DOCSLIB.ORG

The Life of Charlemagne (Charles the Great)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Life of Charlemagne (Charles the Great) 9 KE. Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2010 http://www.archive.org/details/lifeofcharlernagnOOhodg CHARLEMAGNE. liiitiiit; 1)V Alln't'clil I>iirt*r. THE LIFE OF CHARLEMAGNE (CHARLES THE GREAT) By THOMAS HODGKIN, D.C.L with notes By henry KETCHAM A. L. BURT COMPANY, J- J^ J^ J- .* .?fc ot PUBLISHERS, NEW YORK Copjmght, 1909, By E. A- BRAINERD. B PREFACE. In attempting to compress the history of the great Emperor Ciiarles within the narrow limits of the present vohime, I have undertaken a difficult task, and I trust that my fellow-historians will consider, not how much has been omitted, but how much, or rather how little, it was possible to insert. It may be thought that I might have gained space •*d by proceeding at once to the beginning of Charles's h>-^ own reign instead of devoting more than eighty • pages to his predecessors, but this did not seem to me possible. The great Emperor was the last terra of an ascending series —nobles, mayors of the palace, kings ; and in order to understand the law of the series it is absolutely necessary to study some of its earlier members. A few words as to our authorities. For the period before the accession of Pippin our chief authority is the chronicle which is known by the name of Fredegarius, very meagre, and written in barbarous 1) Latin, but honest ; then a still more miserable con- . tinuation of this work by an unknown scribe ; and K/ lastly, a much better performance, from a literary --- point of view, The Lives of the Bishops of Metz^ by • Paulus Diaconus. ""^ iii ^^01 iv CHARLEMAGNE. For the reigns of Pippin and of Charles the Great we have fairly satisfactory materials in the shape of the Annals, which now began to be kept at various monasteries ; chief among them the Annates Latiris- se7ises majores, so-called from their connection, real or supposed, with the great monastery of Lorsch (in Ilesse-Darrastadt, about ten miles east of Worms). So extensive, however, is the knowledge of State affairs possessed by this writer that it is the opinion of Professor Ranke, and of most modern inquirers, that he cannot have been a mere monk writing his chronicle in a convent, but that we have here in fact the chronicles of the FrL'ukish kingdom. This view is to some extent confirmed by the fact that there is a fuller recension of them in a more literary form, which bears the nameof ^?^naZe5i^^n^a/^^, and thus professes to be the work of Charles's friend and secretary. The precious Vita Caroli, from the pen of the same writer, is described in the following pages. The writers who in modern times have treated of the life of Charles the Great number some hundreds, and I make no pretension to even a superficial ac- quaintance with the bibliography of so vast a sub- ject, but I may mention that the books which I have found most helpful in the composition of the follow- ing pages are Waltz's Deutsche Verfassungsge- echichtey Guizot's Lectures on the History of Civilisa- tion, Dahn's Urgeschichte der germanischen und ro- manischen Voll-er, and pre-eminently the series of Jahrbiicher der deutchen Oeschichte, in which Bonnell PREFACE. V has treated of The Beginnings of the CaroUngian House ; Oelsner, of The Life of Pippin, King of the Franks; and Abel and Simson, of The Life of Charles the Great. To the last work (in two vol- umes) I have been under great and continual obliga- tion THOS. HODGKm. CONTENTS. PART I. TO THE BIRTH OF CHARLEMAGNE. CHAPTER I. PAGE Introduction 1 CHAPTER II. Early Mayors of the Palace 15 CHAPTER III. Pippin op Heristal and Charles Martel 45 CHAPTER IV. Pippin, Kino of the Franks 63 PART II. FROM THE BIRTH OF CHARLEMAGNE. CHAPTER V. Fall OF the Lombard Monarchy 109 CHAPTER VI. The Conversion of the Saxons 137 Tii Viii CONTENTS. CHAPTER VII. PAGS Revolts and Conspiracies , 166 CHAPTER VIII. RONCESVALLES 188 CHAPTER IX. Wars with Avars and Sclaves 204 CHAPTER X. Relations with the East 219 CHAPTER XI. Carolus Augustus 240 CHAPTER XII. Old Age 274 CHAPTER XIII. Results 308 Appendices— A. Genealogy of the Ancestors of Charles the Great. 