RESEARCH ON NAGOYA RESIDENTS’ CONSCIOUSNESS ABOUT THEIR REGIONAL DIALECTS AND DIALECTICAL USAGE
A thesis submitted to the faculty of As San Francisco State University 36 In partial fulfillment of 2015" The requirements for The Degree
Master of Arts
In
Japanese
by
Eriko Matsuura
San Francisco, California
May, 2015 Copyright by Eriko Matsuura 2015 CERTIFICATION OF APPROVAL
I certify that I have read RESEARCH ON NAGOYA REGIDENTS’ CONSCIOUSNESS
ABOUT THEIR REGIONAL DIALECTS AND DIALECTICAL USAGE by Eriko
Matsuura, and that in my opinion this work meets the criteria for approving a thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree Master of Arts in
Japanese at San Francisco State University.
Professor of Japanese
Dr. Makiko Asano Professor of Japanese RESEARCH ON NAGOYA REGIDENTS’ CONSCIOUSNESS ABOUT THEIR REGIONAL DIALECTS AND DIALECTICAL USAGE
Eriko Matsuura San Francisco, California 2015
In recent years, the diversity of regions in Japan has attracted considerable attention. There are many opportunities to be exposed to different dialects through the dialect-related books and media. However, it is questionable how much dialect is really used and recognized in daily life. To investigate the current use of Nagoya dialect in the region, this survey was carried out in Nagoya-city and the Owari region of Aichi Prefecture, Japan. It was conducted using data was gathered from December 2013 to July 2014 from 741 Aichi residents (age 20 to 75). The research reports (1) how Nagoya dialect is evaluated by Nagoya residents, (2) How the evaluation of dialect influences dialect use, and (3) how the Nagoya dialect vocabulary, introduced in dialect publication, is used and recognized by Nagoya dialect speakers.
I certifV that the Abstract is a correct representation of the content of this thesis.
Date ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to express my deepest appreciation to my thesis adviser, Dr.
Masahiko Minami for spending countless hours reading my drafts and giving me concrete feedback. This thesis would not have been possible without his advice and support. I would also like to recognize Dr. Makiko Asano for offering invaluable editing and advice.
Her guidance was helpful in making my thesis successful.
I would like to thank my parents, who have been supporting my education in the
United States and have provided great encouragement. Finally, I would like to acknowledge my husband, who supported me and provided understanding throughout my courses at San Francisco State University. TABLE OF CONTENTS
List of Tables...... ix
List of Figures...... x
List of Appendices...... xi
1. Introduction...... 2
2. Literature Review...... 3
3. Methodology...... 4
3.1. Survey research and recruitment of participants...... 4
3.2. Questionnaire...... 5
3.2.1. Contents of personal data sheet...... 5
3.2.2. Contents of questions for participants...... 6
3.3. Participants’ gender and age...... 6
3.4. Participants’ birthplace and place of residence...... 7
4. Results...... 8
4.1. Impression and evaluation of Nagoya dialect...... 9
4.1.1. Is Nagoya dialect urbane or rustic?...... 9
4.1.2. Is Nagoya dialect clean or foul?...... 10
4.1.3. Do you like or dislike Nagoya dialect?...... 12 4.2. Usage of Nagoya dialect in different situations...... 14
4.2.1. Usage of Nagoya dialect (Family members)...... 14
4.2.2. Usage of Nagoya dialect (Friends from the same region)...... 16
4.2.3. Usage of Nagoya dialect (Friends from different regions)...... 17
4.3. Usage of Nagoya dialect in different situations (with strangers)...... 18
4.3.1. Changing speech style...... 18
4.4. Thoughts for Nagoya dialect...... 24
4.4.1. Preservation of Nagoya dialect...... 24
4.2.2. Arguments for and against the preservation of Nagoya dialect...... 25
4.5. Residents’ experience and knowledge of Nagoya dialect...... 29
4.6. Format of questionnaire...... 30
4.7. Nagoya dialect speakers’ usage and knowledge of Nagoya dialect...... 31
4.7.1. Changes in dialect usage and recognition by different generations 31
4.7.2. Is dialect usage declining?...... 31
4.7.3. Changing dialect vocabulary impressions and roles...... 32
4.7.4. Changes in honorific speech...... 34
5. Discussion...... 38
5.1. Current impressions and evaluations of Nagoya dialect...... 38
5.1. Factors affecting impressions and evaluations of Nagoya dialect...... 39
5.2. Current state of dialect usage...... 39
5.2.1. Young generations’ preference for dialect...... 40
5.2.2. Elder generations’ preference for standard Japanese...... 41 5.3. Roles and functions of dialects...... 42
5.3.1. Role as a mother tongue...... 42
5.3.2. Role as a communication tool...... 43
5.3.3. Role of transmitting the culture...... 44
6. Conclusion...... 44
Appendices...... 46
References...... 56
English Summary...... 59
viii LIST OF TABLES
Tables Page
1. Result of chi-square “Is Nagoya dialect urbane or rustic?” ...... 10 2. Result of chi-square “Is Nagoya dialect clean or foul?” ...... 11 3. Result of chi-square “Do you like or dislike Nagoya dialect?” ...... 12 4. Result of chi-square: usage of Nagoya dialect (with family members)...... 14 5. Result of chi-square: usage of Nagoya dialect (friends from the same region) 16 6. Result of chi-square: usage of Nagoya dialect (friends from different regions)...... 17 7. Result of chi-square: Changing speech style...... 19 8. Reasons to change speech style...... 20 9. Reasons not to change speech style...... 22 10. Result of chi-square “Do you think Nagoya dialect should not be spoken?” ...... 25 11. Reasons Nagoya dialect should not be spoken...... 26 12. Reasons Nagoya dialect should be spoken...... 28 13. Nagoya dialect vocabulary and their meaning in standard-Japanese...... 30 14. Result of chi-square: [-namo; ~right?]...... 32 15. Result of chi-square: \yattokame; long time no see]...... 33 16. Result of chi-square: [niisama; an older brother]...... 35 17. Result of chi-square: [ototo; a younger brother]...... 36 18. Result of chi-square: [ossama\ a monk]...... 37 LIST OF FIGURES
Figures Page
1. Public announcement poster in Nagoya dialect...... 2 2. Participants’ gender and age...... 7 3. A regional boundary map of Aichi Prefecture...... 7
x LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendices
1. Questionnaire...... 2. Results of chi-square method. 1
r RT ^
^ o f c 0 — j?X\ B^±fS(D^XZtl b
(3) j ? g \ m m u
JP^ ^ l^f Jlt^7 la
^ LT, ;^W£B«3 f£$B^£;tvCl'3;*rS‘fg#?i, ¥fttfsiSi< & 5fco*i& J8|£,bii5< ftSMlRjfcfc
3 # \ fi*
£#M ;£W tfsiS£;h,Tl'5£#MTffrt£M3BJffil£T£&;h,Wo;fc,
£ fc J 3 \ (18& £"C ) iCr^i^-MTlT-f^lirM^SifelSIic 1 0 * 9 A/
b S rS ic , <3*? £TOI # £ 1 0 3 ¥ f # 4 - § g ^ B X s W Y W
S3f—¥***«*? ILU II (I#10)
?s* w m
(i? /:) ^ t 9^? @ 5 5 ?i?i* fia.5 i 'n*e=n
^a|$1^3S^#il^^^Sa)^ycr^rfl '« (zoos) £ t a>:?
