassive active and Dormant 19 18 binaries hole black 19 and star Neutron 19 mergers dwarf white Double stability mass-transfer of Physics interaction tidal of Physics waves gravitational Galactic of foreground clusters The globular in binaries ultra-compact of Formation supernovae sub-luminous and supernovae phase Ia envelope Type common the of outcome The LS/G:Rvaigahde universe hidden a Revealing eLISA/NGO: WNotes GW

7 oe esfrG science GW for News & Notes Notes & News for GW science 8 WNotes GW 6.3 6.2.3 6.2.2 6.2.1 6.2 6.1 6 5.7 5.6 9 8 7.2 7.1.5 7.1.4 7.1.3 7.1.2 7.1.1 7.1 7 6.5 6.4 cnwegmns85 71 78 Acknowledgements 60 requirements observational and science Conclusions: Cosmology of Gravity Measurements Strong Precision with Relativity General Confronting omlgclmaueet iheIA77 70 71 70 60 eLISA with measurements Cosmological 63 Universe early the and 66 physics New graviton the of mass The spacetime binaries Kerr ratio of mass probes Intermediate precision 60 inspirals: ratio mass Extreme binaries hole black massive and of merger, ringdown inspiral, The gravity: strong-field Testing stage the Setting 58 clusters star eLISA in for events inspirals coalescence ratio hole mass Black extreme of rates event the Estimating eacl nainr eetn 76 77 64 74 74 73 fluctuations vacuum 65 quantum inflationary Exotic strings reheating cosmic inflationary Terascale from notes 65 harmonic and bursts, Backgrounds, dimensions extra sub-millimetre warped of Dynamics turbulence collisions, cavitation, nucleation, bubble motion from Bulk transitions: phase cosmological First-order spectroscopy hole black stage: ringdown The bursts spectacular stage: merger The predictions Relativity with General rate of inspiral comparing stage: inspiral The LS/G:Rvaigahde universe hidden a Revealing eLISA/NGO:

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15 oe esfrG science GW for News & Notes Notes & News for GW science 16 WNotes GW eemndtersypsto hycnb bevdotcly hspoiiga ad- an sensitivity. providing instrument thus optically, on observed signal check quantitative be the and can ditional comparing binaries they nearby position and several sky detected period their has orbital eLISA determined once the addition, look- twice In by at expectations. performance signal with instrument gravitational verify to a used for be ing can electromagnetic these from of date to Some known observations. are sources detectable guaranteed of number A eLISA. by identified binaries of simul- observations allow electromagnetic will follow-up releases and data taneous dedicated public as another; well one as programs to observing complementary complementary observations are Electromagnetic an- observations Galaxy. average wave the gravitational of the that and comparing to by binaries inclination the formation The of binary momentum structure. gular of Galactic study study the to allow method binaries determinations new compact de- a many distance of providing The Galaxy, distribution Sun. the the the map in to to close possible those it to population. make than will different rather terminations centre that quite Galactic binaries the to a in distances right observe the are determine will to are us eLISA allow signals observations Gaia, wave wave Gravitational detection to gravitational other Compared the over advantages that significant techniques. fact provide the dust, deduced interstellar as be by well unaffected can as dis- what determine inclinations, to from and capability eLISA’s different tances particular, be In will observations. electromagnetic eLISA by by provided information The 06.Tems rmsn eicto iais hw sgensursi Fig. in and squares months green Vecchio, as to and shown weeks (Stroeer binaries, instrument few verification the promising a of most performance in The the detected verify 2006). to be used instrument be should as can recognised they thus been as have binaries sources, ultra-compact verification known the from flowing of is subset mass Fig. A (see that two binaries, binaries together interacting detached in close called called so other, come the are apart, to stars They well star two are one the stars which binaries. two in systems ultra-compact the and which know in 50 systems about flavours: currently are There 3.2 oo.TeErhi hw osttesae oreyBni yRbHynes. Rob by BinSim Courtesy scale. the dwarf set white to a shown from is material Earth accretes The star donor. neutron a which in binary interacting 5 Fig. ntuetverification Instrument ritipeso fadtce obewiedafbnr lf)adan and (left) binary dwarf white double detached a of impression Artist LS/G:Rvaigahde universe hidden a Revealing eLISA/NGO: a 8 2013 28, May 5 ).

6 , oe esfrG science GW for News & Notes Notes & News for GW science 6My2,2013 28, May #6 Brlye l,21)adteOeaht survey. RATS OmegaWhite the the soon: and start 2011) will ultra-compact or al., than underway finding et are (longer (Barclay of minutes 30 periods capable than orbital principle less periods in long with surveys relatively binaries as pilot have Two such far However, surveys minutes). so systems. 30 while found new about 2011) the find systems al., also in the will et found LSST of Levitan been future most and have the 2010 in binaries and al., new EGAPS et several the Pan-Starrs, (Rau Already PTF future. the the and con- in SDSS to so expected is do and to increasing completed, gradually tinue are is surveys binaries synoptical ultra-compact and of field number wide the more and more As essen- time, detection. section is mission in their eLISA discussed binaries those the verification as within the such frequency effects from an known astrophysical with signal well binary a the a with As is monochromatic tially really minutes. also 9.5 2010) this of Vul al., that period V407 implies et As orbital this (Roelofs minutes. properties, 5.4 Cnc of identical HM period almost orbital on has pe- an telescope has orbital system Keck actually this were the that Vul conclusively from show V407 results and Cnc recent HM but of riods, periods measured the Fig. if in unclear shown is Vul, lightcurve J0651+28 whose SDSS V407 2011), system al., detached J0806.3+1527), et period (Brown minute (RX 12 discovered Cnc recently the HM and Cet binaries ES interacting shortest-period the are stoyas ae n(olf ta. 06 00adBone l,21)frthe for 2011) simulation. al., the et for Brown 2004) and al., 2010 et 2006, (Nelemans al., and binaries et binaries the are (Roelofs known for on time binaries Based integration simulated The years. 100 two dots. black is Strongest as 1000 strongest binaries. red, eLISA. in known shown of other indicated, sensitivity names are their the squares with shows squares blue line green as solid indicated The are binaries Verification popula- binaries. Galactic ultra-compact simulated of a from tion binaries,expected brightest the and binaries 6 Fig. √ Linear PSD of strain h (1/ Hz) 10 10 10 10 10 tanapiueseta est essfeunyfrteverification the for frequency versus density spectral amplitude Strain − − − − − 18 17 16 20 19 -3.5 LS/G:Rvaigahde universe hidden a Revealing eLISA/NGO: 83Cen V803 -3 WNotes GW RBoo CR PLib HP log SCet ES MCVn AM ( f / DSJ0651 SDSS Hz -2.5 ) 7 47Vul V407 o eaei a remained has it decade a For . 3.4 ( ae20 page MCnc HM -2 ilnthamper not will )

