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A Survey on Optical Technologies for Iot, Smart Industry, and Smart Infrastructures

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A Survey on Optical Technologies for Iot, Smart Industry, and Smart Infrastructures Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks Review A Survey on Optical Technologies for IoT, Smart Industry, and Smart Infrastructures Slavisa Aleksic Institute of Communications Engineering, Leipzig University of Telecommunications (HfTL), 04277 Leipzig, Germany; [email protected]; Tel.: +49-341-3062-212 Received: 1 July 2019; Accepted: 7 September 2019; Published: 17 September 2019 Abstract: In the Internet of Things (IoT), a huge number of sensors, actuators and other equipment for data acquisition and processing will be interconnected by means of an omnipresent communication network able to efficiently support heterogeneous transmission technologies and applications. On the one hand, advanced optical communication systems, which already play a significant role in modern networks, are currently evolving to meet very high requirements of modern applications. On the other hand, there are already many ways to utilize optical components and effects for building precise, efficient, and reliable sensors. Thus, optical technologies have the potential to greatly help in realizing future smart infrastructures and systems. This paper gives an overview of currently available and emerging optical technologies for sensing and communication applications and reviews their possible application in the context of the IoT for realizing smart systems and infrastructures. Keywords: optical technology; Internet of Things (IoT); optical sensors; optical communication systems and networks 1. Introduction The main prerequisite for implementing future smart city applications and systems is the existence of an efficient and reliable smart infrastructure. Such an infrastructure integrates in an efficient and reliable manner various basic infrastructures such as (i) water distribution systems, (ii) electricity grids, and (iii) transport infrastructure (roads, railways, trams, and metro) together with information technologies, distributed smart sensing systems, and communication networks. Another prominent application is the smart healthcare, which has the potential to improve the quality of patient care and how health care is delivered, for example, through a better and faster diagnostics, better treatment of patients, and improved operational efficiency. In production environments, recent developments in the area of control systems in conjunction with modern information and communication technologies (ICTs) are the main drivers for the fourth industrial revolution. In the coming decades, this trend may lead to a radical change in industrial processes. A broad penetration and widespread implementation of machine-to-machine (M2M) communication and the Internet of Things (IoT) will erase the traditional boundaries between the manufacturing and telecommunication sectors. Thus, a huge number of sensors, actuators, and various other smart devices interconnected with each other by means of an omnipresent, high-performance, and highly reliable communication network are the main building parts of an effective and ubiquitous IoT. An optimal combination and integration of these devices and technologies together with intelligent and efficient data acquisition and processing are key factors in realizing integrated and smart infrastructures and systems. The Role of Optical Technologies in the IoT Photonic technologies have played and will play in the future a significant role in the development of the IoT and its application in smart infrastructures. There are countless examples of using photonic J. Sens. Actuator Netw. 2019, 8, 47; doi:10.3390/jsan8030047 www.mdpi.com/journal/jsan J. Sens. Actuator Netw. 2018, 7, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 18 J. Sens. Actuator Netw. 2019, 8, 47 2 of 18 Photonic technologies have played and will play in the future a significant role in the development of the IoT and its application in smart infrastructures. There are countless examples of devicesusing photonic and systems devices in and smart systems infrastructures in smart infrastructures such as imaging such sensors as imaging and sensorssensors and for measuringsensors for variousmeasuring physical various and physical chemical and quantities chemical such quantities as temperature, such as temperature, strain, force, acceleration,strain, force, tilt,acceleration, rotation, vibration,tilt, rotation velocity,, vibration, fluorescence, velocity, luminescence, fluorescence, absorbance, luminescence, refractive absorbance, index, andrefractive humidity. index Other, and well-knownhumidity. Other examples well- areknown fiber-optic examples communication are fiber-optic systems communication and networks, systems as well and optical networks positioning, as