Will; Vv/i#^^mffia)^a^q>-sa>-gim °§*m 3SM a^i^>H i!C 0a
va.^ a ;£ < $ vg y
«MO)>^ v¥^0)4 V#S*
°£ 3
2014^ 7 2 0 1 5 ^ 0#
$&
^ } ^ ^ IM W L tl/^ o Lfl>U C<7>£ 5&l&#^ffl$;K/rV'5;£W
mmiat, m % x±^.fi^^tzxm ^t^xb, z.6 fa h L t i f t l \ ,
2. ftftffift
• ^nMMK^-tZ)9tfsM%X\$, (2012) &
J
(D^Wz^mK, mmmm^mi tLx&mtttfx^'z,
i®< *V '£ LTV>50 (1996) fjfnMMbjjn&RloW iMl (Dtp THfijftM m t SPS ^M^r'sO#l^l®SSrffoTV'' § tfs, 4 &*&£##< x^#& ft£'et>#W tf5&9±»f k*i5«fc5te:fco /Co L T , fllft (2007) ( i, «t 5 ^ ^ ^ , #K5g#1H:ftfc£oT#mW\ rga© ® ^Sr^U ZtiZ&MbblzmLti t)©Wot§tj (p. 27) £3zE^ &oT#-C l '5 „ I t (2009) f t, ^ 3 p ± i p ^ r (z^n-m) ommm# (2»fPf$0 LTit^i Lffi U * '-vzm fm z. L * J S £ 3S#g# •CV '50Tlt!5:i^5^o tR£&fk% — 'j'r)v3f—z*s'- h ^ x ^ m m a> (6oos) ,K#J a> aooe) » • #vf/ 9 v $ 3*at > n #g?#v m (a $ c o m w rm § u s p u r n s r r £ jx^ g o ^ bhJ M ® r e W KM£ W & m W W M v«^H]a)^^M ^Y9I 3i^$2iai5?ffl»<2)i9:y?3fifi4 s'\w % clM]£%mmsmmci> _^^^c/CoV/ 'sG^'I^HIk'* att&a>^&ma> rn^CWM r e £ 6 fc&, ip Bw@ }dDxfc0 ttm^ommzmmLtio 3.2.2 m m . m # i u z , d) ^m^m r^ w ® :W # t>-£j (2010) , fp\zw,Lxm ^x*h%^m #$ (2002) , (2010) x (2013) % m W tMl (1992) L'fc o 3.3 2013^12^ 27 0^)^2014^7^ 15 ^1+ 741 74\%(D\Hmfe, ^'14^ 354 £ (48%) N M £/^ 387£ (52%) v f r Z o O T © 0 2 ii, 7 0 2 (iV=74i) 3.4 (D oh, 233 £flSffi£iffi££-£ M rfTrt^U 408£as®3gJfiK %lii£.Mk®®Ltz0 &9 *9, S*flJfU1^ 97^, *§^l£ Tfo<5o 8 l%9 46S%fr%-£ 3 % s 1 &&&&& 5 6 ^ , 23 ^T'&ofCo 4. (1) rpj^-Rf^j , (2) f f l# < £ i'j, (3) r^u^i-vwjSL^tJKV'j , (4) rt*uw^v\i , ^UT (5) r&t~itV\| HHIW 5m ©H5i4, 2£l£- o r t t $>, r ^ 3 t ^ £ zn m £ % r& n M l / h 7 ^ 7 ° ) frb m tR U ?p o "CW'fffii" S i 5 ’M.fv&i @ Appendix 1 (^fS^c't- 5 0 9 4.1 %smirm\rn-tzw m tm \m m m s Rfi^^M , Stb^Wv^W/^ lU i: 5 2^(DnmmBK'D\,'Tmmmzm#)btbtefr'itc0 r ^ M # ^ H#< £i'£\i s r^-^-ji#^ x r^’S'II#^ & % * \ m ' f r J £ l'5 4.1.1 &-&m%n ^ 1 (C ^ -f «t 5 t- 50 i x t 60 ftfcSoV'T^flC^&Sffii?) bfrifz0 50 ft'Cte, 60 f i r m »■£*>£> *9 , —% rp a# < $ vnj t v' 5 «t v tti'?i&mmbtLfro 10 l r£-£g#r±®£Wj&\ &BL — 20 f t 30 f t 40 f t 50 f t 60 f t 70 f t a pi 6 1 7 8* *A 3 1 26 47 26 48 25 41 * *A 27 214 EB#< $V ' 116 83 141 68 48**V 45 501 ^ f t 169 110 196 101 92 73 741 %2(10) = 26.41,/? < .01 *p<.05, **p<.01 a#*ic#v\ v^Etc/>*v' § # < £ > # § £ rffi#<$i\| iRjisgfiv'r. £as#fl>5„ b ^ u so ixx t t m < D m @ t t ^ y % **&#<£>£ w f g # i % -& m £i'5M ISIlzttLXI2, «fc 5(-> naoife, £¥tt£¥ttB*J<£>ilCfr-C r^ v ^ w j 5Mma*£if'Z£&iim-v$z>0 &\,'Htft t? r^iv£ri\i so ft, 70ffcra\ b \ 'o ^&ft&#SfeSr8fo"CV'5;i irtfSga&kftl/S:^ 60 ftfi r# tu ^ ;^ w j t t m v t c o M2 t^WIB w i>\ 20 f t 3 0 {t 40 ft 5 0 {t 60 ft 70 ft A54-O PI 5 3 12 10 10*A 4 44 ¥ h b b t f i / i i ' 31**V 17* *v 57 37*A 33 33**A 208 133**A 90’*A 127 54* *V 49* *V 36* *V 489 i^ff 169 110 196 101 92 73 741 X^(10) = 51.28,/) < .01 * p < .05,**p< .01 A^rjfcte#v\ v#£tej>*v' eoft-c^-S-M ^w^ H lv^j x r ± » m ^ « ±cS,fd'j r±BTW^J (^*M ^T»Tjl3a^ffl$tLTV ^c = ^) h r T P T s ^ J m (DXiizjjn&MMkLXMz-ZMfaiz so 70 \ -oct^wSt £' 5 £££ s« t o-cfn^M t v^ 5 W fgf4^#x. btiZ o 12 4.1.3 ^ V 'd ^ - r^^li^W /SW #/^ £V'5fCI!Sif;:*tL'Cf3\ ^ 3 (Dl&gzfrbfrfr 5 #\ 30ffm, r^v^J 40ft^P> 6 0 i' 70ft-c r$*v\i & o /h 0 M 3 m t t m t # ; 5 5 £ p # / 5 \ H r V ' i & M ,A.34- 20 f t 3 0 { t 40 f t 50 f t 60 f t 70 f t □ bT 65 55 90 48 43 28 329 Z h b b 90**A 32**v 82 42 35 24 305 * | V ' 14**V 23* A 24 11 14 21**A 107 ^ 3 -L d PI 169 110 196 101 92 73 741 X2 (10) = 33.67,/? <.01 */?<.05, **p<.01 a %#K:# v\ V^rjgtfc^fcV' 2 0 f t t 3 0 f f m , ffl#< £ v ^ \ i , r-g:fgj (D =£ 5 }£|£;t.T l>'<5/$\ ^ 5 V'' 5 ^ bfi'^Z-bti& a t t ^ f c v ' . 3 0 M il 13 iffi-r^fimfchzzt&ftfrofto 5fl&#c'm&v'*§£\ £#m#WtfS3S£ft-cv' tt&% S/c, 70ftt> 30iXbf5\WK%-£Mj7m$: r$l^j &#■§£: fIMffiLfc#\ 30ft MO-hBTW^ttHLV^^ M5S©TBTs^ttTi?pfCo J > r^o^-^M rfrS:^ £ *M;?m£±fflTWlit£ T®TmM ~£ti, WMM * M # £§&£-&l \ J > 70iXXtt, &ftfc'hfrt£LX\s'fzjj jfrnomikfr r#^co§Ltij b\*'o i: 5&Effs£^oTV^f*ft;^£v^c^ nj*v\i t^ m b W - m L -fcteWz\z.%m\sitkwm'z>0 14 4.2 (i) (2) m.7t(Dtcxt(D^m, (3) m ( ^ s ) J Sri" m $ i m z n . £ < m ? ] , > r 3 . (D 3^tLfc0 4.2.1 -W M t(D ^ m - iH J ^ L ft 20 f f C r£ < ^ 5 J ^ i c ^ # < % 60 fti: 70 ffC rt z t .(e ft 5 J m 4 m m ) 2 0 { t 30 f t 40 ft 50 f t 60 ft 70 ft ^n §pT4- «fc<&5 120**A 72 116 62 43**V 32**V 445 tct. ic & o 45*V 34 64 31 41*a 34*a 249 ® b z. t 4*V 4 16 8 8 7 47 A i i n pT 169 110 196 101 92 73 741 *p < .05, **p< .01 15 2 0 t m , r^v^j m m m ^ m x lo ix x jjm v ) '£tnzt'hbfr &Z. b fr^z.bfri& o ^M3X(Djvmi£.)Bft^'M\v]Kh&-~JjX\ 60ft, 70\xxW * 6oftt ioixx\ mm 60{fTO41 34^, 70^-ett, 34^^28 # } - H ^V \ b t i z t K Rl£~i~Z b &%#> bti'5o 16 4.2.2 KkK ±fo(DMM$.X r«t < ^ 5 J £ ® g L fc0 )} & S 4 3 l£ (58%) "C\ 2oixtioixx^M mm m v $ 6 0 (^ 5 #j#J 5 rjftTcCO^AtcO^fgj 20 f t 30 i t 40 f t 50 f t 60 f t 70 f t n pT £ < f l £ 5 107 69 120 58 47 30**V 431 60 38 65 36 38 32 269 f£ 5 - £ te&V' 2**V 3 11 7 7 11 **A 41 -A-ifI=1 P I 169 110 196 101 92 73 741 x2 (10) = 26.27,/? <.01 */?<.05, **/?