Shreevatsa Rajagopalan, “A User-Friendly Tool for Metrical
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An Introduction to Sanskrit Chanda
[VOLUME 5 I ISSUE 3 I JULY – SEPT 2018] e ISSN 2348 –1269, Print ISSN 2349-5138 http://ijrar.com/ Cosmos Impact Factor 4.236 An Introduction to Sanskrit Chanda MITHUN HOWLADAR Ph. D Scholar, Department of Sanskrit, Sidho-Kanho-Birsha University, Purulia, West Bengal Received: May 22, 2018 Accepted: July 11, 2018 ABSTRACT We can generally say, any composition which has a musical sound, is called chanda. Chanda has been one of the Vedāṅgas since Vedic period. Vedic verses are composed in several chandas. The number of Vedic chandas is 21, out of which 7 are mainly used. Earliest poetic composition in public language (laukika Sanskrit) started from Valmiki, later it became a fashion and then a discipline for composition (kāvya). But here has been a difference in Vedic and laukika chandas. Where Vedic chnadas are identified by the number of syllables (varṇa or akṣara) in a line of verse or whole verse and the number of lines in the verse, laukika chanda is identified by the order of the laghu-guru syllables. The number of the laukika chandas is not yet finally defined but many texts have been composed describing the different number of chandas. Each chanda of laukika Sanskrit (post Vedic Sanskrit) consists of four pādas or caraṇas, that is, the fourth part of the chanda. Keywords: Chanda, Vedāṅgas, Chandaśāstra, pāda, Chandomañjarī. Introduction: Veda, the oldest literature in the world, is also called Chandas because the Vedic mantras (compositions) are all metric compositions (Chandobaddha). All the four Saṁhitās (with some exceptions in Yajurveda and Atharvaveda) are of this nature. -
Contribution of Leelavathi to Prosody
IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science (IOSR-JHSS) Volume 20, Issue 8, Ver. VI (Aug. 2015), PP 08-13 e-ISSN: 2279-0837, p-ISSN: 2279-0845. www.iosrjournals.org Contribution of Leelavathi to Prosody Dr.K.K.Geethakumary Associate Professor, Dept.of Sanskrit, University of Calicut, India, Kerala, 673635) I. Introduction Leelavathi, a treatise on Mathematics, is written by Bhaskara II who lived in 12th century A.D. Besides explaining the details of mathematical concepts that were in existence up to that period, the text introduces some new mathematical concepts. This paper is an attempt to analyze the metres employed in Leelavathi as well as the concepts of permutation and combination introduced by the author in the same text. Key words:-Combination, Leelavathi, Meruprasthara, Metre, Permutation, II. Metres In The Text Leelavathi In poetry, metre has a significant role to contribute the emotive aspect. The spontaneous out pore of emotion always happens through a suitable metre that is revealed in the mind of the poet at the time of literary creation. Rhythm itself is the life of the metre as it transfuses the emotion. Varied compositions of diversified rhythms which are innumerable give birth to different metres in poetry. Early poeticians like Bhamaha, Dandin, Vamana, Rudrada and Rajasekhara have stated that erudition in prosody is essential for making poetical composition. In Vedic period, the skill of Vedic Rishis in handling the language and metre for expressing their ideas is also equally attractive. The metres used are well suited to the types of poetry, the ideas expressed in them and the content exposed. -
Prakriya Documentation Release 0.0.7
prakriya Documentation Release 0.0.7 Dr. Dhaval Patel Dec 17, 2018 Contents 1 prakriya 3 1.1 Features..................................................3 1.2 Support..................................................3 1.3 Credits..................................................3 2 Installation 5 2.1 Stable release...............................................5 2.2 From sources...............................................5 3 Usage 7 4 Contributing 11 4.1 Types of Contributions.......................................... 11 4.2 Get Started!................................................ 12 4.3 Pull Request Guidelines......................................... 13 4.4 Tips.................................................... 13 5 Credits 15 5.1 Development Lead............................................ 15 5.2 Contributors............................................... 15 6 History 17 6.1 0.0.1 (2017-12-30)............................................ 17 6.2 0.0.2 (2018-01-01)............................................ 17 6.3 0.0.3 (2018-01-02)............................................ 17 6.4 0.0.4 (2018-01-03)............................................ 17 6.5 0.0.5 (2018-01-13)............................................ 17 6.6 0.0.6 (2018-01-16)............................................ 18 6.7 0.0.7 (2018-01-21)............................................ 18 6.8 0.1.0 (2018-12-17)............................................ 18 7 Indices and tables 19 Python Module Index 21 i ii prakriya Documentation, Release 0.0.7 Contents: Contents -
Vedic Accent and Lexicography