17 oe esfrG science GW for News & Notes Notes & News for GW science 18 WNotes GW ftecr ftegatadteoiia opno Pcysi 1976). (Paczynski, consisting companion original binary the compact and very giant a the to of leading core core, the giant’s of matter the whose Along from envelope, the unbound giant. in the then deposited of is is envelope energy the orbital into momentum, and orbit angular shrinkage the with orbital from to (dynami- momentum leading phase, companion, angular envelope ends the of common giant transfer of velocity that the that the During of reduces companion binaries layers. friction the of cal) outer somehow giant’s periods that run- the orbital argued to inside short is lead up it observed will stage the and this on unstable passed Especially have Based are bi- giants. interactions transfer. super the of mass or of majority away giants half the inter- into of stars, will components order stars low-mass the the the for be of that On evolution to so the majority separation, system. during the orbital higher-order act leaving small a sufficiently single, or with are triple formed Universe a naries the binary, in a stars of the part of minority a Only edtce yeIAt ei h huad Wbik 00.W rvd visual a provide We 2010). (Webbink, thousands the Fig. in in be impression to eLISA will that by binaries detected compact resolved be of numbers the suggest by estimates detections source Current eLISA. of number the dominate completely will binaries Ultra-compact 3.3 instrument. detailed the allowing eLISA, of for that performance available expect the be of we are should tests developments that sources these bulge as verification With of Galactic satellites, tens 2011). the other several al., of and et surveys MAXI (Jonker optical RXTE, happening and with currently X-ray transients dedicated X-ray X-ray through for monitoring as strong search continued well to the are through sky accretors both the expected, of star are discoveries neutron new and with sources binaries ultra-compact Interacting 3.3.1 clusters. globular in as supernovae, binaries peculiar ultra-compact and of supernovae population formation Ia same the type The as for well future. models midterm constrain the to in used expected be test will can critical phase common-envelope most the the to that put ensure be will sources detected the of by evolution number delivered accuracy sheer binary statistical internal of The understanding phenomena. our high-energy many common- in the and the uncertainty for in significant models exist different a test to phase, to via envelope expected us than allow thousand means will several detection other Their any only Galaxy. by are whole numbers faint, there significant and as in lived them radiation, short detect relatively gravitational to are have hope systems sources no these fifty is As known there the minutes. of ten two than only knowledge less that our majorityperiods given revolutionise especially the will population, eLISA numerous, a most minutes. such of 10 the binary and be 5 dwarf will between white systems periods compact having period galaxy shortest the The of realization population. MonteCarlo a from binaries LS sawrhre huad fnwbinaries new of thousands workhorse: a as eLISA h ucm ftecmo neoephase envelope common the of outcome The 6 LS/G:Rvaigahde universe hidden a Revealing eLISA/NGO: ysoigte10(e os n 00(lc os strongest dots) (black 1000 and dots) (red 100 the showing by

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19 oe esfrG science GW for News & Notes Notes & News for GW science 20 WNotes GW n uhsrne hnaydffs extragalactic diffuse any than stronger much and uino h iaisdtce yeIA diinlpyia rcse ilcause will processes evo- physical the additional dominate eLISA, will by orbit detected the binaries on the radiation of gravitational lution of effect the Although pop- 3.4 halo the on limits upper 2009). set al., their to et and example, (Ruiter modulation for ulation the used, compo- to be Galactic differently can different contribute amplitude halo) the respective disk, as learn Galaxy, thick to the disk, used in (thin be sources nents can the modulation of the distribution of characteristics the The about 2005). Fig. al., et (see over inhomogeneity (Edlund year modulated two the strongly a and is of foreground centre course predicted Galactic the the the pattern, antenna in eLISA sources the of of concentration eLISA. the by to detected be Due can shape. sources distinct the very of a predict distribution binary geometrical as of the sample, type addition, one the In with of state steady homogeneity a the of about models of simple information shape spectral contains The un- also models. current foreground population the the the of given normalisation information number the total in valuable levels the gives certainty of measure which in a information binaries, is astrophysical ultra-compact foreground of the lot of of a level is overall there The mis- that foreground. is is the which first component, The noise reasons. additional two an for as leading described often is foreground This 2003). large so is unresolved Galaxy an form the be in will sources, sources brightest the of percentage, number the mHz few 6 a below frequencies At × u otetdldsoto ftepiaywiedaf rm(rw ta. 2011) al., et (Brown From dwarf. white primary the of distortion tidal the to due xetfrtetoelpe tphase at eclipses two the for Except 7 Fig. 10 tdigteatohsc fcmatbnre sn eLISA using binaries compact of astrophysics the Studying 7