well systems.optical positioning An example systems. of the positioningAn example of of optical the positioning technologies of optical within technologies the layered IoTwithin architecture the layered is shownIoT architec in Figureture1 .is It shown is evident in thatFigure optical 1. It technologiesis evident that mainly optical relate technologies to the device mainly layer (sensorsrelate to and the actuators)device layer and (sensors the network and layeractuators) (transport and capabilities).the network Whilelayer optical(transport effects capabilities). and structures While are optical one of theeffects possible and candidatesstructures forare implementing one of the possible various sensorscandidates and actuators,for impleme thenting modern various transport sensors network and infrastructureactuators, the ismodern based mainlytransport on opticalnetwork communication infrastructure systems.is based mainly Thus, optical on optical communication communication and switchingsystems. Thus, technologies optical will communication continue to play and the switching central role technologies in providing will ubiquitous, continue high-performance,to play the central androle reliablein providing transport ubiquitous, networks high for- IoTperformance, systems. and reliable transport networks for IoT systems. Application Layer Smart Smart Smart Smart Smart Smart Smart Cities Health Living Transport Energy Building Industry Service and Application Support Layer Generic Support Specific Support Network Layer Network Layer Networking Capabilities Transport Layer Capabilities Network Layer Protocols NFV SDN Routing Transport Layer Protocols Capabilities Physical Layer Transport Capabilities Data-Link Layer Wireless LAN Optical PAN Optical LAN Copper Access Security Wireless PAN Optical Access Optical Transport Wireless/Radio Access Management Management Device Layer Sensors Sensors and Actuators Actuators Electrochemical Sensors Electomagnetic Sensors Electomagnetic Actuators Electrochemical Actuators Optical Sensors Optical Actuators Thermoelectric Sensors Electrostatic Sensors Electrostatic Actuators Thermoelectric actuators FigureFigure 1.1. LayeredLayered architecturearchitecture ofof thethe InternetInternet ofof ThingsThings withwith anan emphasisemphasis onon thethe rolerole ofof opticaloptical technologies—adaptedtechnologies—adapted fromfrom thethe InternationalInternational TelecommunicationsTelecommunications Union—TelecommunicationUnion—Telecommunication StandardizationStandardization SectorSector (ITU-T)(ITU-T) [[11]] (NFV:(NFV: NetworkNetwork FunctionFunction Virtualization,Virtualization, SDN:SDN: Software-DefinedSoftware-Defined Networking,Networking, PAN:PAN: Personal Personal Area Area Network, Network, LAN: LAN: Local Local Area Area Network). Network). ConstrainsConstrains andand requirementsrequirements setset onon IoTIoT devicesdevices andand systemssystems greatlygreatly dependdepend onon thethe selectedselected IoTIoT applicationapplication and and considered considered layer. layer. Some Some applications applications such such as environmental as environmental monitoring monitoring or traffi orc control traffic requirecontrol arequire large numbera large number of sensors of sensors distributed distributed over a over large a geographical large geographical area. Thus,area. T extremelyhus, extremely low energylow energy consumption, consumption, long battery long life, battery and large life, networkand large coverage network are verycoverage important are requirementsvery important for suchrequirements applications. for such On the applications. other hand, On in the case other of manufacturing hand, in case processof manufacturing control and process home automation, control and thehome requirements automation, of the energy requirements consumption of energy and battery consumption size, as well and as battery network size reach,, as well are muchas netwo morerk relaxedreach, are since much the areamore to relaxed be covered since by the the area network to be is covered restricted by and the direct network access is torestricted the electricity and direct grid isaccess mostly to available.the electricity Also, grid the is requirements mostly available. of mobility, Also, the flexibility, requirements and data of mobility, rate can varyflexibility in a wide, and range,data rate depending can vary on in the a applicationwide range and, depending implementation on the approachapplication used. and As implementation this is the case with approach most ofused the. technologiesAs this is the and case approaches with most that of havethe technologies already been and developed approaches or considered that have foralready use in been the IoT,developed photonic or communicationconsidered for use systems in the andIoT, sensorphotonic devices communication are also not systems generally and suitable sensor devices for all IoT are
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