Vedic Accent and Lexicography Felix Rau University of Cologne – Lazarus Project Vedic Accent and Lexicography Lazarus Project: Cologne Sanskrit Lexicon, Project Documentation 2 Felix Rau orcid.org/0000-0003-4167-0601 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 In- ternational License. cite as: Rau, Felix 2017. Vedic Accent and Lexicography. Lazarus Project: Cologne Sanskrit Lexicon, Project Documentation 2. Cologne: Lazarus Project. doi:10.5281/10.5281/zenodo.837826 Lazarus Project (Cologne Sanskrit Lexicon) University of Cologne http://www.cceh.uni-koeln.de/lazarus http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/ 1 Introduction This paper is a preliminary investigation into the problems the representation of the ac- cents of Vedic Sanskrit poses to Sanskrit lexicography. The purpose is to assess the prin- ciples applied in various lexicographic works in the representation of Vedic accents and its relation to the underlying linguistic category as well as traditions of accent marking in different texts. Since the focus is on Sanskrit lexicography, we ignore the complexity of accent marking in manuscripts and the diversity of accent marking across different Indic scripts that were used to write Sanskrit over the ages. We will restrict ourselves to accent marking in Devanagari and Latin script in print, as these two are the relevant systems for virtually all of modern philological Sanskrit lexicography. The complex nature of accent marking in Vedic Sanskrit derives from several facts. Besides the intricacies of the linguistic phenomenon itself (see Kiparsky, 1973, among others), the complexity arises from the fact that different textual or editorial traditions employ structurally different systems for marking Vedic accent. -
Chanting Sanskrit Verses in Gaudiya Vaishnavism
Chanting Sanskrit verses in Gaudiya Vaishnavism – Jagadananda Das – Mangalacharan om ajJAna-timirAndhasya jJAnAJjanA-zalAkayA cakSur unmIlitaM yena tasmai zrI-gurave namaH nAma-zreSThaM manum api zacI-putram atra svarUpaM rUpaM tasyAgrajam uru-purim mAthurIM goSTha-vATIm rAdhA-kuNDaM giri-varam aho rAdhikA-mAdhavAzAM prApto yasya prathita-kRpayA zrI-guruM taM nato ‘smi I bow my head again and again to the holy preceptor, through whose most celebrated mercy I have received the best of all names, the initiation mantra, Sri Sachinandan Mahaprabhu, Svarupa, Rupa and his older brother Sanatan, the extensive dominions of Mathurapuri, a dwelling place in the pasturing grounds [of Krishna], Radha Kund, the chief of all mountains, Sri Govardhan, and most pointedly of all, the hope of attaining the lotus feet of Sri Radha Madhava. Introduction One of the things that attracts many people to Indian religion and to Vaishnavism in particular is the beauty of the Sanskrit language. One of the most attractive features of Sanskrit is its verse. The complex Sanskrit metres have a majestic sonority that is unmatched in any other language. A Sanskrit verse properly chanted seems to carry an authority that confirms and supports its meaning. In this little article I am going to discuss some features of Sanskrit prosody so that students and devotees can learn how to pronounce and chant Sanskrit verses in the proper manner. We will start by reviewing Sanskrit pronunciation. Then we will discuss some of the rules of prosody. The word “prosody” means the study of metrical composition, that is to say, the rules for creating verse. -
Power of Sanskrit
09/03/2014 WEBPAGE: http://www.translink.profkrishna.com E-mail: [email protected] rofkrishna.com p www. वागतम ् amurthy, Singapore n n Swaagatham N. Krishnamurthy 23 February 2014 www.profkrishna.com Copyright: Dr. N. Krish Consultant, Singapore 1 Acknowledgements and Scope of talk ी गुयो नमः (shri gurub’yo’ namaha) Thanks to Singapore Dakshina Bharatha Brahmana Sabha, and Sri Srinivasan and all members of the rofkrishna.com Sabha Committee for organising this event for me to p p launch my transliteration scheme KrishnaDheva. www. Thanks also to the Sanskrit scholars here, as well as those who have come to learn how to pronounce Sanskrit correctly in English. This talk will not be a religious discourse amurthy, Singapore n This talk will not be a Sanskrit tutoring class This talk will simply be my sharing with you how to: Write down in simple English (KrishnaDheva) any Sanskrit material without special rules, and, Copyright: Dr. N. Krish Read Sanskrit correctly from KrishnaDheva. 2 1 09/03/2014 Starting off The wrong things we say: Sri should be s’ri Siva or Shiva should be s’iva rofkrishna.com p Krishna should be kr+shna www. Visaka should be vis’a’k’a’ Shuklambaradharam should be s’ukla’mbaradh’aram Vrishaba raasi should be vr+shab’a ra’s’ihi amurthy, Singapore n Kowsika gothra should be kaus’ika go’thra … and so on! Copyright: Dr. N. Krish 3 http://sanskritdocuments.org/news/subnews/NASASanskrit.txt Power of Sanskrit – a In ancient India the intention to discover truth was so consuming, that in the process, they discovered perhaps the most perfect tool for fulfilling such a search that the world has ever known – the Sanskrit language. -
Python Module Index 9