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21 oe esfrG science GW for News & Notes Notes & News for GW science 22 WNotes GW wr ytm,wihcnb sdt osri ht wr rprisadmasses and properties dwarf white white constrain 2011). double to al., eccentric et used (Valsecchi be produce can may which interactions systems, dwarf dynamical clusters, 2010, globular al., et In Willems 2007, 2011). al., Lai, et and Fuller (Racine and dwarfs 2011 white stabil- Marsh, the between the for transfer for consequences and mass sources important of eLISA has of ity observability) also optical it possibly tides interiors, (and of heating dwarf physics tidal the white understanding of of for Knowledge important and only general not 2011). in is (Piro, tides heating the min of tidal strength 12 efficient discovered the suggest recently may the in dwarf dwarf white 2004), white al., double the et of (Marsh temperature un- magnitude high virtually of the is orders although interaction many tidal over the ranging of estimates strength with The known, interaction. tidal systems transfer little to compared or mass as no evolution of frequency with onset the of the deviations distinct before to inter- systems rise Tidal give detached will in evolution. dwarfs frequency white the between in action radiation wave gravitational of dominance ewe h w ht wrs(as ta. 04:I h bec faytdlin- tidal the any to of due orbit absence the the from In loss interaction momentum 2004): tidal angular additional al., the be et on will critically (Marsh there teraction, dwarfs depends transfer white Steeghs, two and mass Marsh the the and between 1984 of (Webbink, stability orbit form the The to of itself plane 2002). with the interacting dwarf, in disk white and accretion stars accreting flat stars, accreting the a two of the the surface around the of wrapping on proximity than directly will rather the lands transfer to stream mass due transfer the mass configuration: likely the impact Most direct the the dwarfs. again via white is proceed stability two mass-transfer the the between in interaction uncertainty tidal major a systems, CVn AM For 2011). transfer (Marsh, mass well the as of test systems a these providing transfer, in mass stability of by stages early directly X-ray very tested ultra-compact the the several be detect at to can will binaries transfer close eLISA addition, mass so In the are of numbers. that their stability comparing systems the CVn that transfer AM mass and of dwarfs onset white double num- a detached detect will of eLISA ber emissions. wave gravitational their that through binaries, systems X-ray detected ultra-compact stable be or can detectable The systems CVn questions. of AM astrophysical binaries, open number interacting of form the number will a for the for as of consequences, well stability as important the sources, has binaries transfer star dwarf-neutron mass white ensuing and dwarfs white double instability. For mass-transfer runaway the a leading and feedback, or star. transfer, negative star other mass or this stable positive the of limited, be upon either radius may star to there the transfer, one of mass of change upon well the lobe potential Roche between the difference of the out on two leaks Depending - the lobe material between Roche potential and the its - of than minimum stars larger the becomes crosses stars that the surface of equipotential the one minutes) short few sufficiently (a At periods radiation. wave orbital gravitational through the to loss due momentum periods shorter angular and shorter to evolve will binaries ultra-compact Detached 3.4.2 hsc fms-rnfrstability mass-transfer of Physics LS/G:Rvaigahde universe hidden a Revealing eLISA/NGO:

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39 oe esfrG science GW for News & Notes Notes & News for GW science 40 WNotes GW cntmn 07 cntmnadBoan,20 n edne l,2010). al., et Kesden and has 2007 this Buonanno, and 2010, and al., halos, Schnittman et (Volonteri 2007, galactic galaxies Schnittman, in in holes black holes and of evolution black overall coalescence the of on by consequences fraction (regulated retention spins the unexpectedly, affect Thus, accretion) (Lousto 2011b). configurations Zlochower, non-aligned peculiar and in spins large with holes approximately black and to mass up larger, dramatically to is up velocities recoil reach can momentum angular the of pattern emission the a ratio, to leading mass anisotropic, and is spins wave of gravitational configuration any almost For average 2008). the Volonteri, about and 2003), is (Berti Blandford, holes remnant and merger (Hughes the holes expected of black is spin astrophysical it of as distributed, case equally the orbits in pro-grade and retro- with occur mergers final a with find coalescences approximately momentum hole than angular black (larger of spins Extrapolation initial orbit. large the of momentum angular the h nems tbecrua ri faKr lc oe.Annrttn lc hole black non-rotating A at hole). black momentum to Kerr angular a spun-up (the of is momentum orbit circular angular stable it innermost with the carries matter since spins about below velocity km a 200 with recoil binaries nonspinning that show studies Numerical 2011a). Zlochower, and Lousto and 2007 al., et González 2007, spin a find holes black a spinning 2006, non mass, al., equal for et simulations relativity Campanelli Numerical 2010). 2006, al., al., et black et Centrella remnant Baker and the 2008a 2005, of al., spin the (Pretorius, et final event Rezzolla map the merger to accurately holes a to black in possible the hole of became spins it initial relativity, the of numerical evolution of advent the With 4.8.1 crto moe iiso h lc oesi.Gsaceinfo geometrically to a spin from black-hole accretion the Gas limits spin. disc hole thin black the on limits imposes Accretion by spun-down is hole black to rotating accretion maximally retrograde a Conversely, 1970). (Bardeen, tion a 1973) Sunyaev, and efficiency (Shakura radiative discs the tion directly determine correlated, Spins strongly ε are accretion. holes black considering astrophysical when of also spin and mass of evolution The 4.8.2 nilycpue,hvn agrcosscin iiigisrtto Ton,1974). (Thorne, rotation its limiting prefer- are section, spin cross hole larger black a the having to captured, anti-parallel entially momentum angular with and disc the • • ( a = = • ) n otert twihms sicesn.I aitvl ffiin accre- efficient radiatively In increasing. is mass which at rate the so and , 0 0 . pn nbakhl coalescences hole black in Spins pn n lc oeaccretion hole black and Spins . 68646 9 / and ) s hra iaiswt niiulbakhl pn lge ihteorbital the with aligned spins hole black individual with binaries whereas , ± 0 a 0 . • 43 . 00004 = (for 1 LS/G:Rvaigahde universe hidden a Revealing eLISA/NGO: fe nraigisms yafactor a by mass its increasing after She ta. 09 o h egdbakhl,rsligfrom resulting hole, black merged the for 2009) al., et (Scheel a a • • = ∼ 0 1 fe rwn yafactor a by growing after , .Aceino h te addtrie lc hole black determines hand other the on Accretion ). a • = 0 a 0 . • acc . 7 951 ε ls oteepcainfrnnspinning non for expectation the to close , aisfo .5 (for 0.057 from varies = ± 0 00km 5000 . 0 9980 0 rvttoa recoil gravitational . 004 . 9 xcl lge ihteorbital the with aligned exactly ) a 8 2013 28, May ± 0 km 500 Mroet ta. 08.When 2008). al., et (Marronetti / 0 s . o iaiso comparable of binaries for , 0002 √ 3 / / √ 2 spooseitdby emitted photons as , s . ycnrs,terecoil the contrast, By . 6 o rgaeaccre- prograde for , a • Cmael tal., et (Campanelli =