< .01 a ^ S $ c # v\ v^TEtc^^V'' 2 0 ftT 5 n&7U(D%;AtcD£;sSj m:joV>T£#M#W£: r^5 r.£f3&v\i £ v' 5 v '*&>&, P13$<£>£A£ <£>#fg*ct>^KM L X W .U mzh&*)&W%R&£ft\‘'Zk&%Z.tbtiZ>o ^(D-UX\ io\Xx%^Wj^%i&7t T\ J , r^2pfg§rfgi- i5i-WT^tifc0 j ftM#8#^gSL3j£ r^iEj £*ifc &Ifctfsfc5l&^H^ M sL T ^w ^fg^ft^ j; 5 j j m i:ft5 ^ ffi^ te < ft <9, f^(DX\tt^^tz.^> 5 tK 4.2.3 m^(DMAt(D£m] - r a , %m\%(D^$kX'^WLjjn% r / c £ ^ 9 j t (Dfr405% (55%) - e * t> # V '* g m £ f to f c 0 ^ i3\ 20 ft £ 70 ftT'^fSM ^M fe fjtl^io (^ 6 #j#J 6 rUt^co^Air^Jgj 20 f t 30 f t 4 0 f t 50 ft 60 ft 70 ft o bT i < f £ 5 41 25 33 18 16 11 144 f c ^ ( c ^ 5 102 58 105 55 52 33 405 f f i 5 i t l i t e i ' 2 6 * * V 27 58 28 24 2 9 * * A 192 A 5 i n pT 169 110 196 101 92 73 741 X2 (1 0 )= 19.93, jD <.05 *p<.05,**p 20ftrt^^A ^© #IS^ r f ^ 5 r i:« fcv\l £#M;fr#tfsfg£;faTWc£V'i&J& M zM LX b, k&MftbinZ>o —JvX\ 4.3 i ■S^’WCO'fJV ''^ { 't t f M S i g £ i t i ' £ riM Z.5] . r 2 .^ x .* v ^ £>rft£U £ MLX, %.%>£>tf \ tLlzn&tt\/' &7LXhb'Dfco 4.3.1 ^ ^ ^ © ^ ' 3 1 7 ^ (43%) r^x.5j irlU^U ¥ t m ± CO 424 (57%) ^ g l j i j f l ^ rggfcftVM £ 0 ^ L f c o St 7 19 7 (W=741) A i t 20 f t 30 f t 40 f t 50 f t 60 f t 70 f t D PI ^ x l 5 60*V 52 92 55*A 39 19**V 317 * * .fc V ' 109*A 58 104 46*V 53 54**A 424 ^ t f 169 110 196 101 92 73 741 *p< .05, **p<. 01 A#1UC#V\ 50ffCfSU££ r^x.5j * J - i ^ S B A L f c S S £ £ £ £ x . T # ^ - r 5 o (1) ^IjtV'Sr^k^iirS^IlI^L^aStcoV'T, T O ^ 8 C li:W :0 20 8 0V=317) \ ^if a cO'fifeV'^'f't Sr’t ' S S S 0 « 1 138 2 5 O ^ t - J£j5»& 64 3 jaD<0A©®Ufr*\ W©aSUfr£-£:b'fr5i&»& 28 4 ffl# < £V '£® :b ;ix;fc< &V'd>e> 27 5 J&TU^-m, «Ei${-W f§£§SL-tV'5t©5 21 6 15 7 #K.JI&f4ftV'> 10 8 45 * S # ttfg U i # (c f o v 'f=pfc £ -£ £ 5 £ ® 5 7 9 ^fmSrfg-fr. £flS*&-fa»U'i&»e> 7 >A*^L n pT 317 b , mH itv £ - B r i> # i 5K'tZ£i'5MJl'?&Z>0 Z © fit rfpr^^<^bfcW^iiC-f, $*T£#M #W :£o;fc£^V' 5 d\, £fc, UTf«TO^ffl-r5©aw-*-—-?& 3o J £ ^ 5 0 # ^ 5 0 f tT ||& # < , 30ft> 40 b frb . 21 f : (s±, @r) Ai- iot, Mi^) 5^a§I-CS)5tie^TV'5^^5o Sfc, 20f^m #V '[H m #\ rjgt>©AfciSL#££;bi2r5o J b \'o M O Tire*g¥^sg£3g-fr £tfS-C#5£V'5igi® fls&!K y Wf/K&J: 5 ^±¥<^V'^*'Tr Si»LTV>S0-Cfc5 5o -ttU^U WO ffm :frtif£<&v\i ^ ' 5 t l i st ^ < , ifri'&SSi"r. ^*C T h##j /vSrlA^tiTU^ 5 £V'5;£"i'f-*H“Z>zi's'7Vy#?>1$&fiX\'Z> b%7L%0 ^ © f l ^ 20 ft, 30-R:’Cii (2) #W ^£V'3Ht£rL&V'J|IS ^ 8 tnM K , M9 t fitch (DVh&o #9 U n ©4fcV'#tt& L*V'ai* : ±ft 2 45*M #^*na^^5U: 3 IS L M liJ; 5 fclrttbfcr 36 4 4#Kl3®Sli&V' 32 5 » L :£ £ —*££S 6 £ 3 \ g # l i i ^ 0 7 > f f y r - f T 'f —© — ofcTfl* 5> 25 7 ^ fc 5 6> 22 8 ^W & fgLTV 'SCDj^^^& V', £>;&»£> ft V' 19 9 M ri>e>M W £fS-r± 5 fcw*ce>nfcd»e» 19 10 H SrHr!* £ 19 Jt#s 5 6> 15 11 8UMTC®*? ti-5 i^ Si»4K U K 4o-cii 5 11 12 ^-fl-Srlg-rr t SrJf&i*d»LV'iSi3*V'^e> 2 ------&Vr 424 23 r @ ^ ^ # ( C 0 V'TV'SW 3SI^ L^U> 70 ffC\ rg$fc#fcol'Tl'5WI£;/£rtik£;ib;h/ftV\> J £i' Lfcl\, g^-C®*bT mmm%^®tfrbimLx\,'&tmmLxi 3 'o, ttV'TV'5WII;££#£Tl'5‘^fe&s&5o 20ft^##jtV'£^£ftl'£l'5III^#l^\ ^ (D S g J i: L T ^ tf bfl &mz.&<&htizz.bfrt>, m ^f-t-e^TO t Jin orn a te < ^ t t t V '5^ ^ f ^ f - <£>—§P^ M 5 I I , £*^WK:&^£^C5;fc*:£W<&^V'#tt£rL&V'£i'5E.i. ^'W ^fe^TfM-rS*:'e^fg^^i9±^6iV^M E^20{t(C#< , 60 ft, 70WcttfB:«>t>tt*V'^m*C*)5„ 5&vvt£tt’C«\ 4>&<. M lrP4t^i0i#^< -t6fc.ib 4.4 '£ 'tft\ J iv^fCP^Sr U ri. &< j „ f2. / K / i o t t l'l'£®:bftl\l "C t) o /c 0 4.4.1 i “tf\l £i'5fffKIK:*l‘L ,t\ r/^< 4otiV'V'iS5 J irv^±fcx 120 £ % 16%, r£KftoT*>V'V^&;bftl\| £l'5HM£flS, 621 84%~C\ * ^tL fc0 io t c ^ i - i i *9 *es>5 0 25 ^10 £-£II#;a5ig£ti&< 45, (#=741) 20 f t 30 f t 40 f t 50 f t 60 f t 70 f t a p i v^V'drS^ 23 19 39 9 14 16 120 146 91 157 92 78 78 621 ^ a 4- 0 pi 169 110 196 101 92 73 741 So #{c50ffr«92^, 95%kmt/v!£(DMM%-&jjmO&^(V&mVk:£$ £ , m ^ i 5 0 ^ # ^ ^ 3 0 ^ 9 1^ , 83%, 70ffm 57£, 78%#, h 6 Z bi>K frZo 4.4.2 j j m z & m L t e I 'a g u IS 10 CD & 5 , fl\i irv^lfP^oniR©®^ ri. (*< *ott)) v^ £ < S 5 j , r2. (&<& 26 & o ”Ct>V'l'£SL53l& £XT(DM 11 fi, kibizbo'ebZo M u 4otfcV'l('iI5aS : ± & < D 1&%: (N= 120) \ 0 ^ 1 ; £ e C f t i' 32 2 A # S o t i /'5 20 3 £ _i‘M # fio pB ^ ft v £> IS $ ft v v' v' 19 4 V '/O1 fb 19 5 f l l i S f t t S (D X \ t t # § $ f t 5 6 U rn fcM t-Cfer b ® t>% v > 7 7 6 8 4 9 2 ------n p i 120 27 30ft, 40ft0it^ift5g:v^-ta:ft £fc60ft, 70ftfc:#V' r^V 'A *^^T M #Sr^5A ^Iotl^0 J &V\, jum&nB'f ^^1/^fIliM , f £M ' t ( c n £> tfs&V z.<5 i f i =t 5 0 (2) ^'£‘JS^‘W ^ft< &oTV'i'£l&>&V'5g& E*T<£>^ 12 te, *oTV'V'^®fc)j5;v>3S*^-f5|lig:S: t.b#>iti> 12 : (N= 621) & o-aii^tftv\ &< &o-tl4V'ft&V'£®53! \ * 1 fimtiJtikti t M j b 173 2 <0 , *##**>$*»& 166 3 £■£■11# 14, *ofzfrb 118 4 45 *M#(4 “ 5 ^HT £rlifl < 6 ^s^igLfciJ 5 tffcJW&J: 9 21 7 £*B#fcl8e>-i\ *Wi4fS$ti5^#f' 8 2f»«rH< fcffWfl'LV'JSDj&si-S^fc 18 9 SrfSi- i: 1? 