333 B. Family of St. Charles the Great 333 CHARLEMAGNE. PART I. TO THE BIRTH OF CHARLEMAGNE. CHAPTER I. INTKODUCTION. In the gradual transformation of the old world of classical antiquity into the Avorld with which the statesmen of to-day must deal, no man played a greater part than Charles the Great,* King of the * In the headings of this book, the form of the name Charlemagne is used tliroughout, in preference to the English form Charles the Great, or Charles I. (which suggests Charles Stuart), or tlie Latin form Carolus Magmis, oi" the grotesque combination of the Teutonic Karl with the Latin Magnus. The editor does not overlook the difficulties of the case. The word Charlemagne is conceded to be misleading because of its French form. It is natural to infer that the man so named was peculiarly connected with the French people or race. The fact is otherwise ; for the illustrious leader of the Franks was much nearer akin to the Germanic and Teutonic peoples, than to the Gallic or French. The reader should therefore keep it in mind that Charlemagne was not a Frenchman, nor /lid he belong to the predecessors of the French, despite the 1 • — 2 CHARLEMAGNE. Franks and Emperor of Rome. The sharp lines of demarcation which we often draw between period and period, and which are useful as helps to memory, have not for the most part had any real existence in history, for in the world of men, as in the develop- ment of the material universe, it is true that uni- formity rather than cataclysm is the rule : Watura noil vadit per saltum. Still there are some great landmarks,"^ such as the foundation of Constanti- nople, Alaric's capture of Rome, the ITegira of Mo- hammed, the discovery of America, the Reformation, form of his name. He was not king of the French, but " king of the Franks" as the author says above. And " with all his wide, far-reaching schemes, he remained, it would seem, at heart a . Frank . and we may conjecture that Neu- stria was to him as little of a liomeland as Aquitaino or even Italy." (See below, p. 280.) For the extent of his kingdom, which centred about the Rliine, not the Seine, see below, pp. 11, 13. On the other hand, it may be said in favor of the form Charlemagne that it has not only obtained common usage, but it has the autliority of Milton, Scott, and otlier English writers, while in tlie United States it is to-day the common, almost exclusive form. This seems to be sufficient reason for its adoption. * The dates of these landmarks are as follows : Constantinople was founded 330, A. D. ; Alaric captured Rome 410 ; The Hegira, or Flight, of Mohammed occurred 623 ; America was discovered 1493 ; Tlie Reformation began witli Luther's nailing his 95 theses to tlu' door of tlic cliurch at Wittenberg in 1517 ; And tlie great Fren(;li Revolution occurred between 1789 and 1795, the dreadful climax being iu 1793. - INTRODUCTION. 3 and the French Revolution, which have no merely artificial existence. We can see that the thoughts of the great majority of civilized men were suddenly forced into a different channel by such events, that after they had occurred, men hoped for other bene- fits and feared other dangers than they had looked for before these events took place. And such a cnangeful moment in the history of the world was undoubtedly the life of the great ruler who is gener- ally spoken of as Charlemagne, and pre-eminently the year 800, when he was crowned as Emperor at Rome. When Charles appeared upon the scene, the Roman Empire—at least as far as Western Europe was con- cerned—had been for more than three centuries slowly dying. An event, to which allusion has just been made —the capture of Rome b}^ Alaric in 410 —had dealt the great world-empire a mortal blow, and yet so tough was its constitution, so dee])ly was the thought engraven even on the hearts of its most barbarous enemies, " Rome is the rightful mis- tress of the Avorld," that it seemed as if that world empire could not die. The Visigoth, the Ostrogoth, the Vandal, the Burgundian, the Lombard, coming forth from the immemorial solitude of their forests, streamed over the cities and the vineyards of the Mediterranean lands, and erected therein their rude 4 CHARLEMAGNE. state- systems, their barbaric sovereignties ; but even ill framiiif^ their uncouth national codes they were * forced to use the language of Rome ; in government they could not dispense with the oflBcial machinery of the Empire ; in religious affairs, above all, they found tiiemselves always face to face with men to whom the city by the Tiber was still Roma cwput mundi. Hence in all these new barbarian kingdoms that nrose on the ruins of the Empire there was a certain feeling of precariousness and unrest, a secret fear that the power which had come into being so strangely and so unexpectedly would in a moment vanish away, and that the Roman Augustus would assert himself once more as supreme over the nations ; to borrow a phrase from the controversies of a much later date, the Yisigothic and Burgundian and Lombard kings were obviously kings de facto ; but there was a latent consciousness in the minds of their subjects, perhaps in their own also, that they were not kings dejure.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • By Rachel Stone
