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State of the Art in LP-WAN Solutions for Industrial Iot Services

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State of the Art in LP-WAN Solutions for Industrial Iot Services sensors Review State of the Art in LP-WAN Solutions for Industrial IoT Services Ramon Sanchez-Iborra * and Maria-Dolores Cano Departamento de Tecnologías de la Información y las Comunicaciones, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Cartagena 30202, Spain; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +34-968-325-953 Academic Editor: Gonzalo Pajares Martinsanz Received: 25 February 2016; Accepted: 9 May 2016; Published: 17 May 2016 Abstract: The emergence of low-cost connected devices is enabling a new wave of sensorization services. These services can be highly leveraged in industrial applications. However, the technologies employed so far for managing this kind of system do not fully cover the strict requirements of industrial networks, especially those regarding energy efficiency. In this article a novel paradigm, called Low-Power Wide Area Networking (LP-WAN), is explored. By means of a cellular-type architecture, LP-WAN–based solutions aim at fulfilling the reliability and efficiency challenges posed by long-term industrial networks. Thus, the most prominent LP-WAN solutions are reviewed, identifying and discussing the pros and cons of each of them. The focus is also on examining the current deployment state of these platforms in Spain. Although LP-WAN systems are at early stages of development, they represent a promising alternative for boosting future industrial IIoT (Industrial Internet of Things) networks and services. Keywords: Low-Power Wide Area Networks (LP-WAN); Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communications; Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT); Internet of Things (IoT); wireless sensor networks 1. Introduction Machine-to-Machine (M2M) networks and Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) services are two key enabling approaches for future industrial networking [1]. As reflected from the forecast investments predicted in the IIoT field [2], the advent of low-cost, always-connected devices opens new and exciting opportunities involving many stakeholders from a wide range of sectors. Deploying well-structured and easily-accessible M2M networks will facilitate having a precise control over the production or company’s installations, which could be translated into a smart strategy for saving logistic costs [3]. As an example, new services such as real-time event processing or 24/7 access to tracking information will be introduced into the supply chain. Having a thorough monitoring system deployed all along the manufacturing and supply chain allows enriching the complete value chain with precious information, minimizing losses against unexpected events, and hence improving both business processes and the information exchange among stakeholders (Business-to-Business (B2B) networks) [4]. In this case, smart metering (water, oil, etc.), goods and facilities monitoring, or smart farming are good examples of areas of activity for M2M/B2B networks. M2M networks can be seen as a revamp of the widely-deployed Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN); we could also think that most of the aforementioned applications are already covered by this well-studied approach. It is true that we have survived so far with the existing WSN classic solutions such as ZigBee, Bluetooth, or even WiFi (short-range technologies), but the main point of industrial M2M networks is the huge increase in the number of devices composing them and the notable widening of the covered areas. Global device connections are estimated to be about 28 billion Sensors 2016, 16, 708; doi:10.3390/s16050708 www.mdpi.com/journal/sensors Sensors 2016, 16, 708 2 of 14 Sensors 2016, 16, 708 2 of 14 2020 (Figure 1) [5]. This enormous growth requires (i) minimized cost per unit; (ii) optimized Sensors 2016, 16, 708 2 of 14 edgeby-node 2020s’ (Figureenergy1 )[consumption5]. This enormous; (iii) high growth network requires scalability (i) minimized; and (iv) cost wide per unit;network (ii) optimized coverage. As discussededge-nodes’2020 (Fig in urethe energynext1) [5] sections,. consumption;This enormous one or (iii) manygrowth high of networkrequires these points scalability;(i) minimized are the and maincost (iv) wideper weaknesses unit network; (ii) optimized coverage.of traditional WSNAsedge technologies. discussed-nodes’ energy in the In next consumptionaddition, sections, as one; (mentionediii) or high many network of previously, these scalability points arelots; and the of (main iv)industrial wide