6> 8 10 7 11 ^*M#f4^V'fc^% toi»< <£j&»e,a£i*;h/-C«LV' 4 12 ^ 5 jH©-bBTS^f44 3 621 t z t t t i 5 0 20f t , (o— 29 Xt 6 0 f t , ffCKJu j KLtc^t^onmtfM umxk'Q b^'tm z-Zo 4.5 hy^) ^hiru M&%&¥ -CV^ £ LTjjS^^ix'CV'S^^lcllBgSrJ# m v i L t i 1 5 1 3 (^-ra^-efc m bntcu^x ±^m(Dmmx^m$±.ftZ)tix, tc0 S IT , % 5 Lfcte&£-£«>Tpj£1-5o 30 JU3 MM 1 K : i '$ £ joJnL $ A/ 9 tC-f'V'1 § 6 i' 2 H 10 ~ f t k —-Clbfe 3 £ 3 1 L 11 *3 ^ U £ « 9 4 ^ o -^ /u t> 5 - S 12 fi< 9 ^ < 5 MS 13 6 J i^ - 5 i t § 14 tctc< £ v'i'ftiafcK: 7 5 *C5 in ’e s 15 & tr t£ 5 j&m 8 for^i^H 4.6 A ^FcD f2^J;5iliR 5££Lfc0 ilftj&fi, rA.g^T'ffi otv^j , , rc. m^ttzt& h*), mMbx^6} s rD.icefctefr/^ £>&V'tfS* i V 'f c r i l t f c ; 5 j , rE.MV'few^ fcjfcV'j , rF.^Oftll <£>6J£ rF.^cDf&j c o |E A ^ ^ ^ o fc fc ^ ili^ (o ^ -|ff* e tt, rF.-^0 f&j £Bfcv\fc5g:PiisHiI6£:ft50 £ 13 l5®fc:oi'Ttf>Il#£#¥*fr8iJ, £ « \ “. «fc5&^##f£fTofc0 15 5 a ^ ^ ‘W5B'McO ^ ^ ^ ‘;tfr<^)loli:{i Appendix 2 <50 31 4.7 4.7.1 bB& 15 L/c$pjpk fnH^cfc £ tiT V ' S # T 5 '{ £ f f if 5 t V '5 50 s> 7 0 ft^# < , # ^ 6 0 ft£ 7Oft"Cftffl5^iS5V'f&^0cf3tCW:x #K:JS£^£il^UTV'&V'fc<£>t>$)50 l^cDffirW filgT^ #(- 20 ft-m TfJ^Sj (its ) £fc, g#TO<&lb&l'tfS, *5^oti±#-rsr bi>m#>btiit0 4.7.2 5 <£>:&> J)K < *otV'5I^fc5. -- X t i , V'T^Hff^rfr 5o 32 4.7.3 W j • M &2013 fi, r~£&j (~*C'ffe) ^ £ h s t>Ui fc&3feU tlW iifli L-Og:fl*LTV'50 I fflbTV'5£l'5lIl#tfs£‘f|-‘C32£ (4%) if'£oTV ^0 (i) i 14 —tf-t'fe (jV=740) 20 f t 30 ft 40 f t 50 ft 60 f t 70 f t n pT g^-e^o-cv'5 o**v 2 11 5 8*A 6 32 30*V 15**V 42 39**A 37**A 20 183 3£& Ai^fil o TV'S g#4>^®et>f£:b&V^ B0V' 87*V 72 130*A 55 47 44 435 tz.zbtfh'O, m m bx°zz i: 21**a 9 4*V 2 0*V 0*V 36 fifeS Bfli/'fcr. t &&V' 31**A 12 9 o**v o**v 2 54 -^•tftU P 1 169 110 196 101 92 72 740 *p< .05, **p < .01 a^1c{c#v\ V##IC^*V' (P. 40) - e f c s ^ u 33 V '5 0 r t i m v > b tiZ liK btiX \s'Z > Jjm X \ MYE%, J; 5 te m m x h z tK ^ 16 £as (2) ( & U S 0 ) M5 ^L-£I9 (iV=737) s & .£ l 20 ft 30 ft 40 ft 50 f t 60 f t 70 f t n pi g^-e^oTV'-5 3**V 4*v 9**v 17 27**A 21**A 81 29**v 20*V 55 39*A 34**a 30**A 207 ^ A ^ f t o t V ' 5 Sa-fcSEKfcftfrfcV'a*, MV'fc 92 65 125* 42 *V 30**V 21**V 375 : i w o v *A *!fcf«W »5>*V\asHvvfc£4:li 17**A 16** 5*V 2 o*v 0*V 40 MV'fcCli: t>& l' 28**a 3 l* * v 1 o*v 1 34 ^34-O Bl 169 108 195 101 91 73 737 *p <.05, **p<.01 A#tctc#v\ v^ti:'>/j;V' ^$Jfit t 34 <5as, tis*v'^#j6s^rE{c#v'0 r^oi^ tf>J LT®#JtfS£tebo ^© 16t IT, r—ft^j ^ r^oiM j fi, S^DJR^#Mopp^fflb/c^ppp^ (#!J: 0£5(-f£ So M1j (D4 * —i?\z1$Tfi'i M ftb ti, i^pBp«ii© fa±<^fctf){cj$ffl£ti5 r ^ j kLT #£i£ 4.7.4 f$ C ;t^ < ?> ^ fb ® I S T « R L f c 0*551 £j (H) <£>£5^ fifg f^L T ^ «S dsii5V^mt?fe6 r*so$&j dSfc50 L ^U r 35 *A.3J. 20 ft 30 f t 4 0 f t 50 f t 60 f t 70 f t O BT 4**v 6**V 1 8 *V 19 3 3 * * A 2 6 * * A 106 $*•*»# 5 3 * V 2 9 * * V 8 9 * a 46 41 23 281 69 4 9 * A 67 32 18**V 21 256 fee £#*>•?, a s fc t t s m fttt& frbto'& m 'ttz. t 14 17* A 10 1 * V o*v o*v 42 f i f e 3 iv'feci fc&V' 2 9 * * A 9 12 3 o*v 3 56 ASJ. O bT 169 110 196 101 92 73 741 * p <. 05, **p<. oi A^rEt#v\ v*r*»c4>*v' ISM£i:aiig##f©ifeS: %Lfc ^V'iftft:^Jt|!i5i“5 i:ii5 V 'i^ ^ x .S 0 (2) *3 £ £ (H) #c{cN £V'5#Wi&£fcovvr<£>#$lrS:?T5o r^ir^j 20ffm g#§#Ti£/8 L T V '5 £ l '5 l H i m i & < , 30ttJ&>fc 36 t 60ft, 70 teJSV'* tfcft'Cfliffl bm^.'bo 17 io t t % (iV=741) 20{t 30 f t 40 f t 50 f t 60 f t 70 f t n pT g ^ t f t o t V ' 5 0**7 1**V 6*V 9 2 1 * * A 2 8 * * a 65 32 1 2 * * V 47 4 0 * * A 3 2 * a 18 181 ^ A ^ f o T V ' 5 S B V 'f c 3 5 * * V 36 12** k. 32 23 16 214 £ £ # * > ! } , a ^ f c t s 19 14 20 5 6 l * v 65 & 5 W V ' f c r i 8 3 * * A 4 7 * * A 51 1 5 * * V 10**v 10**v 216 ^.atn pi 169 110 196 101 92 73 741 *p<. 05, **p < .01 A^;tS-#v\ HSiJ|t (3) ( | P ^ ) r&'o 50ft^b 70f^g^f£fflLTV^<>; -e^iC(D•a•^^Mv^fcM^^v^^fFW^fb-r5o ¥0 j -M (2013) r^?o$j (fpj^tlj LTlS^UTv^ £1>K r^5o$^j Tjb'o^^j L 37 “o A*lz.m&ZtiX V ' f c ^ i W S , : 18 * 3 o £ 3 ; f r f t t i l (iV = 7 3 9 ) A 34- 20 f t 30 'f t 40 f t 50 f t 60 f t 70 f t O PI 5 * * V 21' 55 3 9 * a 6 2 * * a 3 1 * a 219 g a >-cf44&b*v'fl*» 51 32! 63 32 1 8 * V 14 210 30V' 31 21 4 7 24 8**V 19 150 tz^ktfh'o, #9fefi#:&»S>*V'i8*Mv'fc£ 5 7 1 4 *A 1 1 6 34 t t f c 5 fflv 'fc r i t>&V' 77** A 211 15**V 5**V 3**V 3**V 126 ^34-PI pT 169 ii 0 194 101 92 73 739 x5 (20) =238.44, ^< .0 1 'p < .05, **p < .01 a > mmmbmMftVT JCH (2001) (i, Sfs:© |li;&fW r f - v o n ) j r (M : ^ y f v (fiH B ) ) j -e> r~tfs#£-f5j 5tc#re r—^rffvkj ^v'5S bW 5^5j|«ui^^f|i^sj|r1|)jeiv>^$ix*c i\fcJByjrc$>5£ u r±fi^|±#}c^(tdA^o3=3^±^B^o («1f£) „ z bT^Hic^fi~5-hTSr$6 - < T l '5 0 38 ^IsJUkJin s b\'o£o fcm$LZtiZ>m&&3bZ1>K f^tfti^oTST Z % trnM m X tcHgiJSr^V'Ufcft^Aroffi##** i l i ^ *9„ f5cE^^co^-g-|S^t>6^Ui*o/j;< ^►loofcSC'Cfc 65o 5. n m -n^tt-tzwM ttmm^ r p g # < £ < , m ' x n - e h Z ] w fffi-rs lilRl^il(iV'i^dS|gfef>^^, ^^£^5^0 TO, ^ tf'h tofrbM o bi:,F# &;^f1t £ 5 PP^;Sr^[V>''CV'>S c i: fc„ 39 5.1.1 S^tSirfeSo if *9 ^W'h^ ^ m ^ ~ T 4 g B:Sr^"l'(Z)|g$tL't'V''5ite^c0—M^Sfi't' S r. i ^7n ytiXX^nZM ftik {&^m .^(D±m m M hT® tm n, fc%tfofj:%s-&m3jm b %(D F/U-/UJ 9> IwHogUxj ^ HfOiiofc^Li £&&, rfLftfcj 5.2 #ffi^£6;^s<7>f£JM<7)3lfi ^oM Ab(D^m ^m < J§mm%x%-&mjjm &£ < u-ci'5 ^ fo<9, (2010) (Dmw MlBjtfS&fc&ftfco 5.2.1 5glvtfeft (#£20 ft) iBj^gKV'r tflSfRi&ktlfco r< 7 )li^ IT , ^V'lfcfttfJa * a ^<*r—>>g >-£ l6j^-fW S#X.?