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Part 2: Application of Estuarine Waste Load Allocation Models Click here for DISCLAIMER Document starts on next page TITLE: Technical Guidance Manual for Performing Wasteload Allocations, Book III: Estuaries – Part 2: Application of Estuarine Waste Load Allocation Models EPA DOCUMENT NUMBER: EPA 823/R-92-003 DATE: May 1990 ABSTRACT As part of ongoing efforts to keep EPA’s technical guidance readily accessible to water quality practitioners, selected publications on Water Quality Modeling and TMDL Guidance available at http://www.epa.gov/waterscience/pc/watqual.html have been enhanced for easier access. This document is part of a series of manuals that provides technical information related to the preparation of technically sound wasteload allocations (WLAs) that ensure that acceptable water quality conditions are achieved to support designated beneficial uses. The document provides a guide to monitoring and model calibration and testing, and a case study tutorial on simulation of waste load allocation problems in simplified estuarine systems. Book III Part 2 presents information on the monitoring protocols to be used for collection of data to support calibration and validation of estuarine WLA models, and discusses how to use this data in calibration and validation steps to determine the predictive capability of the model. It also explains how to use the calibrated and validated model to establish load allocations that result in acceptable water quality even under critical conditions. Simplified examples of estuarine modeling are included to illustrate both simple screening procedures and application of the WASP4 water quality model. This document should be used in conjunction with “Part 1: Estuaries and Waste Load Allocation Models” which provides technical and policy guidance on estuarine WLAs as well as summarizing estuarine characteristics, water quality problems, and processes along with available simulation models. KEYWORDS: Wasteload Allocations, Estuaries, Modeling, Water Quality Criteria, Calibration, Validation United States Office of Water EPA-823-R-92-003 Environmental Protection May 1990 Agency Washington, DC 20460 Technical Guidance Manual for Performing Waste Load Allocations Book III Estuaries Part 2 Application of Estuarine Waste Load Allocation Models TECHNICAL GUIDANCE MANUAL FOR PERFORMING WASTE LOAD ALLOCATIONS BOOK III: ESTUARIES Part 2: Application of Estuarine Waste Load Allocation Models Project Officer Hiranmay Biswas, Ph.D. Edited by James L. Martin, Ph.D.,P.E.2 Robert B. Ambrose, Jr. P.E.1 Steve C. McCutcheon, Ph.D., P.E.1 Sections written by Robert B. Ambrose, Jr., P.E.1 James L. Martin, Ph.D., P.E.2 Steve C. McCutcheon, Ph.D., P.E.1 Zhu Dongwei1 Sandra Bird1 John F. Paul, Ph.D.3 David W. Dilks, Ph.D.4 Scott C. Hinz4 Paul L. Freedman, P.E.4 1. Center for Exposure Assessment Modeling, Environmental Research Laboratory, U.S. EPA, Athens, GA 2. AScI Corp., at the Environmental Research Laboratory, U.S. EPA, Athens, GA 3. Environmental Research Laboratory, U.S. EPA, Narragansett, RI 4. Limno-Tech, Inc. (LTI), Ann Arbor, Michigan Prepared for U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY 401 M Street, S.W. Washington, DC 20460 Table of Contents Glossary . v Acknowledgments . xxi Executive Summary . xxiii PART I: Estuaries and Waste Load Allocation Models . xxiii Introduction . xxiii Overview of Processes Affecting Estuarine Water Quality . xxiii Model Identification and Selection . xxiv PART II: Application of Estuarine Waste Load Allocation Models . xxv Monitoring Protocols for Calibration and Validation of Estuarine WLA Models . xxv Model Calibration, Validation, and Use . xxvi Simplified Illustrative Examples . xxvii Preface . xxix 4. Monitoring Protocols for Calibration and Validation of Estuarine WLA Models . 4-1 4.1. General Considerations . 4-1 4.2. Types of Data . 4-2 4.3. Frequency of Collection . 4-3 4.4. Spatial Coverage . 4-4 4.5. Model Data Requirements . 4-5 4.6. Quality Assurance . 4-8 4.7. References . 4-12 5. Model Calibration, Validation, and Use . 5-1 5.1. Introduction And Terminology . 5-1 5.2. Model Calibration . 5-4 5.3. Model Validation . 5-11 5.4. Model Testing . 5-11 Example 5.1. Calibration of Hydrodynamics, Mass Transport, and Toxic Chemical Model for the Delaware Estuary . 5-18 5.6 Application of The Calibrated Model In Waste Load Allocations . 5-23 Example 5.2. Component Analysis of Dissolved Oxygen Balance in the Wicomico Estuary, Maryland . 5-26 SUPPLEMENT I: Selection of Manning n Values . 5-29 EXAMPLE 5.3. Initial Selection of the Manning n for a Hypothetical Estuary . 