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43 oe esfrG science GW for News & Notes Notes & News for GW science 44 WNotes GW 4.10.1 astrophysical per- relevant eLISA the in the parameters of with range. merger measure binary first distorted a of a the SNR model, the of waveform is a formance momentum Given angular merger. the after angu- onto hole orbital black spins the individual projecting for and by by waveforms momentum performed PhenomC obtained lar is waveforms stitching with This “hybrid” inspiral merger/ring-down. the use the for we waveforms spins, PN misaligned precessing stitching with binaries of case lc oe sbudt ntuetflxlmt,poigol h asrange mass the only probing limits, massive flux of instrument knowledge to current bound Our is Universe. holes the the black of in to tip distribution importance the hole of only black probing is massive are It observations electromagnetic astrophysics. mass-redshift current hole that the black emphasize all massive almost to covering relevant in space instrument highlights parameter rest- the plot of The the capabilities observations. of exquisite two-year function the for polarisation, a wave as and locations SNR sky the mass compute binary we total and frame waveforms PhenomC use we Fig. oecaecne(njro:isia,mre,adrn-on sdsrbdi the black in wave- described of PhenomC as phases ring-down, using text). three and merger, computed the inspiral, of is jargon: inclusive (in SNR are coalescence The which hole 2010), al., source. et the (Santamaría of forms frame rest function the a in as binaries mass non-spinning total their mass of equal for (SNR) ratio signal-to-noise 16 Fig. 16 hw LS Nsfreulms,nnsinn olsigbnre.Here binaries. coalescing non-spinning mass, equal for SNRs eLISA shows eetrperformance Detector Redshift z 14 16 10 12 18 20 osatcnorlvl ftesyadplrsto angle-averaged polarisation and sky the of levels Constant-contour 4 6 8 2 2 3 M LS/G:Rvaigahde universe hidden a Revealing eLISA/NGO: 10 n omlgclredshift cosmological and M 20 10 10 4 10 100 n fteredshift the of and 20 20 20 50 50 200 50 100 5 100 500 log( 300 50 200 2500 M 50 100 6 / M 1000 20 50

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45 oe esfrG science GW for News & Notes Notes & News for GW science 46 WNotes GW Crfrt oesweetese ouaini ev Lsad o ag seeds Force large Task Estimation for Parameter LISA stands the by studies (L previous heavy in used is same the population most seed ac- and the but LE small finally, where of and are models episodes; seeds to uncorrelated where refer from model resulting LC a i.e., to (C), chaotic refers is SC cretion episodes: about accretion mass (E) (S) hole small tended have black seeds the cosmological where four model M 100 a of to set refers SE fiducial scenarios: a evolution assuming of observations variety eLISA, of simulate impact large astrophysical observa- we the a assess of To develop lack scenarios. formation to the holes astrophysicists black above, massive theoretical highlighted different allowed we to constraints as lead and, tional assumptions scenarios, motivated evolution physically hole and mergers black Different through growth and episodes. assembly subsequent accretion their to and formation hole peculiar In distinctive a leave spins contrast, waveform. By the lines, large. in emission imprint still of are shape uncertainties the K but and of relativistic ples, indirect, or skewed only spectrum, the is measure fitting the its by of concerned, mainly modelling is through spin derived as far is As it source. of type the and vrgdSR o n ero nerto,cmue o neulms coalesc- sky- mass equal the an of indicates for binary computed line ing black integration, of dashed-blue massive year the fiducial one sources for reference, four 15360 SNR, averaged For the of of catalogue models. each a evolution of on hole realisations based 25 are percentile combining results 90th and obtained These value, 10th mean to distribution. the corresponding SNR to distribution corresponds the of to line bi- area solid grey spinning The the for and 2010). PhenomC al., waveform et ring-down (Santamaría and naries merger inspiral, the ing 18 Fig. eto 4.7 Section 10 5

