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Avhandling+TVHH-Edit.Pdf (5.125Mb) Folkefellesskap, forlystelse og hverdagsmotstand 2 Thomas V.H. Hagen Folkefellesskap, forlystelse og hverdagsmotstand Kino i Norge 1940–1945 Avhandling for graden philosophiae doctor Universitetet i Agder Fakultet for humaniora og pedagogikk 2018 3 Doktoravhandlinger ved Universitetet i Agder 184 ISSN: 1504-9272 ISBN: 978-82-7117-883-3 Thomas V.H. Hagen, 2018 Trykk: Wittusen & Jensen Oslo 4 Innhold Abstract ................................................................................................................................................. 11 Forord .................................................................................................................................................... 12 Forkortelser m.v. ................................................................................................................................... 14 Liste over tabeller og figurer ................................................................................................................. 16 Illustrasjoner .......................................................................................................................................... 18 INTRODUKSJON .......................................................................................................................... 19 I. I begynnelsen var filmen ................................................................................................................ 19 II. Problemstilling og forskningsspørsmål .......................................................................................... 20 III. Materiale ...................................................................................................................................... 21 IV. Teori og metode ........................................................................................................................... 26 1. Teori ........................................................................................................................................... 26 2. Metode ...................................................................................................................................... 34 V. Sentrale begreper .......................................................................................................................... 35 1. Begreper som utvikles med utgangspunkt i Scott ..................................................................... 35 2. Motstand, samarbeid og tilpasning ........................................................................................... 39 3. Gleichschaltung ......................................................................................................................... 54 VI. Forskningsstatus ........................................................................................................................... 55 1. Forskning om film og kino i Norge 1940–1945 .......................................................................... 56 2. Internasjonal forskning om film i perioden 1933–1945 ............................................................ 61 VII. Struktur ....................................................................................................................................... 67 1 Historisk bakgrunn ................................................................................................................... 69 I. Kinoens utvikling i Norge før 1940 ................................................................................................. 69 II. Det kommunale kinosystemet ...................................................................................................... 69 III. Hva var en kino? ........................................................................................................................... 72 IV. Krigen kommer ............................................................................................................................. 74 V. Omorganisering under det tyske Rikskommissariat, april–desember 1940 ................................. 75 VI. Omorganisering under Statens filmdirektorat fra 1. januar 1941 ............................................... 78 VII. Norsk filmproduksjon .................................................................................................................. 85 VIII. På plakaten ................................................................................................................................. 88 IX. Kulturlivet under krigen................................................................................................................ 94 X. Sammenfatning ............................................................................................................................. 97 5 2 Kinoenes autonomi .................................................................................................................. 99 I. Innledning ....................................................................................................................................... 99 II. Forhold som forstyrret normal kinodrift ..................................................................................... 104 1. Krigshandlinger og unntakstilstand ......................................................................................... 104 2. Generelle krigsrelaterte hindringer ......................................................................................... 107 3. Ideologisk og politisk påtrykk .................................................................................................. 112 4. Sivil motstand .......................................................................................................................... 121 5. Håndtering av tysk og norsk publikum .................................................................................... 122 6. Vakthold, overvåkning og kontroll .......................................................................................... 125 7. Tvangsutskrivning og økt kvinneandel .................................................................................... 131 III. Kinomangfold ............................................................................................................................. 132 1. Kommunale kinoer .................................................................................................................. 133 2. Private kinoer .......................................................................................................................... 133 3. Foreningskinoer ....................................................................................................................... 135 4. Ambulerende kinoer ................................................................................................................ 138 IV. «De ansatte grudde for hver arbeidsdag» ................................................................................. 142 1. Ulike strategier ........................................................................................................................ 143 2. Utskiftninger ............................................................................................................................ 154 3. Modernisering ......................................................................................................................... 158 4. Kinobransjens skjulte samtaler ................................................................................................ 159 V. Ble kinoene «nazifisert»? ............................................................................................................ 160 VI. Konklusjon .................................................................................................................................. 165 3 Virkeliggjøring og flukt: Den åpne samtalen ............................................................................ 169 I. Innledning ..................................................................................................................................... 169 II. Statens filmdirektorat.................................................................................................................. 171 1. Norsk Kinoblad ........................................................................................................................ 173 2. Film- og kinopolitikkens formelle grunnlag ............................................................................. 177 III. Ideologisk ensretting: «Fremme nasjonens interesser» ............................................................ 179 1. Den nye tid .............................................................................................................................. 179 2. Folk og rase .............................................................................................................................. 182 3. Fellesnytte og egennytte ......................................................................................................... 188 6 4. Gjennom kamp til seier ........................................................................................................... 196 IV. Politisk ensretting: Personlige motiver og kampen om historien .............................................. 199 1. Kampen mot det «borgerlig-marxistiske» kinosystemet ........................................................ 200 2. Kampen om film- og kinohistorien .........................................................................................
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