    Exploring minor clerics in early medieval Tuscany by Rachel Stone Reti Medievali Rivista, 18, 1 (2017) <http://www.retimedievali.it> Firenze University Press Reti Medievali Rivista, 18, 1 (2017) <http://rivista.retimedievali.it> ISSN 1593-2214 © 2017 Firenze University Press DOI 10.6092/1593-2214/5076 Exploring minor clerics in early medieval Tuscany* by Rachel Stone The article examines minor clerics (clerici) in Carolingian texts. Comparing episcopal capitu- laries from Italy and Francia suggests that clerici played a more prominent role in Italian church life. An analysis of charters from the monastery of Monte Amiata reveals a high proportion of clerici. They appear as a rurally-based group, with varying levels of education, but of some local social standing, and were often mature men with children. The prevalence of such clerici may be related to the northern Italian structure of pievi, and the opportunities these provided for mixed patterns of father-son and uncle-nephew inheritance of church office. The blurring of the lay/clerical divide by such clerici may have particularly worried eleventh-century church reformers coming to Italy from other regions of Western Europe. Il saggio intende fornire una panoramica sui chierici minori nelle fonti di età carolingia, che, a partire dai capitolari episcopali, mostrano un ruolo assai più rilevante in area italica rispetto alle coeve dinamiche osservabili sul suolo francese. Tra le fonti, sono soprattutto le carte – det- tagliatamente analizzate – provenienti dall’archivio del monastero di San Salvatore al Monte Amiata a mostrare una consistente presenza di clerici. Essi appaiono generalmente come un gruppo a forte radicamento rurale, differenziato al proprio interno secondo livelli non omo- genei di educazione e alfabetizzazione, ma di una qualche eminenza sociale in ambito locale e con larga presenza di individui adulti con prole.
    [Show full text]
  • Profile of a Plant: the Olive in Early Medieval Italy, 400-900 CE By
    Profile of a Plant: The Olive in Early Medieval Italy, 400-900 CE by Benjamin Jon Graham A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (History) in the University of Michigan 2014 Doctoral Committee: Professor Paolo Squatriti, Chair Associate Professor Diane Owen Hughes Professor Richard P. Tucker Professor Raymond H. Van Dam © Benjamin J. Graham, 2014 Acknowledgements Planting an olive tree is an act of faith. A cultivator must patiently protect, water, and till the soil around the plant for fifteen years before it begins to bear fruit. Though this dissertation is not nearly as useful or palatable as the olive’s pressed fruits, its slow growth to completion resembles the tree in as much as it was the patient and diligent kindness of my friends, mentors, and family that enabled me to finish the project. Mercifully it took fewer than fifteen years. My deepest thanks go to Paolo Squatriti, who provoked and inspired me to write an unconventional dissertation. I am unable to articulate the ways he has influenced my scholarship, teaching, and life. Ray Van Dam’s clarity of thought helped to shape and rein in my run-away ideas. Diane Hughes unfailingly saw the big picture—how the story of the olive connected to different strands of history. These three people in particular made graduate school a humane and deeply edifying experience. Joining them for the dissertation defense was Richard Tucker, whose capacious understanding of the history of the environment improved this work immensely. In addition to these, I would like to thank David Akin, Hussein Fancy, Tom Green, Alison Cornish, Kathleen King, Lorna Alstetter, Diana Denney, Terre Fisher, Liz Kamali, Jon Farr, Yanay Israeli, and Noah Blan, all at the University of Michigan, for their benevolence.