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20 oe esfrG science GW for News & Notes Notes & News for GW science 6My2,2013 28, May #6 satsbdfreIAcpblte nafiuilatohsclcnet ahmassive Each redshift context. mass astrophysical at them fiducial coalescing use a binary, we a in hole and encompass capabilities black eLISA scenarios, models for evolution These testbed hole a 2010). black simulations as massive al., hydrodynamical plausible et recent of (Dotti of range range mergers the finding broad wet in in the randomly forming with drawn binaries consistent momentum. are of angular degree, orbit orbital 20 the binary to to the relative 0 to misalignment aligned of spins model, perfectly angles accretion be The extended the to in assumed that is not difference are only The 2009). al., et (Arun by ratio mass hole), u paltegnrtdsucsi ige“vrg”ctlge(ewl consider will (we catalogue “average” we single and a model in each sources of generated accretion realisations the (C) Carlo all chaotic Monte up several the sum generate for we random Here completely and models. models, accretion (E) tended waveforms. panels accuracy bottom location the sky while the spin, hole black the (right) The show the secondary of hole. measurement and the black (left) the on (right) distributions primary of error secondary estimation absolute and the the show (left) panels in primary middle top errors the The fractional of the masses models. of redshifted SE-SC-LE-LC distributions four the the show black by panels massive predicted coalescing population, the of binary realisations hole Carlo Monte ten combining tained 19 Fig. a 1 and M

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asadsi val- spin and mass oe esfrG science GW for News & Notes Notes & News for GW science 6My2,2013 28, May #6 ria ln rcsindet h rgigo nrilfae ytemsieblack massive the by frames and inertial Fig. periastron of dragging of spin. the hole’s forms to extreme due display precession (radius and plane Over relativistic orbital radii) highly Schwarzschild time. are 10 over orbits slowly EMRI than (years), change smaller time motion observation of eLISA “constants” typical geodesic’s to a body the smaller i.e., the in; causes spiral emission gravitational-wave to due momentum angular ie h ag muto rvttoa aecce olce natpclER ob- EMRI typical a in collected cycles (about wave servation gravitational of amount large the Given ftime. of hslvlo rcso ugssta ecnueER sahgl rcs observa- precise do highly we if a is, That as object. EMRI massive central use the of can “Kerr-ness” we the of that test tional suggests precision of 2004). level Cutler, This and (Barack 20 of spin SNR and about an mass of with the accuracy signals determine fractional wave central to to the hole able and black be massive correct should the eLISA is of hole, GR black that a Assuming is identified. object is massive signal EMRI parame- source an the once of computationally ters, determination search accurate extremely the an makes allows of it sensitivity parameters but this physical challenging, above, the mentioned in As changes small system. to the sensitive very be will templates lated ria ln.Tebto ae’ oeecnrcobtpoue hr pksat spikes sharp the produces passage. of orbit pericentre precession eccentric Lense-Thirring each more to panel’s bottom due The mostly modu- is plane. amplitude panel orbital The top horizon. the the in to visible closer lation eccentric much Highly orbit panel: prograde Bottom inclined horizon. and rela- the general from by far allowed modestly rate orbit maximal retrograde the of a % orbiting distance 90 mass a at tivity, test spinning a is by that hole produced black waves plus-polarised the are These 24 Fig.

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) ). oe esfrG science GW for News & Notes Notes & News for GW science 6My2,2013 28, May #6 h egreet okn o itntv rnins n dnie onepr will after counterpart right identified and Any during day transients. per distinctive times for several covering looking Kilometer depth event, of high Square merger capability to the Australian the sky have the the will in using radio area large in project such VAST 2007) al., Collaborations the et Science or (Johnston (LSST Pathfinder optical LSST Array in like 2009) surveys numbers. al., area those wide et improve example, further than practical should better observed) a to (if 11% As ringdown about and and Merger degrees square grees. 400 than least at at better localize observable to to holes be expect could to we and redshift, them low nature at of (say, the that, some Universe in local expect uncertainties the might in still we least are be counterparts, there can such While review of exhaustive strength 2011). an (Schnittman, 2009); in Phinney, 2002, found and Natarajan, 2005 and Phinney, (Armitage proposed and to been Milosavljević counterparts have electromagnetic coalescences producing binary hole mechanisms black several decade, last the event. In the to galaxy, counterpart host radiation the electromagnetic to an redshift identifying optical by therefore the instance getting is for by redshift accomplished be of may measurement This independent needed. An parameters. intrinsic source esrdsuc rqec n hr ieaeawy obndwt omcred- cosmic with combined always are time shift chirp the astronomy, wave and gravitational frequency in since source source, measured a of redshift indepen- the cannot eLISA determine However, dently waveform. measured the by determined precisely D et ftelmnst itnet h ore h rnil seeatadsimple and elegant is frequency principle bital time The measure- chirping source. direct the the allow 1986): to (Schutz, systems distance binary luminosity the chirping cosmography of because for ments addition sirens 2005), In standard Hughes, as redshifts. and serve high could (Holz to sources wave up gravitational binaries that, hole to black of observations through tures about than less to these limits inflation conventional of case background the this back- of in estimate a optimistic to An waves. leads gravitational inflation primordial of during ground fluctuations vacuum quantum of amplification The 7.1.5 sdsusdin discussed As 7.2 o tescn oio nescini Fig. hori- in the intersection re-enter horizon perturbations second time (the the byzon at also Universe constrained spectrum the its significantly about detected, are is information background contains they a such models, If these backgrounds. wave of gravitational power which unknown, predictive remain parameters the key 2003 some limits Buonanno, Although 1995, 1997). al., possi- al., et et (Brustein predict Buonanno band and scenarios, eLISA the brane in bouncing backgrounds detectable or much bly pre-Big-Bang is versions particularly unconventional it some inflation, However, models of inflation 2006). many Efstathiou, and in (Chongchitnan sensitivity; less eLISA’s below far density, energy L ∼ omlgclmaueet iheLISA with measurements Cosmological ω c xtcifltoayqatmvcu fluctuations vacuum quantum inflationary Exotic / ( = ω 2 ω τ source h ) ihanmrclfco eedn ndtiso h ytmta are that system the of details on depending factor numerical a with , ω / eto 4 Section (1 n strain and + LS/G:Rvaigahde universe hidden a Revealing eLISA/NGO: z ) τ , = ( ae27 page h ie h bouelmnst itnet h source, the to distance luminosity absolute the gives , (1 z + τ ≤ fa nprlmre vn,tgte ihisor- its with together event, inspiral/merger an of z 1 ) ecnpoeteasml fcsi struc- cosmic of assembly the probe can we ) τ .Orprmtretmto iuain show simulations estimation parameter Our ). source WNotes GW .. h esiti eeeaewt the with degenerate is redshift the i.e., , 25 ). 0% 50 fteisialn black inspiralling the of 10 − 10 10 fteCMB the of qaede- square