>n5o jgl'IfcftlS, flirt (2003) tfSffofc I2J ©*-?•£«■ Z o r n & b L X ryy^v'V 'j x r^L< ft £\ ^ x .^ * r — i/a ^£&j5^ftV'g3jf£;|g|!gfB'Cfii f t < , £•£“& £#■ ? fcpratte, rgffi • 5 ± ^ s j ti&&i>mit>btiitz.kfrb, 4 ry y X£&ofcfgL^£;^§'<£>cf3£JiJtii l t v ^s 5.2.2 h z z b t m i t o b tiS o # { -7 o # l x v > § t v ' 5 s ^ i e $ t i t c m m ^ h & -km#m M'mmKM l x &v u * -&&&<>■x v ' 5 r i a s a g m a * s ^ x . 5 a \ r niz%ztixi'zmmm^tc^bxn *l'o jjpjt (1995) J3, ¥ ftS 'J ^ # ^ = fg#(7)*ilfgc7)MSrMP^b, (60®£juh) f r b i ' ? 78% «ii®£!£-£5«t 5 ^ ^ - e i f c W - r z & m & h z b ® ^ l - c i > 3 0 ^(Dkotenmte, m m ^m ^KM X(Dm m m m ^^m L fc(D Xh^O o $.fZ * - W (2005) (D X'AJ T \ *l~f 5T ^- U M l, m ^ m m m k ) £ # # & - £ * . 5 t s a \ 4 t-VKb&W Z^Z-Zbm^ Tl'50 ^OJ;9}cn *>##£: i^cfcoT, rffi#< £i>j x £ 5 j; 5 J i S B 0 W t ^ ^ 42 mmmj& fatm tiK ft& Lx^zw hZoo 5.3 ^ ( n ' & m b m f e (1993) %ft Z t i ^ t K D i m Kfcz.W:fr?j:M^L&£.ft;<7)$1X£.fr'LX \s'< r t l l WiS^C'ffrDiSH&ffcfcfco/j; &z>i> tr.coj: 5 Ijb 5 tf\, 5.3.1 (M—s ‘bo) b L T © S |(J ^ r g w f c 5 m m xtktLtitz fe§«-efg$tirv' 5 n % b % ‘L'1~5j „ r^SrlK §j , r^r-g-^^ 43 ■o tzMWi'fe'Vh'O, IS t t ^ 5.3.2 =1 ^ v-3 / P i L T ^ ^ f i J tthht>\ »£3\ r^^pj ^ v ^ - f e « a ^ h # > (- nos£j *m&< rii^j wm^-7^— =7-x*&5 t ' t t i t i ^ o r#W3H£? i:lg^®9±^5j «t 5 ^WfcfiAi: *9 > jjW&sB-t^ t 'CAM M ^SrR»^i“5 : H ^ m x h h o o vm,\i , LT^fffifii^jitfjLTv^o ua>u —*s:&& lfc£±i£tf> -O /i^ LTa#jg^f'C#[ffli-5 r i: 'bfiM'efeSo 44 5.3.3 xitzm t-tz'& m -rh XL^o ^U T, ffLV^fiJ^LT, :tm 50TS>5, m m n m z : ± ^ , ^0»st-L ^totow ti:^5o £±lf5£rU '& #J£& oTl'5^'?;fc5„ ^ 0 rr'^Jt^"— i^j jfeU, fll&WK:3IHti“5 'i‘l£fc& o'C i'‘5 ft*K ^m^(D±m(DX\\:^m Ammm%F]mKi-%tcfr bfrX^fctiK W t f g j M ^ ' O & ' O &J9F35U fftv ^w « ^S :E tH -rcilb^M ^^Sfc6 5o £fc, tfM^Wasfg$tiTv> 5 mA9jW>% L t © 0 ^ t f t- 'C f i ^ v ^ c 6 5 #\> 46 Appendix 1: & h 1. L£1"o r ^ s v '—nfv^j frb r$f£HitV'J £*C\ £#M#<0>T;rf-$?fcLTi!ra4£3Bffi»>©«J#KO £otfT< fc£v\ 5 4 3 2 1 BJ3V' I------1------1------1------1 ffts V' I 1------1------1------1 ffl#< S i' |------1------1------1-----1 ^L^fc tftV ' I------1------1------1-----1 #fc*V ' m i------1------1------1-----1 j»v' 2. 'M (1) ~ (3) CtfBO '&&.0 ♦(ifc *9 (1) l . £<(£5 2. 3. (2) MytotCAb (3) JRfl>fl>&Ai0>£lS 1. £<{£? 2. 3. 3. bXhtzfrft&itiri^^tcW &bM bW &Kff'itcb 1. ^ X .5 2. l.® r^jtsj ^t^fc^cfCPpiL^-fo ±&7ctcv'5i#^mftofcigL*-^-r5aft 47 1. V'V't®5 2.JBfc>*l' l . 2. w r®frfcv\| ififcM P IL tto bVKltft < 4 o t LSottV'V'i:,lfcj{CV'lfi 5. 'fc(DnM\^^'Xhf£tz. (1)KV'£$ ( ) (2) t ( ) (3)*>^ ( ) (4)£o^A, ( ) (5)&*£5 ( ) (6)fSfl»5 ( ) (7) v X 6 ( ) (8) 33o ( ) (9)iC-fVM ) (10) f£t( r^ofctibl ft if) ( ) (11)^0 £*)>#>( ) (12)fJ9fl»< ( ) (13) (14) fctc< £ ( ) (15)£t?f£5( ) A. S M o t ^ 5 „ b . g#^fiftfc>ftV'tfs^J£ft£#ittftAJ&steo’CV'50 c. m'tcz.bfrh'O, d. M V'fcr.t t e h % 0 E. W V'fciHftV'. F. Z(Di& 48 Appendix 2: 15 g S alt V X h t & $ § & &-&ML&W 1 jo $ hj 9 }C1~V' 2 % 10 ~ f c t > 3 t > ^ t l M L 11 ■ ^ o 11)'& ) *5 A <9 4 o ^ -A y b b - & 12 S t t r L § 5 & - £ 5 MS 13 1 tt> i t 6 f J ^ - 5 14 f d Y c < $ BK, V 'V 'iP M l- 7 5 T 5 55 T * 5 15 £ t p f £ 5 n m 8 1. $$5L£As (N= 741) 20 f t 30 ft 40 f t 50 f t 60 f t 70 f t #«* ^ t t t o T V ' 5 4**V 6**V 18*V 19 33**A 26**A 106 53*V 29**V 89*A 46 41 23 281 &AtfM£o-CV>5 Mv'fc 69 49*A 67 32 18**V 21 256 t t t 14 17* ▲ 10 1*V 0*V 0*V 42 &><5 29**a 9 12 3 0*V 3 56 MI- 169 110 196 101 92 73 741 *p < .05, **p < .01 aHSiJffiir^H^CD^ 49 2. j o k k H (-A7—741) 2 0 { t 30 f t 40 ft 50 ft 60 ft 70 f t £ t f S ^ t i o T V ' 5 0**V l* * v 6*V 9 21**a 28**A 65 ^ 0 = ^ # 32 12**V 47 40** a 32*A 18 181 iS^eA^ft-oTV'-S bbv' 35**V 36 72**A 32 23 16 214 tzz.ttfh'o, mMbX'%5 19 14 20 5 6 1*V 65 Mv'fcr i t&V' 83**A 47**A 51 15**V io**v 10**V 216 o '1+ 169 110 196 101 92 73 741 x2 (20) = 222.65,/?< .01 *p <. 05, **p < .01 A ^ # i c # v \ 3. £f£L (AK741) 20 ft 30 ft 40 ft 50 ft 60 ft 70 ft a pT 43**v 42 70 38 45**a 31 269 53 28 61* A. 30 22 13*v 213 f f iv 'f c r 31*V 30 52 30 20 22 185 nftttm 'b& 'tfm 'itz.btib 5 7*A 3 3 2 2 22 s 50i/'fc;H 4i' 37**a 3 4**V o**v 3 5 52 a bT 169 110 196 101 92 73 741 */?<.05, **/?< .01 A^TEt-#v\ 2iaHSi:aig#W©*kfc 50 4. h b 0 — £§: (#=741) 20 ft 30 ft 40 f t 50 ft 60 f t 70 ft ^f+ 12**V 17 47 25 36**A 28**a 165 42 36 62 31 22 19 212 n i/'fc c 25**V 37*a 72**a 34*a 8**V 9**V 185 m m b ' e z z #9fett£a»&*V'#*HV'fc ££«:*> 32**a 3 0**V 0**V 5 2 42 58**A 17 15**V 11*V 21 15 137 ^34*D Pi 169 110 196 101 92 73 741 X^(20)= 194.61, p < .01 */? < .05, **p < .01 A^Ei-#v\ ,\ ^ IS#|lT©*§m 5. ?£&<5 M S (#=740) 20 f t 30 f t 40 f t 50 f t 60 f t 70 ft 37**V 41 82 50 61**A 38 309 93**a 41 50*V 28 9**v 13**v 234 A « o T V '5 M V 'fcc 32 22 57**A 20 17 19 167 1 3 6 3 1 0 14 Mi/'fcC t fc&V' 6 3 0*V 0 4 3 16 -g-tf 169 110 195 101 92 73 740 X5 (20) =108.07,/? <.01 *p < .05, * * p <.01 51 6. 0v=74i) 2 0 { t 30 f t 40 f t 50 f t 60 f t 70 f t A34-EJ pT 128 85 161 79 81 63 597 28**A 15 19 12 4*V 3*V 81 8 9 16 9 7 6 55 £#*>d . m m b v z z 1 0 0 1 0 0 2 MV'fcd £ feftV' 4*A 1 0 0 0 1 6 169 110 196 101 92 73 741 x! (20) = 29.07, .05 */>c .05, **/? < .01 A;fi‘|? :{£ # V \ v W ^ ^ -^ ftv ' m m m t » 7. 