    [Show full text]
  • Jewish Pilgrims to Palestine
    Palestine Exploration Quarterly ISSN: 0031-0328 (Print) 1743-1301 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/ypeq20 Jewish Pilgrims to Palestine Marcus N. Adler To cite this article: Marcus N. Adler (1894) Jewish Pilgrims to Palestine, Palestine Exploration Quarterly, 26:4, 288-300, DOI: 10.1179/peq.1894.26.4.288 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/peq.1894.26.4.288 Published online: 20 Nov 2013. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 6 View related articles Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=ypeq20 Download by: [Universite Laval] Date: 06 May 2016, At: 16:50 288 JEvVISH PILGRIMS TO PALESTINE. JEWISH, PILGRIMS TO PALESTINE. By MARCUS N. ADLER, M.A. IN response to th~ desire expressed by the Committee. of the Palestine Exploration Fund, I have much pleasure in furnishing a short account of the works of the early Jewish travellers in the East, and I propose also to give extracts from some of their writings which have reference to Palestine. Even prior to the destruction of the Second Temple, Jews were settled in most of the known countries of antiquity, and kept up com- munication with the land of their fathers. Passages from the Talmud prove that the sage Rabbi Akiba, who led the insurrection of the Jews against Hadrian, had visited many countries, notably Italy, Gaul, .Africa, Asia Minor, Persia, and Arabia. The Babylonian and Jerusalem Talmuds, the Midrashim and other Jewish writings up to the ninth century, contain innumerable references to the geography of Palestine.
    [Show full text]
  • Canon Law of Eastern Churches
    KB- KBZ Religious Legal Systems KBR-KBX Law of Christian Denominations KBR History of Canon Law KBS Canon Law of Eastern Churches Class here works on Eastern canon law in general, and further, on the law governing the Orthodox Eastern Church, the East Syrian Churches, and the pre- Chalcedonean Churches For canon law of Eastern Rite Churches in Communion with the Holy See of Rome, see KBT Bibliography Including international and national bibliography 3 General bibliography 7 Personal bibliography. Writers on canon law. Canonists (Collective or individual) Periodicals, see KB46-67 (Christian legal periodicals) For periodicals (Collective and general), see BX100 For periodicals of a particular church, see that church in BX, e.g. BX120, Armenian Church For periodicals of the local government of a church, see that church in KBS Annuals. Yearbooks, see BX100 Official gazettes, see the particular church in KBS Official acts. Documents For acts and documents of a particular church, see that church in KBS, e.g. KBS465, Russian Orthodox Church Collections. Compilations. Selections For sources before 1054 (Great Schism), see KBR195+ For sources from ca.1054 on, see KBS270-300 For canonical collections of early councils and synods, both ecumenical/general and provincial, see KBR205+ For document collections of episcopal councils/synods and diocesan councils and synods (Collected and individual), see the church in KBS 30.5 Indexes. Registers. Digests 31 General and comprehensive) Including councils and synods 42 Decisions of ecclesiastical tribunals and courts (Collective) Including related materials For decisions of ecclesiastical tribunals and courts of a particular church, see that church in KBS Encyclopedias.