77 oe esfrG science GW for News & Notes Notes & News for GW science 78 WNotes GW n oa,20)a ee fafwpercent. few a of level a of at measurement 2008) precision Hogan, determination, allow and will distance ( EMRI and to redshifts applied low location technique at sky same only eLISA source this with good possible realize To is rather which 2011). a al., needs to et box, one (Petiteau error in scheme measurement suggested the as consis- within parameters statistical detected cosmological check hosts infer possible can the we all host, between the tency of identification electromagnetic Without idnsseai rosi hs esrmns hswl mrv h estimation the improve as will such on This parameters, check cosmological strong measurements. systemat- of a these different be in very will errors estimates, the systematic ladder of hidden distance because cosmological usual al., and the et 1999), from (Riess ics Riess, measurements and SNIa Perlmutter the lu- cross-check and low the to 1998 these and us redshift at allow the error will of lensing distance measurements weak minosity Ultra-precise the 2002). than) al., lower et (Wang even redshifts (or with comparable are bers than luminosity the less in to uncertainty resulting drops the gravita- distance and the data use of eLISA location can the sky We in the source) wave (fixing location. tional search sky directional and perform to redshift information source this the of measurements precise provide emndt etrta 0dges loigt eti iaisaesaitclyaligned statistically are disc. binaries de- Galactic if be test the will to with allowing inclination degrees, orbital 10 the than better sources to populations hundred termined halo several and For disc properties. thick foreground disc, their Galactic thin and the of of contributions shape relative and the level constrain The will dis- centre. independent Galactic an the providing binaries, to and hundred estimate Galaxy several tance the of merger in distance local distribution and mass their position the sky determine constraining the thus measure and will binaries, eLISA hole rate. short- black of and population Galactic star the neutron unravel will period eLISA sta- eLISA by mass-transfer mergers. dwarfs, detected dwarf white white binaries in and The interactions bility prop- tidal global determined. of knowledge the be our which can improve will population from whole foreground the detectable of individually a be erties form not will will the eLISA that if by dynami- binaries us ultra-compact by detected tell of clusters millions globular will The in eLISA enhanced interactions. supernovae. is cal Ia) binaries prog- ultra-compact (type as all peculiar proposed of as been formation well has as which normal population of the common-envelopeenitors exactly the are of sources models physical These common-envelope of one tests phase. least critical provide at will experienced they have so and phase, minutes peri- will 10 orbital have eLISA and Most 5 individually. between binaries launch. ods dwarf eLISA’s white before double 3,000 binaries about verification will detect surveys more synoptical discover and likely wide-field Upcoming most detected be binaries. will verification binaries as ultra-compact eLISA known the by of eight that note we particular, GR. which In of do, tests to and able cosmology be to will eLISA binaries that ultra-compact science from the ranges presented have we document this In 8 ocuin:sineadosrainlrequirements observational and science Conclusions: LS/G:Rvaigahde universe hidden a Revealing eLISA/NGO: % 1 for 0% 60 H 0 and ( % 5 w for . 7% 87 a 8 2013 28, May z < ftesucs hs num- Those sources. the of ) 2 .I h oa nvre the Universe, local the In ). H

0 (MacLeod oe esfrG science GW for News & Notes Notes & News for GW science 6My2,2013 28, May #6 h rnprnyo h nvret rvttoa ae tayrdhf,eIAwill eLISA redshift, any at waves of gravitational holes to to black Due universe explore holes. the black supermassive of fun- of transparency is growth the this and and origin techniques, the electromagnetic understand mass to current a investigate damental to will accessible eLISA not is incomplete. that rather interval is systems these of knowledge our ec,ta rvle nitre rmtestsweete rgntd nteother of the On holes originated. black trac- they coales- middleweight where as their sites hand, holes during the black from emitted waves undisturbed using travelled gravitational cluster, that capturing cence, and by form assembly galaxies their then to where of will interval eLISA ers loci mass evolution. the cosmic the mark their into of and infor- transit course map this to the precisely along expected unravel sensitive are is will eLISA holes eLISA which black formed. massive holes Very super- black that mation. information the phase erases when AGN accretion and and QSOs how intense as on The shining when bright experience near evolution. holes in black common ubiquitous massive are a They share galaxies. and of component galaxies key holes, a black supermassive be are to mission appear the which of goals science promising most the of One ae mte uigtetemre rcs.eIAwl esr h assand masses the measure will eLISA process. gravitational merger the the into the encoded directly coalescence during are to emitted spins waves and prior Masses episodes offers chaotic. accretion or spins whether coherent hole are determine Black to events. opportunity accretion best and the masses coalescence hole through black evolve massive presented, spins have and we findings theoretical the to According determine models, concurrent allow of will case prevalence. masses the in their inferred seed or, models the the different and the of mergers among nature decide observed to the of number on the uncertainties of as routes reduce population, different considerably disentangling grow, will at eLISA later aims eLISA holes clus- evolution. and and black halos, path ranges Seed matter formation holes dark different masses. inside black their tering solar seed to thousand of according few evolutions mass a different The the following to to galaxies. hundred leading few in quasi-stars) massive a holes very from black a first of the perhaps of (or grav- formation star the a to conducive of mechanism(s) collapse physical itational the in uncertainties major exist loud There its capturing by merger binary eLISA imminent established. an signal. fully of wave yet gravitational view not unique is the candidates of is offer AGN number will recoiling a only and of increas- binary nature in of true discovered evidence the contrast, as now poor, By are surveys. They galactic large holes the in coalescences. call numbers, black may ing binary active we hole what i.e. of black AGN, view of Dual the precursors offer evolution. phase, this pairing of their during phase observed last coalescence. to the binary trace the acting effectively, will driving work eLISA process and dissipative dominant play the at to are be waves down tional to kpc need (from gas scales and different stars on interaction with the holes involving black mechanisms merger. physical the galaxy various a of as in coalescence process, to complex holes a black of is path This the on light shed also will eLISa population. hole black the LS/G:Rvaigahde universe hidden a Revealing eLISA/NGO: 10 5 M