5T ?S Ifr’C S CAP-741) A^4- 20 f t 30 f t 40 f t 50 f t 60 ft 70 ft d pT S ^ - e f t o t ^ 5 6**V 5**V 30*V 32**a 52** A 35**A 160 23*V 16 43 31**a 14 16 143 ftA#M£oTV'5 20**V 32 56*A 24 19 16 167 *«Hcl4^i»6ftV'«*HJV'fcii:tt: 24* *A 7 15 5 1*V i*v 53 fcS fflV'fcr t fcftV' 96** A 50**A 52 9**y 6**V 5**V 218 'a'fi 169 110 196 101 92 73 741 5^(20) = 268.31,/? <.01 *p < .05, * * p< .01 52 8. fPjnjii (#=739) 20{t 30 ft 40 ft 50 ft 60 ft 70 ft a bT 5**V 27 55 39*A 62**A 31 *A 219 51 32 63 32 18*V 14 210 fcAtffto-CV'S BHV'fc 31 21 47 24 8**V 19 150 ££#*>•?* a#tTJ!S5 *5fett^6*V'asHV'fcr itt 5 7 14*A 1 1 6 34 77** ▲ 23 15**V 5**V 3**V 3**V 126 ^vS4-n pT 169 110 194 101 92 73 739 X* (20) =238.44, p < . 01 *p < .05, **p < .01 ▲ m m t m 9. iitiV'' (#=741) 20 ft 30 ft 40 ft 50 ft 60 ft 70 ft 4**y 12**V 32 28*A 42* *A 32**A 150 23 *V 27 62**A 35**A 11*V 5**V 163 A ^ftoT V 'S 36*V 23 61 28 32 23 203 t n h 10 14**A 12 3 4 1 44 Mv^fcr b fcftV' 96** A 34 29**V 7**V 3**V 12 181 169 110 196 101 92 73 741 Xi(20)=251.86,/><.01 *p < .05, * * p < .01 a # # ic # v \ 53 10. - U ' t t o (N=740) 20 f t 30 f t 40 f t 50 f t 60 f t 70 f t 'o f f S K - « o t l ' 5 o**v 2 11 5 8*A 6 32 30*V 15**V 42 39**a 37**a 20 183 ?£ A ^ f t o t V ' 5 87*V 72 130*A 55 47 44 435 E f t I t ft A* 5) & v ' # W 'fc CL t It 21**A 9 4*v 2 0*V 0*V 36 ffll/'fc C t fc&V' 31**A 12 9 0**V 0**v 2 54 -A'Sfn pi 169 110 196 101 92 72 740 XJ (20) =132.36,/? <.01 *p < .05, **p < .01 A m m t m 11. XL (jV=737) 20 ft 30 ft 40 ft 50 ft 60 ft 70 ft Cl PI 3**v 4*V 9**v 17 27**A 21**A 81 29**V 20*V 55 39*A 34**A 30**A 207 Bflvvfc 92 65 125**A 42 *V 30**V 21**V 375 s # f c - c f 5 17**A 16**A 5*V 2 0*V 0*V 40 fc-5 28**A 3 l**v 1 0*V 1 34 ^.34-n pT 169 108 195 101 91 73 737 7 ______x 1 (20) =226.97,/? <.01 54 12. Ov=740) 20 ft 30 ft 40 ft 50 ft 60 ft 70 ft Aci iST l g#-e fio rd s 67*V 61*a 97 46 45 30 346 28 16 35 26 21 13 139 42**A 13 22* *V 20 17 20*A 134 bftfo'O, mMbx*%z> ttife 5 4 9 1 0 1 20 fflv 'fcr t tftv ' 27 16 33 8 8 9 101 ^ n - 169 110 196 101 91 73 740 (20) =38.45,/? < .01 */? < .05, **/? < .01 ' m m m t m m 13. fcfctj" Ov=740) 20 ft 30 ft 40 ft 50 ft 60 ft 70 ft 94* *V 73 140 65 74**A 51 497 65**A 27 34*V 24 8**V 8*V 166 ^ A ^ f o t V '5 4**V 10 22 12 9 13*A 70 2**a 0 0 0 0 0 2 Wv'fcr i 4**A 0 0 0 0 1 5 -£§+ 169 110 196 101 91 73 740 X!(20) =74.40,/? <.01 *P<.05, **p<.01 a 55 14. t c t d < £ m \ (N=739) 20 ft 30 ft 40 ft 50 ft 60 ft 70 ft 80**V 62 125 68 66*A 45 446 grf£^#i£c& 42 31 48 25 13*V 7**V 166 A ^ o T V '5 34**A 12 21 7*V 9 17**A 100 t iifc 7**4 2 1 0 2 1 13 t t>&v' 6 3* 1 1 2 1 14 a pT 169 110 196 101 92 71 739 (20) =50.33, p < .o'] *p < .05, **p < .01 A # M fc £ \ ,\ V^EiC'J/'&l ' ‘M w m t m 15. JteM (W=740) 20 f t 30 ft 40 ft 50 f t 6 0 {t 70 f t g # - C M £ o T V ' S 23**V 40 H6**A 41 50**A 33 303 33 26*A 20**v 23 13 8 123 ^ A isftotV '5 Rvyfc 56**A 22 46 29 17 18 188 5 5*A 2 1 1 0 14 fc5 f f i V ' f c r t t & V ' 52**A 17 12**v 7*V 11 13 112 a pT 169 110 196 101 92 72 740 X ^(20) =123.76, p < .01 */?<.05, **p<.oi mmmtmMttVrvMim 56 REFERENCES Lambert, W.E., Anisfeld, M., & Yeni- Komshian, G. (1965). Evaluational reactions of Jewish and Arab adolescents to dialect and language variations. Jounal of personality and Social Pshychology, 2. Lambert, W.E., Hodgson, R.C., Gardner. R.C., & Fillenbaum, S. (1960). Evaluational reactions to spoken languages. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 60. (2012) . -2 0 1 0 ^ - h ]} — 3(1). (2012) . \-)TB9rtn (2008) . rifjiitssjik &;h/t FilWIJWt *®TM)II 7 A — y y — 9 20 . M f05*c (1995) . r s f g j ,24(12),pp. 82-84. 1 1 * 0 . (1993) .5 x m ^ n m ^ r http://www.mext. go. jp/b menu/hakusho/nc/tl9930608001/tl9930608001 .html 57 (1996) . s * h » f 3Siff pp. 45-51. ^ ^ t b n s . (2002) . r ^ f © 0 t t i f l © l Vol.lJ pp. 3-4. !ff£ |± . M m itln (2001) . vol.l79j pp. 33-34. PHP • ne$rMi± (2008) . &B§im t t . iW lEffc (2007) . • P$f*9iEf$C • # ± S £ £ t • 0 115 • T'> y “ X ^ -g - ^ 3 pp. 27. JtfflliA (2013) . r r ^ p f g j 32(6) a m m 409-%. m m m u . (2012) r r^-K j 32(11). 399 # . 9 3 ? £ * ^ . (2012) . §§fSSx“^£fflV^c?f&^ 3:177- 142. (Is ) (1979) . F0^: ~ f t @ (2002) . rpizttiLTffifrT*b&-&m # a - n * 5 # . -P-If'K o' (2005) . f V y 9 7^(D ^ jj X A J Arts Linguistica, 12. w j# h • trssi^c (2013) . re^^^«'>y-X23 pj (2009) . r w i§ - i x i t b \ % < ds o jr# # • i£p£9§;£ (1992) . ^etfn^±. 