indictransliterationDocumentation Release 0.0.1 sanskrit-programmers Mar 28, 2021 Contents 1 Submodules 3 1.1 indic_transliteration.sanscript......................................3 1.1.1 Submodules...........................................3 1.1.1.1 indic_transliteration.sanscript.schemes........................3 1.1.1.1.1 Submodules.................................3 1.2 indic_transliteration.xsanscript......................................3 1.3 indic_transliteration.detect........................................3 1.3.1 Supported schemes.......................................4 1.4 indic_transliteration.deduplication....................................5 2 Indices and tables 7 Python Module Index 9 Index 11 i ii indictransliterationDocumentation; Release0:0:1 sanscript is the most popular submodule here. Contents 1 indictransliterationDocumentation; Release0:0:1 2 Contents CHAPTER 1 Submodules 1.1 indic_transliteration.sanscript 1.1.1 Submodules 1.1.1.1 indic_transliteration.sanscript.schemes 1.1.1.1.1 Submodules indic_transliteration.sanscript.schemes.roman indic_transliteration.sanscript.schemes.brahmi 1.2 indic_transliteration.xsanscript 1.3 indic_transliteration.detect Example usage: from indic_transliteration import detect detect.detect('pitRRIn') == Scheme.ITRANS detect.detect('pitRRn') == Scheme.HK When handling a Sanskrit string, it’s almost always best to explicitly state its transliteration scheme. This avoids embarrassing errors with words like pitRRIn. But most of the time, it’s possible to infer the encoding from the text itself. -
A Computational Algorithm for Metrical Classification of Verse
IJCSI International Journal of Computer Science Issues, Vol. 7, Issue 2, No 1, March 2010 46 ISSN (Online): 1694-0784 ISSN (Print): 1694-0814 A Computational Algorithm for Metrical Classification of Verse Rama N.1 and Meenakshi Lakshmanan2 1 Department of Computer Science, Presidency College Chennai 600 005, India 2 Department of Computer Science, Meenakshi College for Women Chennai 600 024, India and Research Scholar, Mother Teresa Women’s University Kodaikanal 624 101, India Abstract other utilities for the researcher, the identification of the The science of versification and analysis of verse in Sanskrit is two aforesaid characteristics would also help even a governed by rules of metre or chandas. Such metre-wise person who is not too knowledgeable in the language and classification of verses has numerous uses for scholars and unfamiliar with the meaning of the verse, to chant the researchers alike, such as in the study of poets and their style of verse by pausing at the appropriate junctures. Sanskrit poetical works. This paper presents a comprehensive computational scheme and set of algorithms to identify the metre of verses given as Sanskrit (Unicode) or English E-text (Latin In this paper, we explore the scheme of classification of Unicode). The paper also demonstrates the use of euphonic Sanskrit prosody [5] and present computational algorithms conjunction rules to correct verses in which these conjunctions, to classify verses given either in Sanskrit Unicode font or which are compulsory in verse, have erroneously not been as English E-text. implemented. Keywords: Sanskrit, verse, hashing, metre, chandas, metrical 1.1 Unicode Representation classification, sandhi. -
Vyakarana Documentation Release 0.1
vyakarana Documentation Release 0.1 Arun Prasad Jul 14, 2017 Contents 1 Background 3 1.1 Introduction...............................................3 1.2 Rule Types................................................4 1.3 Terms and Data..............................................6 1.4 Sounds..................................................8 1.5 asiddha and asiddhavat ......................................... 10 1.6 Glossary................................................. 10 2 Architecture 13 2.1 Design Overview............................................. 13 2.2 Inputs and Outputs............................................ 14 2.3 Modeling Rules............................................. 15 2.4 Selecting Rules.............................................. 17 2.5 Defining Rules.............................................. 17 3 API Reference 19 3.1 API.................................................... 19 Python Module Index 29 i ii vyakarana Documentation, Release 0.1 This is the documentation for Vyakarana, a program that derives Sanskrit words. To get the most out of the documen- tation, you should have a working knowledge of Sanskrit. Important: All data handled by the system is represented in SLP1. SLP1 also uses the following symbols: • '\\' to indicate anudatta¯ • '^' to indicate svarita • '~' to indicate a nasal sound Unmarked vowels are udatta¯ . Contents 1 vyakarana Documentation, Release 0.1 2 Contents CHAPTER 1 Background This is a high-level overview of the Ashtadhyayi and how it works. Introduction This program has two goals: 1. To generate the entire set of forms allowed by the Ashtadhyayi without over- or under-generating. 2. To do so while staying true to the spirit of the Ashtadhyayi. Goal 1 is straightforward, but the “under-generating” is subtle. For some inputs, the Ashtadhyayi can yield multiple results; ideally, we should be able to generate all of them. Goal 2 is more vague. I want to create a program that defines and chooses its rules using the same mechanisms used by the Ashtadhyayi. -
Absence of SUN-Domain Protein Slp1 Blocks Karyogamy and Switches