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79 oe esfrG science GW for News & Notes Notes & News for GW science 80 WNotes GW oedsrbto nteuies,treigbakhlswt ag ass between masses, large with holes black black targeting massive 10 universe, the the of tip in the distribution only hole probing are observations electromagnetic Current and few between range year. eLISA for per rates hundred obser- few detection redshift expected low the mass to hierarchical that anchored different the firmly indicate in models, vations, for These and models structures. statistical redshift cosmic using of of theoretically, build-up function inferred a be only as his- can cosmic rates, bins, along coalescence accretion present, and At mergers how via on evolving tory. details been unprecedented have offering binaries coalescence, hole to black prior holes black the of spins mte ybakhl iaiswt oa as(ntesuc etfae ssalas small as redshift to frame) out rest sources source fiducial the (in mass total with 10 binaries hole black by emitted h aso h tla lc oei h MIeet n loteobtleccentricity orbital the also and event, EMRI the precision in equivalent hole with black measure stellar also the will of eLISA mass the spins. their masses on of also providing interval missing, information even an or in in incomplete poor, nuclei part are in observations a electromagnetic holes where than black massive better of to population precision the characterise a with out hole events black EMRI sive detect will eLISA 10 stars. compact to redshift This rise to and giving holes, holes. black processes black stellar of the stellar-mass spectrum on of mass the mass on electromagnetic the information invaluable to measure provide elusive will also still may are eLISA that galaxies dwarf observations. in holes black massive cover masses of detected interval to be an can up in EMRIs eLISA’s holes Way’s, challenging. black Milky are central observations the of electromagnetic to population where similar the black holes probe from to black EMRIs us includes enable of that will range, Detection mass dy- improved. eLISA stellar the greatly of in be stellar understanding holes will the our nuclei of that galactic properties so in infer hole, namics to black us massive allow a will around detections environment the EMRI orbiting holes black hole. black Kerr stellar a black of by of massive emitted view space-time waves gravitational electromag- the deepest the in current capturing the stars by using of offer hole, dynamics blind will the are probing eLISA this we and which techniques in netic to nuclei. perspective, regions galactic revolutionary exploring of new nuclei, study a galactic the bring to also relative will case eLISA scales, smaller On electromagnetic conventional to inaccessible range redshift cosmic and entire observations. their mass along a holes black poten- in massive history, the of have astrophysics hence the observations constraining eLISA of the tial reconstruct holes. to black us massive allowing of spin 0.01-0.1, evolution range the an the cosmic in in to errors be measured to absolute expected be whereas are level, will determination 0.1-1% masses the Redshifted to up population. accuracy, unprecedented hole black the the on questions of scientific evolution addressing for relevant space parameter mass-redshift the 7 4 4 M M M

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u oardhf srmt as remote as redshift a to out , LS ilmauetems n pno h ag,mas- large, the of spin and mass the measure will eLISA . z . 10 ihSNR with & 10 a 8 2013 28, May n oi ilepoeams all almost explore will it so and 10 z 4 ∼ hswl nbeu to us enable will This . 20 LS ildetect will eLISA .