59 ENGLISH SUMMARY Overview Recently, the diversity in different areas of Japan has attracted attention, and there has been more exposure to the different local dialects through books and media. However, there is a question of how much local dialect is used and recognized in daily life. This research focuses on Nagoya residents’ awareness of Nagoya dialect and dialectical usage. The purpose of this study is to determine (1) how Nagoya dialect is evaluated by Nagoya residents, (2) how the evaluation of dialect influences dialect use, and (3) how Nagoya dialect vocabulary, introduced in dialect publication, are used and recognized by Nagoya dialect speakers. Based on the gathered data, I consider how consciousness of dialect influences residents’ dialectical usage, then figure out what the role of the dialect. Previous research According to a nationwide survey of language awareness targeting Japanese residents, the Tokai area (including Aichi prefecture) residents are categorized as “moderate code switchers,” who tend to use their dialect only with families and people from the same demographic area (Tanaka, 2012). Sanada (1996) examined Nagoya, Chiryu (located at the center of Aichi Prefecture), and Mie Prefecture (which is located west of Aichi Prefecture) residents’ awareness of Nagoya dialect. Based on the result, the majority of participants have a negative opinion of Nagoya dialect. Even though, previous studies show that Nagoya residents have a negative impression of their dialect, people have shown a positive perception of using the dialect, especially young generations. Jinnouchi (2007) states that dialect has become an enjoyable way to speak, and that people can express their individuality. Minami (2009) 60 cites discourse, spoken in a Japanese TV drama, in which standard Japanese keeps a psychological distance between the speakers, while non-standard Japanese gives the feeling of closeness and solidarity between the speakers. In addition, non-standard Japanese evokes “stereotypes” to others. Methodology This survey was conducted using data gathered from December 2013 to July 2014 from 741 residents (age 20 to 75) in the Nagoya and Owari region of Aichi, Japan. This study was consisted with Internet-based and paper-based research. The informants were asked to fill out a questionnaire about their awareness of Nagoya dialect and dialectical usage. The questionnaire of 27 questions (see Appendix 1), which cover participants’ impression and evaluation of Nagoya dialect, usage of dialect in different situations, and usage of 15 different dialect vocabularies, which are introduced in books and cards. All data was analyzed with the Chi-square method. This research design is inspired by Kobayashi and Shinozaki’s A Guidebook for Dialect Surveys (2007) and Minami’s Gengo to Bunka -Gengokgaku kara Yomitoku Kotoba no Variation (2009), which is specialized for dialect-vocabulary research. Results (1) Participants’ consciousness of Nagoya dialect Based on participants’ responses, the majority of Nagoya dialect speakers evaluate their dialect as “foul” and “unsophisticated.” Especially younger generations, such as those in their twenties and thirties, tend to assess Nagoya dialect as a “foul” 61 dialect more often than elder generations, such as those in their fifties to seventies. Remarkably, the results of participants those in their thirties and those in their seventies “dislike” their dialect, while other generations do not. For those in their thirties, significant findings include that there is a strong connection between participants’ residential experience and their parents’ birthplace. That is, respondents with less experience living in an area, where Nagoya dialect is spoken, and whose parents’ birthplace is outside of Aichi prefecture, tend to dislike Nagoya dialect more than others. Respondents, who have experience living in different areas, possibly acquire different dialects or expressions, and might have less attachment toward to a local area. Participants’ environment affects their evaluation of dialects. Those participants in their seventies, participants seem to believe that using a dialect is not a proper way of speaking in public. In addition, those participants who are from the City of Nagoya, subdivide Nagoya dialect into different speech styles, such as an elegant speech style and an inelegant speech style, based on their place of birth. Moreover, those participants who are from outside of the City of Nagoya, evaluate younger generations’ speech style as an incorrect speech style. Those participants in seventies, tend to feel uncomfortable with hearing this “disturbance” of dialect. (2) Participants’ usage of Nagoya dialect in different situations The younger generations, especially those in their twenties, tend to speak Nagoya dialect in various situations, even though they evaluate Nagoya dialect as “foul” and “unsophisticated” dialect. According to them, dialects are a tool for making a conversation livelier and easier to express their emotions to others. On the other hand, elder generations, especially those in their seventies, tend to not to use dialects besides in conversation with their families. In this generation, participants have experience being corrected in their usage of dialect by their parents. 