weaknesses network applications ofcoverage traditional .need As to operateWSNdiscussed over technologies. vastin the regions next In addition,sections, that are asone mentionedunaffordable or many previously,of these for thosepoints lots of classicare industrial the WSNmain applications weaknessessolutions. need Theof traditional to need operate of rich coverageoverWSN vast hastechnologies. regionsbeen solved that In are addition,by unaffordable means as of mentioned existing for those cellularpreviously,classic WSNtechnologies lots solutions. of industrial (usually The need applications with of richlow coverage bandwidth),need to e.g., hasoperateGSM been (Global over solved vast System by regions means for of thatMobile existing are unaffordablecommunications), cellular technologies for those GPRS (usuallyclassic (General WSN with solutions. lowPacket bandwidth), Radio The needService), e.g., of GSM rich etc. , or (Global System for Mobile communications), GPRS (General Packet Radio Service), etc., or satellite satellitecoverage connectiv has bityeen (longsolved-range by means tech ofnologies), existing cellularbut the technologies increased costs (usually and with the lowhigh bandwidth), level of power connectivitye.g., GSM (Global (long-range System technologies), for Mobile communications), but the increased GPRS costs and(General the high Packet level Radio of power Service), demanded etc., or demanded by these systems make them unsuitable for long-term M2M networks composed by a bysatellite these systemsconnectiv makeity (long them-range unsuitable technologies), for long-term but the M2M increased networks costs composed and the by high a massive level of number power massive number of devices. ofdemanded devices. by these systems make them unsuitable for long-term M2M networks composed by a massive number of devices. Worldwide IoT Revenue Worldwide IoT Devices 8000 30 Worldwide IoT Revenue Worldwide IoT Devices 7000 8000 30 25 60007000 25 20 50006000 20 40005000 15 30004000 15 Revenue ($B) Revenue 10 3000 2000($B) Revenue 10 2000 5 (B) things Connected 1000 5 (B) things Connected 1000 0 0 0 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 0 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Year FigureFigure 1. Worldwide 1. Worldwide IoT IoTIoT connected connectedconnected devices devicesdevices andand revenues revenuesrevenues forecast.f orecast.forecast. DataData Data extractedextracted extracted fromfrom from [[5]5].. [5]. A new paradigm called Low-Power Wide Area Networking (LP-WAN) has arisen recently, A newA new paradigm paradigm called called Low-PowerLow-Power Wide Wide Area Area Networking Networking (LP-WAN) (LP- hasWAN) arisen has recently, arisen aimed recently, aimed at filling the existing gap for deploying overcrowded M2M networks [6]. The main aimedat fillingat filling the existing the exist gaping for deployinggap for deploying overcrowded overcrowded M2M networks M2M [6]. Thenetworks main foundation [6]. The of main foundation of these systems is the deployment of highly scalable systems, usually in an operated foundationthese systems of these is the systems deployment is the of highlydeployment scalable of systems, highly usually scalable in ansystems, operated usually fashion, in employing an operated fashion, employing low-cost edge-devices with low battery consumption. Figure 2 presents the fashion,low-cost employing edge-devices low- withcost lowedge battery-devices consumption. with low battery Figure2 presentsconsumption. the typical Figure architecture 2 presents of the typical architecture of a LP-WAN system. Observe that, essentially, the network architecture is typicala LP-WAN architecture system. of Observea LP-WAN that, essentially,system. Observe the network that, architectureessentially, is the similar network to that architecture of cellular is similar to that of cellular networks, where one or a series of base stations provides direct similarnetworks, to that where of cel onelular or a seriesnetworks, of base where stations one provides or a directseries connectivity of base stations from edge-devices provides todirect connectivity from edge-devices to the backhaul network and, then, to the cloud, where the data is the backhaul network and, then, to the cloud, where the data is stored and prepared to be accessed. connectivitystored and from prepared edge -todevices be accessed. to the Regarding backhaul the network edge-network and, then, architecture, to the cloud, it is notably where different the data is Regarding the edge-network architecture, it is notably different from that employed by traditional storedfrom and that prepared employed to by be traditional accessed. 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