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81 oe esfrG science GW for News & Notes Notes & News for GW science 82 WNotes GW n ntrso h rcso ihwihsc uniisms emeasured. be must quantities • such which with requirements, precision science the the of meet terms more to in are necessary or and requirements quantities one observable observational of requirement, The terms science in each defined. stated For are research (OR) the objectives. requirements summarize eLISA observational which the (SR) fulfill requirements to science needed eLISA the now sensitive state most We the energies. TeV provide near will phenomena eLISA such of probes dimensions. dynam- direct and extra inflation, mesoscopic late-ending active transitions, phase ically order funda- cosmological first and in include predicted phenomena that are models cosmological backgrounds of radiation Gravitational range physics. wide mental a on) constraints meaningful omlgclprmtr,sc steHbl osatadtedr-nryparame- dark-energy the and constant ter Hubble the as such parameters, cosmological • − − − aatcbinaries Galactic asv lc oebinaries hole black Massive w LS ilhv nqecpblte ndtcigsgaue rm(rsetting (or from signatures detecting in capabilities unique have will eLISA . ? ? ? ? ? progenitors the supernovae. and phase Ia) envelope (type common the of of outcome the constrain thus and ries ? observa- electromagnetic and gravitational combined tions. enable and binaries, in actions R1.2 SR 1.1 SR R1.3 SR etrta 0degrees. 10 than better %. resolution 10 angular of uncertainty degree fractional square a to ten derivative frequency than the better and with sources 500 least year. one least capability at detection for this maintain shall eLISA foreground. Galactic solved exist. they if minutes 35 than shorter periods with Way Milky for capability year. and detection one hours this least six maintain at approximately shall eLISA than period. shorter their periods determine orbital with 10 > SNR bv 0mzt etrta 0%. frequencies 10 wave than gravitational better to with mHz systems 10 binary above detected all of ative R1.2.2 OR 1.2.1 OR 1.1.3 OR 1.1.2 OR 1.1.1 OR R1.3 OR lcdt h omto n vlto fGlci tla-ascmatbina- compact stellar-mass Galactic of evolution and formation the Elucidate : eemn h pta itiuino tla asbnre nteMlyWay. Milky the in binaries mass stellar of distribution spatial the Determine : mrv u nesadn fwiedaf,termse,adterinter- their and masses, their dwarfs, white of understanding our Improve : LS hl aetecpblt omauetefeunyderiv- frequency the measure to capability the have shall eLISA : LS hl eetalnurnsa n lc oebnre nthe in binaries hole black and star neutron all detect shall eLISA : LS hl aetecpblt omauetelvlo h unre- the of level the measure to capability the have shall eLISA : LS hl aetecpblt odtc tlat10 iaisat binaries 1000 least at detect to capability the have shall eLISA : LS hl aetecpblt odtrietepsto fat of position the determine to capability the have shall eLISA : LS hl esr h nlnto fa es 0 iaisto binaries 500 least at of inclination the measure shall eLISA : LS/G:Rvaigahde universe hidden a Revealing eLISA/NGO:

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oe esfrG science GW for News & Notes Notes & News for GW science 6My2,2013 28, May #6 TP802.R .Ln a upre ya ponmn oteNS Postdoc- NASA the to appointment an by supported was Lang N. R. ATFP08-0126. • ihteNtoa eoatc n pc Administration. contract Space under and Technology, Aeronautics of National Institute the California with Laboratory, Propulsion Jet work this the performed Vallisneri at M. NASA. Asso- with Ridge contract Oak a by through administered Universities Center, ciated Flight 08- Space Grant Goddard Swiss the NASA at the by Program toral by supported supported was was Littenberg B. Klein T. A. Foundation. PHY-1055103. Science Grant National PHY-0900735 CAREER Grant NSF NSF by by supported and was “Gravi- E.Berti 7 DFG Foundation). Transregio Forschungsgemeinschaft Research the black Deutsche (German by the about supported by discussions financed been interesting Astronomy” Wave has the work tational for This Antón astrophysics. thank and to P.A.S holes for pleasure a is It 9 • − − − Cosmology Discovery Acknowledgements ? the in them ? ? R5.1 SR R5.2 SR R6.1 SR fteGnrlTer fRltvt ae nisia measurements. inspiral on based Relativity of Theory predictions than the General with better the consistency to check of parameters to sufficient spin be and should SNR % The 1 0.3. than better to mass the measuring tcatcgaiainlwv akrudi the in background wave gravitational stochastic a up rkns ro etn omlgclyitrsigcntanso cos- on constraints interesting (super-)strings. cosmologically mic setting of or kinks, or cusps rto fra tansgasfo ntuetladevrnetlarti- environmental and instrumental from signals facts. strain real sep- reliable of for allow aration from shall eLISA signals likely sources). predict astrophysical of cannot classes we known where frequencies at even (e.g. fects R5.1 OR R5.2 OR R6.1 OR erhfrgaiainlwv ussfo omcsrn up n kinks. and cusps string cosmic from bursts wave gravitational for Search : erhfrufrse ore fgaiainlwaves gravitational of sources unforeseen for Search : esr h pcrmo omlgclbcgons rstuprlmt on limits upper set or backgrounds, cosmological of spectrum the Measure : LS hl ecpbeo etn nuprlmto h pcrmof spectrum the on limit upper an setting of capable be shall eLISA : LS hl ecpbeo eetn rvttoa aebrt from bursts wave gravitational detecting of capable be shall eLISA : 10 LS hl esniieoe icvr pc o noeenef- unforeseen for space discovery over sensitive be shall eLISA : − LS/G:Rvaigahde universe hidden a Revealing eLISA/NGO: 4 Hz − 10 − 1 Hz band. WNotes GW 10 − 4 Hz − 10 − 1 Hz band.

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109 oe esfrG science GW for News & Notes Notes & News for GW science 110 WNotes GW ince,H n ok,H .(07.Twr nesadn asv trForma- Star Massive Understanding Toward (2007). W. H. Yorke, and H. Zinnecker, Bodies by Waves Gravity of Radiation The (1964). D. I. Novikov, and B. Y. Zel’dovich, uglo,L . eeas .advndnHue,E .J 20) nteformation the On (2002). J. P. E. Heuvel, den van and G. Nelemans, R., L. Yungelson, gravita- history in evolutionary the Constraining bias (2010). D. Spergel, theoretical and F. Pretorius, Fundamental N., Yunes, (2009). F. Pretorius, and N. Yunes, tion. Star. Collapsing a of Field the in Moving 551. fno-nihddnrsasi lrcmatXrybinaries. X-ray ultracompact in stars donor neon-enriched of 064018-+. observations. wave gravitational with constant Newton’s of framework. post-Einsteinian 80 parametrized D, Rev. the Phys. and astrophysics wave tional R&,45 ARA&A, LS/G:Rvaigahde universe hidden a Revealing eLISA/NGO: 1) 122003-+. (12), 481-563. , oitPyisDkay 9 Doklady, Physics Soviet a 8 2013 28, May hs e.D 81 D, Rev. Phys. &,388 A&A, 246-+. ,

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