Absence of SUN-domain protein Slp1 blocks PNAS PLUS karyogamy and switches meiotic recombination and synapsis from homologs to sister chromatids Christelle Vasniera, Arnaud de Muyta,b, Liangran Zhangc, Sophie Tesséa, Nancy E. Klecknerc,1, Denise Zicklera,1, and Eric Espagnea,1 aInstitut de Génétique et Microbiologie, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8621, Université Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay, France; bInstitut Curie, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France; and cDepartment of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138 Contributed by Nancy E. Kleckner, August 18, 2014 (sent for review June 5, 2014) Karyogamy, the process of nuclear fusion is required for two haploid (7). Blast search of the basidiomycete Cryptococcus neoformans gamete nuclei to form a zygote. Also, in haplobiontic organisms, genome identified four of the known KAR genes; interestingly karyogamy is required to produce the diploid nucleus/cell that then only the kar7 mutant showed a defect in vegetative nuclear enters meiosis. We identify sun like protein 1 (Slp1), member of the movement and hyphae mating but not in premeiotic karyogamy mid–Sad1p, UNC-84–domain ubiquitous family, as essential for kary- (8), likely reflecting the different evolution of ascomycetes and ogamy in the filamentous fungus Sordaria macrospora, thus uncov- basidiomycetes. ering a new function for this protein family. Slp1 is required at the Whereas karyogamy studies of fungi have provided significant last step, nuclear fusion, not for earlier events including nuclear insight into the steps and molecules involved, less is known con- movements, recognition, and juxtaposition. Correspondingly, like cerning the outcome of the remaining nonfused haploid nuclei. other family members, Slp1 localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum Such “twin” meiosis has been analyzed in fission yeast in three and also to its extensions comprising the nuclear envelope. -
A Tool for Transliteration of Bilingual Texts Involving Sanskrit
A Tool for Transliteration of Bilingual Texts Involving Sanskrit Nikhil Chaturvedi Prof. Rahul Garg IIT Delhi IIT Delhi [email protected] [email protected] Abstract Sanskrit texts are increasingly being written in bilingual and trilingual formats, with Sanskrit paragraphs/shlokas followed by their corresponding English commentary. Sanskrit can also be written in many ways, including multiple encodings like SLP-1 and Velthuis for its romanised form. The need to tackle such code-switching is exacerbated through the requirement to render web pages with multilingual Sanskrit content. These need to automatically detect whether a given text fragment is in Sanskrit, followed by the identification of the form/encoding, further selectively performing transliteration to a user specified script. The Brahmi-derived writing systems of Indian languages are mostly rather similar in structure, but have different letter shapes. These scripts are based on similar phonetic values which allows for easy transliteration. This correspondence forms the basis of the motivation behind deriving a uniform encoding schema that is based on the underlying phonetic value rather than the symbolic representation. The open-source tool developed by us performs this end-to-end detection and transliteration, and achieves an accuracy of 99.1% between SLP-1 and English on a Wikipedia corpus using simple machine learning techniques. 1 Introduction Sanskrit is one of the most ancient languages in India and forms the basis of numerous Indian lan- guages. It is the only known language which has a built-in scheme for pronunciation, word formation and grammar (Maheshwari, 2011). It one of the most used languages of it's time (Huet et al., 2009) and hence encompasses a rich tradition of poetry and drama as well as scientific, technical, philosophical and religious texts. -
SEL-587 Instruction Manual Is Not Available
Instruction Manual SEL-587-0, -1 Relay Current Differential Relay Overcurrent Relay Instruction Manual 20151105 *PM587-01-NB* © 1995–2015 by Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories, Inc. All rights reserved. All brand or product names appearing in this document are the trademark or registered trademark of their respective holders. No SEL trademarks may be used without written permission. SEL products appearing in this document may be covered by U.S. and Foreign patents. Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories, Inc. reserves all rights and benefits afforded under federal and international copyright and patent laws in its products, including without limitation software, firmware, and documentation. The information in this document is provided for informational use only and is subject to change without notice. Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories, Inc. has approved only the English language document. This product is covered by the standard SEL 10-year warranty. For warranty details, visit www.selinc.com or contact your customer service representative. PM587-01 SEL-587-0, -1 Relay Instruction Manual Date Code 20151105 Table of Contents R.Instruction Manual List of Tables ......................................................................................................................................................vii List of Figures ..................................................................................................................................................... ix Preface..................................................................................................................................................................