    [Show full text]
  • Archaeology + History + Geosciences
    DFG Priority Programme 1630 "Harbours from the Roman Period to the Middle Ages" Harbours as objects of interdisciplinary research – Archaeology + History + Geosciences Wednesday, 30.09.2015, 19:00 Opening-Lecture More than just one harbour – The case of Ephesus Sabine Ladstätter Thursday 1.10.2015 Keynote Lecture Hall H – Chair: Falko Daim 9.30 – 10.00 Roman and Medieval London: 40 years of interdisciplinary harbour research Gustav Milne London, sitting on the Thames at the head of a tidal estuary, has been the subject of considerable redevelopment in the post-war era. As a direct consequence of that regeneration programme, its ancient harbours have been the focus of detailed archaeological, historical and geoarchaeological study since 1972 particularly on the City waterfront, in Southwark on the south bank and, to a lesser extent, in Westminster. It is now known that the period from c AD50 to AD 1550 saw major changes in the port, including periods of abandonment and relocation. There were also changes in the tidal head and in the level of mean high and mean low water, in harbour topography, bridge construction, in ship-building technology, in the economic culture and financial frameworks, in the languages spoken and materials and volumes traded. Research has also shown the complex inter-relationships of all these themes. The early and late Roman harbours were both quite different, the former seeing major state investment. Following a period of abandonment from c AD 450-600, a new beach market developed on the Strand to the west of the old Roman City until AD900, when it too was abandoned.
    [Show full text]
  • Apostolic Discourse and Christian Identity in Anglo-Saxon Literature
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Illinois Digital Environment for Access to Learning and Scholarship Repository APOSTOLIC DISCOURSE AND CHRISTIAN IDENTITY IN ANGLO-SAXON LITERATURE BY SHANNON NYCOLE GODLOVE DISSERTATION Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in English in the Graduate College of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2010 Urbana, Illinois Doctoral Committee: Professor Charles D. Wright, Chair Associate Professor Renée Trilling Associate Professor Robert W. Barrett Professor Emerita Marianne Kalinke ii ABSTRACT “Apostolic Discourse and Christian Identity in Anglo-Saxon Literature” argues that Anglo-Saxon religious writers used traditions about the apostles to inspire and interpret their peoples’ own missionary ambitions abroad, to represent England itself as a center of religious authority, and to articulate a particular conception of inspired authorship. This study traces the formation and adaptation of apostolic discourse (a shared but evolving language based on biblical and literary models) through a series of Latin and vernacular works including the letters of Boniface, the early vitae of the Anglo- Saxon missionary saints, the Old English poetry of Cynewulf, and the anonymous poem Andreas. This study demonstrates how Anglo-Saxon authors appropriated the experiences and the authority of the apostles to fashion Christian identities for members of the emerging English church in the seventh and eighth centuries, and for vernacular religious poets and their readers in the later Anglo-Saxon period. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am indebted to many people for their help and support throughout the duration of this dissertation project.
    [Show full text]
  • Guido M. Berndt the Armament of Lombard Warriors in Italy. Some Historical and Archaeological Approaches
    The Armament of Lombard Warriors in Italy 299 Guido M. Berndt The Armament of Lombard Warriors in Italy. Some Historical and Archaeological Approaches Early medieval Europe has often been branded as they have entered upon the sacred soil of Italy, a violent dark age, in which fierce warlords, war- speaks of mere savage delight in bloodshed and riors and warrior-kings played a dominant role in the rudest forms of sensual indulgence; they are the political structuring of societies. Indeed, one the anarchists of the Völkerwanderung, whose de- quite familiar picture is of the early Middle Ages as light is only in destruction, and who seem inca- a period in which armed conflicts and military life pable of culture”.5 This statement was but one in were so much a part of political and cultural devel- a long-lasting debate concerning one particular opment, as well as daily life, that a broad account question that haunted (mainly) Italian historians of the period is to large extent a description of how and antiquarians especially in the nineteenth cen- men went to war.1 Even in phases of peace, the tury – although it had its roots in the fifteenth conduct of warrior-elites set many of the societal century – regarding the role that the Lombards standards. Those who held power in society typi- played in the history of the Italian nation.6 Simply cally carried weapons and had a strong inclination put, the question was whether the Lombards could to settle disputes by violence, creating a martial at- have contributed anything positive to the history mosphere to everyday life in their realms.
