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RESEARCH ON NAGOYA RESIDENTS’ CONSCIOUSNESS ABOUT THEIR REGIONAL DIALECTS AND DIALECTICAL USAGE A thesis submitted to the faculty of As San Francisco State University 36 In partial fulfillment of 2015" The requirements for The Degree Master of Arts In Japanese by Eriko Matsuura San Francisco, California May, 2015 Copyright by Eriko Matsuura 2015 CERTIFICATION OF APPROVAL I certify that I have read RESEARCH ON NAGOYA REGIDENTS’ CONSCIOUSNESS ABOUT THEIR REGIONAL DIALECTS AND DIALECTICAL USAGE by Eriko Matsuura, and that in my opinion this work meets the criteria for approving a thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree Master of Arts in Japanese at San Francisco State University. Professor of Japanese Dr. Makiko Asano Professor of Japanese RESEARCH ON NAGOYA REGIDENTS’ CONSCIOUSNESS ABOUT THEIR REGIONAL DIALECTS AND DIALECTICAL USAGE Eriko Matsuura San Francisco, California 2015 In recent years, the diversity of regions in Japan has attracted considerable attention. There are many opportunities to be exposed to different dialects through the dialect-related books and media. However, it is questionable how much dialect is really used and recognized in daily life. To investigate the current use of Nagoya dialect in the region, this survey was carried out in Nagoya-city and the Owari region of Aichi Prefecture, Japan. It was conducted using data was gathered from December 2013 to July 2014 from 741 Aichi residents (age 20 to 75). The research reports (1) how Nagoya dialect is evaluated by Nagoya residents, (2) How the evaluation of dialect influences dialect use, and (3) how the Nagoya dialect vocabulary, introduced in dialect publication, is used and recognized by Nagoya dialect speakers. I certifV that the Abstract is a correct representation of the content of this thesis. Date ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my deepest appreciation to my thesis adviser, Dr. Masahiko Minami for spending countless hours reading my drafts and giving me concrete feedback. This thesis would not have been possible without his advice and support. I would also like to recognize Dr. Makiko Asano for offering invaluable editing and advice. Her guidance was helpful in making my thesis successful. I would like to thank my parents, who have been supporting my education in the United States and have provided great encouragement. Finally, I would like to acknowledge my husband, who supported me and provided understanding throughout my courses at San Francisco State University. TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Tables...................................................................................................................... ix List of Figures...................................................................................................................... x List of Appendices..............................................................................................................xi 1. Introduction..................................................................................................................... 2 2. Literature Review............................................................................................................ 3 3. Methodology.................................................................................................................... 4 3.1. Survey research and recruitment of participants..............................................4 3.2. Questionnaire.................................................................................................... 5 3.2.1. Contents of personal data sheet..............................................................5 3.2.2. Contents of questions for participants....................................................6 3.3. Participants’ gender and age.............................................................................6 3.4. Participants’ birthplace and place of residence................................................7 4. Results............................................................................................................................. 8 4.1. Impression and evaluation of Nagoya dialect................................................9 4.1.1. Is Nagoya dialect urbane or rustic?........................................................9 4.1.2. Is Nagoya dialect clean or foul?........................................................... 10 4.1.3. Do you like or dislike Nagoya dialect?................................................ 12 4.2. Usage of Nagoya dialect in different situations............................................. 14 4.2.1. Usage of Nagoya dialect (Family members)....................................... 14 4.2.2. Usage of Nagoya dialect (Friends from the same region).................. 16 4.2.3. Usage of Nagoya dialect (Friends from different regions).................. 17 4.3. Usage of Nagoya dialect in different situations (with strangers)................... 18 4.3.1. Changing speech style......................................................................... 18 4.4. Thoughts for Nagoya dialect..........................................................................24 4.4.1. Preservation of Nagoya dialect.............................................................24 4.2.2. Arguments for and against the preservation of Nagoya dialect............25 4.5. Residents’ experience and knowledge of Nagoya dialect..............................29 4.6. Format of questionnaire..................................................................................30 4.7. Nagoya dialect speakers’ usage and knowledge of Nagoya dialect...............31 4.7.1. Changes in dialect usage and recognition by different generations 31 4.7.2. Is dialect usage declining?....................................................................31 4.7.3. Changing dialect vocabulary impressions and roles............................32 4.7.4. Changes in honorific speech.................................................................34 5. Discussion.................................................................................................................... 38 5.1. Current impressions and evaluations of Nagoya dialect..................................38 5.1. Factors affecting impressions and evaluations of Nagoya dialect............ 39 5.2. Current state of dialect usage...........................................................................39 5.2.1. Young generations’ preference for dialect.............................................40 5.2.2. Elder generations’ preference for standard Japanese.............................41 5.3. Roles and functions of dialects.................................................................................42 5.3.1. Role as a mother tongue.......................................................................42 5.3.2. Role as a communication tool..............................................................43 5.3.3. Role of transmitting the culture............................................................44 6. Conclusion................................................................................................................... 44 Appendices........................................................................................................................ 46 References......................................................................................................................... 56 English Summary..............................................................................................................59 viii LIST OF TABLES Tables Page 1. Result of chi-square “Is Nagoya dialect urbane or rustic?” ...........................10 2. Result of chi-square “Is Nagoya dialect clean or foul?” ................................11 3. Result of chi-square “Do you like or dislike Nagoya dialect?” .....................12 4. Result of chi-square: usage of Nagoya dialect (with family members).........14 5. Result of chi-square: usage of Nagoya dialect (friends from the same region) 16 6. Result of chi-square: usage of Nagoya dialect (friends from different regions)........................................................................................................... 17 7. Result of chi-square: Changing speech style...................................................19 8. Reasons to change speech style..................................................................... 20 9. Reasons not to change speech style................................................................22 10. Result of chi-square “Do you think Nagoya dialect should not be spoken?” ........................................................................................................................25 11. Reasons Nagoya dialect should not be spoken..........................................26 12. Reasons Nagoya dialect should be spoken................................................ 28 13. Nagoya dialect vocabulary and their meaning in standard-Japanese.............30 14. Result of chi-square: [-namo; ~right?]...........................................................32 15. Result of chi-square: \yattokame; long time no see]....................................... 33 16. Result of chi-square: [niisama; an older brother]............................................35 17. Result of chi-square: [ototo; a younger brother]..............................................36 18. Result of chi-square: [ossama\ a monk]........................................................... 37 LIST OF FIGURES Figures Page 1. Public announcement poster
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