62 (3) Participants’ knowledge of Nagoya dialect vocabulary In this section, I investigate participants’ knowledge and usage of 15 Nagoya dialect vocabulary items, which are introduced as daily use words in books or cards. From the gathered data, the majority of Nagoya dialect vocabulary is well known by elder generations. Some vocabulary items, which are familiar to those in their sixties and seventies are not known to younger generations, particularly those in their twenties. Some dialect words, [namo](“~desune” “~right?”) and \yattokame~\{“ohisashiburi” which means “Long time no see”), which are associated with images of Nagoya are not used by different generations. Hirayama and Tabata (2013) state that dialect words, which have an image of a particular area would not be useful in daily conversation. Nowadays, these dialect words are usually used in product names, and advertisements to appeal to outsiders, yet participants tend to not to use these words. Other Nagoya dialect vocabulary items, [niisama] (“oniisan,” which means “older brother”), [ototo] (“otouto,” which means “Younger brother”), and [ossama] (“oshosama,” which means “monk”) are still being used and known from those in their fifties to seventies; however, they are not used by younger generations. Sanada (2001) notices dialect vocabulary, associated with “occupation,” and rear morpheme [sama; Mr.] (e.g. “bon-sama” which means “monk”) followed by [~ga gozaru] (“~exist”), usually has high social values. These structures are also used in Nagoya dialect, like [niisama ga gozaru] (an older brother exists.) or [ossama ga gozaru] (a monk exists); however, for younger generations, they might not cite a relationship based on occupation or the hierarchical relationship between family members. 63 Analysis (1) Factors that affect the impression and evaluation of dialect Factors, which determine people’s dialectal consciousness are a sense of belonging and precepts of dialect. The results clarified that participants who feel a strong attachment to their native region, incline to use their dialect. Moreover, younger generations tend to use their dialect, more than elder generations. Significant findings show that young participants do not have an inferiority complex about speaking in a dialect. They seem to believe that dialects give elements, which make communication easy. On the other hand, according to gathered data, elder generations, especially those in their seventies, have an inferiority complex about speaking with a dialect. Hayano (2005) states that different impressions of standard-Japanese and dialects affect the image of speakers’ intelligence, appearance, and the image of the types of jobs he or she may occupy. In elder generations, they believe that a bad image of a dialect is connected with their reputation, so they tend to not use their local dialect in various situations. For a i while after the end of World War II, education officials advised schools to discourage the use of dialects, and trained students to master standard Japanese. This policy was effective in changing people’s image of local dialects. (2) Role of dialect From gathered data, three major roles of dialects are identified. As the first major role, we can claim that a dialect acts as one’s native tongue. According to the results, participants feel that they can express their feelings and emotions using dialects easier than using standard Japanese. Particularly, participants feel nostalgic and relieved whenever they hear their dialect. As the second role of dialect, is works as a 64 communication tool, and makes the relationship between a speaker and a listener closer. Especially, younger generations tend to use their dialect in conversation to have a smooth relationship with others. Younger generations seem to look for “friendly” relations with others, instead of “formal” relations. In addition, younger generations incline to evaluate dialect as a tool to make themselves more attractive. Dialects are capable of shortening psychological distance. As the third role of dialect, it serves as an output of regional culture. Results show that participants believe that their dialect has cultural value and appeals to others. In addition, the cultural value of dialect produces a sense of belonging and attachment to one’s local region. Conclusion Television broadcasters and other media have recognized the value of local diversity in Japan. Since local dialects have begun to be introduced as local specialties, we have come to recognize that Japanese language is not a monolingual language. Using dialects in communication is now viewed positively, and dialect speaking fulfills important roles in helping to express people’s identity, to enhance the sense of solidarity among members of a group, and to enrich the quality of the language use in general. According to the results obtained form the current research, elder participants tend to feel embarrassed to speak their dialect in public. As a generation changes, however, people tend to see their dialect as a valuable way to develop awareness of the diversity of language.