    [Show full text]
  • Regulating the Life of the Canonical Clergy in Francia, from Pippin III to Louis the Pious
    The Cloister and Beyond: Regulating the Life of the Canonical Clergy in Francia, from Pippin III to Louis the Pious Stephen Ling Submitted for the degree of Ph.D School of History (2015) University of Leicester 0 For Lucy. 1 Abstract Stephen Ling: The Cloister and Beyond: Regulating the Life of the Canonical Clergy in Francia, from Pippin III to Louis the Pious. Frankish ecclesiastics exerted great effort in defining and regulating the life of the canonical clergy between the reigns of Pippin III and Louis the Pious. Church councils and assemblies convened by Carolingian kings, such as the Synod of Ver (755) and the Council of Aachen (816), sought to impose order. These councils distinguished between three interrelated groups: the secular clergy, the canonical clergy and monks. Separating the lives of these orders was no easy task, as there was siginificant debate over the definition of each group. In response to these queries and admonitions, bishops regulated the life of the clergy in their diocese. Notably, Chrodegang of Metz (d. 766) produced the first extant rule for canons. This text has attracted much historiographical attention and is often seen as providing the basis for the influential Canonical Institute produced at the Council of Aachen (816). This thesis examines the interplay between central attempts to establish the norms of the life of canons and local response to such efforts. Focusing on the latter demonstrates the variety of appraoches taken towards the regulation of the clergy in this period and concludes that the significance and impact of Chrodegang’s Rule has been overstated.
    [Show full text]
  • Aristocratic Society in Abruzzo, C.950-1140
    Aristocratic society in Abruzzo, c.950-1140 Felim McGrath A dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Dublin 2014 Declaration I declare that this thesis has not been submitted as an exercise for a degree at this or any other university and it is entirely my own work. I agree to deposit this thesis in the University’s open access institutional repository or allow the Library to do so on my behalf, subject to Irish Copyright Legislation and Trinity College Library conditions of use and acknowledgement. ____________________________ Felim McGrath iii Summary This thesis is an examination of aristocratic society in the Italian province of Abruzzo from the mid-tenth century to the incorporation of the region into the kingdom of Sicily in 1140. To rectify the historiographical deficit that exists concerning this topic, this thesis analyses the aristocracy of Abruzzo from the tenth to the twelfth centuries. It elucidates the political fragmentation apparent in the region before the Norman invasion, the establishment and administration of the Abruzzese Norman lordships and their network of political connections and the divergent political strategies employed by the local aristocracy in response to the Norman conquest. As the traditional narrative sources for the history of medieval southern Italy provide little information concerning Abruzzo, critical analysis of the idiosyncratic Abruzzese narrative and documentary sources is fundamental to the understanding this subject and this thesis provides a detailed examination of the intent, ideological context and utility of these sources to facilitate this investigation. Chapter 1 of this thesis examines the historical and ideological context of the most important medieval Abruzzese source – the chronicle-cartulary of San Clemente a Casauria.
    [Show full text]
  • CLASS DISTINCTIONS in EIGHTH CENTURY ITALYQ TALY in The
    CLASS DISTINCTIONS IN EIGHTH CENTURY ITALYQ I TALY in the eighth century was dominated by the Lombards, whose kingdom centered in the Po Valley around their capital city of Pavia. But although the Lom- bards in the eighth century were the most important single political element in the peninsula, they were never the only power. The Eastern Roman or Byzantine Empire continued to control a small area around the old Roman city of Ra- venna, and in addition, the Byzantines continued to control small amounts of territory in the extreme southern part of Italy. These Byzantine territories were a holdover from the Italian conquests made under the East Roman Emperor Justinian in the middle of the sixth century. In the center of the Italian peninsula and to a certain extent threatening to cut the Lombard power in two, was the territory which was under the nominal control of a shadowy official called the Duke of Rome but which was for all practical purposes under the control of the Bishop of Rome, an individual anxious to increase his power and the prestige of his see. In discussing class distinctions in eighth century Italy, we shall here be concerned primarily with the dominant people of this period, the Lombards, although in discussing the various classes of society among this people it will be necessary to note from time to time the relative position of other non-Lombard persons in the peninsula. The Lombards were a tribe of Germanic barbarians who * A public lecture delivered at the Rice Institute on October 28, 1951.
    [Show full text]
  • «Credere Virginem in Corde Per Fidem». Images of Mary in the Libri Carolini
    «CREDERE VIRGINEM IN CORDE PER FIDEM». IMAGES OF MARY IN THE LIBRI CAROLINI Diego Ianiro References to the Virgin Mary are quite rare in the writings produced at the court of Charlemagne before 794.1 With the doubtful exception of marian sermons gathered in the homiliary of Paul the Deacon, among the works released between the Admonitio generalis (789) and the Council of Frankfurt (794) it is possible to find several mentions of the Mother of God only in the Libri Carolini.2 Paul’s homiliary was in fact commissioned by Charlemagne, as it is clearly stated in its prefatory letter known as Karoli epistola generalis,3 in a period that cannot be determined with precision: in recent scolarship it ranges approximately from 786, the year before Paul’s return to Monte Cassino, to 796/799,4 the alleged date of his death. Moreover, as the homiliary still awaits a 23RD INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF BYZANTINE STUDIES, BELGRADE 23 AUGUST 2016. Thematic Sessions of Free Communications: New Feasts, New Sermons: The Cult of Mary on the Eve of Iconoclasm, in Byzantium and Beyond (Faculty of Philology, Room 11 - 15.30) 1 The amount of bibliography about Latin mariology in Early Middle Ages can be overwhelming; for this reason a reasoned selection of reference works could be useful here. On Carolingian mariology cf. L. SCHEFFCZYK, Das Mariengeheimnis in Frömmigkeit und Lehre der Karolingerzeit, Leipzig 1959 (Erfurter theologische Studien, 5); I. SCARAVELLI, Per una mariologia carolingia: autori, opere e linee di ricerca, in Gli studi di mariologia medievale: bilancio storiografico, Atti del I convegno mariologico della Fondazione Ezio Franceschini (Parma, 7-8 November 1997), ed.
    [Show full text]
  • Looking at the Edict of Rothari Between German Ancestral Customs and Roman Legal Traditions
    LUCA LOSCHIAVO* LOOKING AT THE EDICT OF ROTHARI BETWEEN GERMAN ANCESTRAL CUSTOMS AND ROMAN LEGAL TRADITIONS ABSTRACT. The essay takes up the debate on the nature of the most ancient Lombard legislation (whether it is really ‘Germanic’ or influenced by the Roman legal tradition). After more than two hundred years of discussion, a satisfactory solution is still waiting to be found. The research of the last decades on the early medieval Europe has deeply changed the perspective from which to look at the ancient norms. Legal historiography can no longer ignore the contribution of the studies of ethnogenesis and not even how much we know about the complex phenomenon of vulgar Roman law. Through some examples especially related to criminal law and the trial, these pages intend to show how useful it is to address the subject according to a different approach. Particurarly strong seems to be the imprint of the late Roman military law on the Longobard legislature. CONTENT. 1. Framing Lombard law – 2. Re-starting the debate – 3. The mystery of the gairethinx – 4. New (and old) risks – 5. Ancient customs and complex ethnogenesis – 6. In- stitutions and criminal law – 7. Excursus: Roman military justice and ‘German’ judges – 8. ‘Germanic’ procedures: a new approach – 9. Lombard legal procedure – 10. Traditional proofs and evidence of witnesses in the Edict of Rothari 1. Framing Lombard law How far do Lombard laws – and especially the Edict of Rothari – reflect the ancestral customs of that Germanic people and how far do they reveal, on the contrary, the influence of Roman legal traditions? This question is a ‘classic’ theme of debate for legal historians (in Germany and Italy in particular).
    [Show full text]