5-35 EXAMPLE 5.4. Selection of the Manning n for the Delaware Estuary . 5-36 SUPPLEMENT II: Selection of Surface Drag Coefficients . 5-37 SUPPLEMENT III: Selection of Eddy Viscosity Values . 5-38 SUPPLEMENT IV: Brief Review of Turbulence Closure Models . 5-45 SUPPLEMENT V: Selection of Dispersion Coefficients . 5-46 SUPPLEMENT VI: Selection of Wind Speed Functions: . 5-52 SUPPLEMENT VII: Selection of Bacteria Die-off Coefficients . 5-54 SUPPLEMENT VIII: Calibrating Simple Sediment Models . 5-58 SUPPLEMENT IX: Selection of CBOD Coefficients . 5-59 SUPPLEMENT X: Selection of NBOD Coefficients . 5-61 SUPPLEMENT XI: Calibrating Nitrogen Cycle Models . 5-63 SUPPLEMENT XII: Phosphorus Cycle Coefficients . 5-64 SUPPLEMENT XIII: Selection of Reaeration Coefficients . 5-65 SUPPLEMENT XIV: Program of O’Connor’s Method to Compute K2In Wind Dominated Estuaries . 5-69 SUPPLEMENT XV: Selection of SOD Rates . 5-70 5.5. References . 5-71 6. SIMPLIFIED ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES . 6-1 6.1. Screening Procedures . 6-2 6.2. Screening Examples . 6-5 6.3. WASP4 Modeling . 6-11 6.4. WASP4 Examples . 6-13 6.5 References . 6-47 List of Figures Figure 4-1. Illustration of use of log probability plot to estimate statistics for data including non-detects. 4-11 Figure 5-1. Model calibration and verification procedure. 5-4 Figure 5-2. Relationship between data collection, model calibration, validation, and waste load allocation procedures. 5-4 Figure 5-3. Relationship between data set components, water quality model, and set of model coefficients for model calibration. 5-5 Figure 5-4. Phased calibration procedure. 5-6 Figure 5-5. Example showing that calibration is not unique unless material transformation rates are specified and that validation should be performed with significantly different data sets [Wlonsinski (1984)]. 5-10 Figure 5-6. Cumulative frequency diagram. 5-12 Figure 5-7. Types of bias and systematic error determined by regression analysis [(O’Connor (1979), Thomann (1982), and NCASI (1982)]. 5-13 Figure 5-8. Upper Delaware Estuary [Ambrose (1987)]. 5-18 Figure 5-9. Observed and predicted tidal ranges in the Delaware Estuary [Ambrose (1987)]. 5-19 Figure 5-10. Observed and predicted dye concentrations [Ambrose (1987)]. 5-20 Figure 5-11. Northeast Water Pollution Control Plant Effluent Concentrations, October 2-3, 1983 [Ambrose (1987)]. 5-21 Figure 5-12. Observed and predicted DCP concentrations [Ambrose (1987)]. 5-22 Figure 5-13. Observed and predicted DMM concentrations [Ambrose (1987)]. 5-22 Figure 5-14. Observed and predicted DCE concentrations [Ambrose (1987)]. 5-22 Figure 5-15. Observed and predicted PCE concentrations [Ambrose (1987)]. 5-22 Figure 5-16. Components of the waste load allocation procedure. 5-23 Figure 5-17. General waste load allocation procedure. 5-23 Figure 5-18 Model segmentation - Wicomico River, Maryland. 5-27 v Figure 5-19. Component deficits for July 1971 dissolved oxygen verification [Robert Thomann in review]. 5-28 Figure 5-20. Modified Moody diagram relating the Manning n to Reynolds number. 5-30 Figure 5-21. Longitudinal distribution of Manning n values in the Delaware Estuary [Thatcher and Harleman (1981)]. 5-36 Figure 5-22. Hydraulic calibration to tidal range and high and low water planes for mean conditions in the Delaware Estuary [Thatcher and Harleman (1981)]. 5-36 Figure 5-23. Water surface drag coefficient as a function of wind speed measured at a 10-m height [O’Connor (1983)] . 5-37 Figure 5-24. Diffusion coefficients. 5-46 Figure 5-25. Relationship between horizontal diffusion coefficient and horizontal length scale [Thibodeaux (1979), Fan and Koh, Orlob (1959), Okuba]. 5-47 Figure 5-26. Relationship between longitudinal dispersion coefficient and discharge in a Scottish estuary [West and Williams (1972)]. 5-50 Figure 5-27. Relationship between longitudinal dispersion coefficient in the Potomac Estuary and distance downestuary from the Chain Bridge in Washington, D.C. [Hetling and O’Connell (1966)]. 5-50 Figure 5-28. Sources and sinks of carbonaceous BOD in the aquatic environment [Bowie et al. (1985)]. 5-59 Figure 5-29. Effect of pH and temperature on unionized ammonia [Willingham (1976)]. 5-63 Figure 5-30. Reaeration coefficient (day-1 versus depth and velocity using the suggested method of Covar (1976) [Bowie et al. (1985)]. 5-65 Figure 6-1. Schematic of tidal tributary for analytical equation example. 6-5 Figure 6-2. Determination of tidal dispersion from salinity data. 6-6 Figure 6-3. Calibration of TRC decay rate. 6-7 Figure 6-4. Estuary TRC concentration in response to two discharges. 6-8 Figure 6-5. Schematic for illustrative vertically stratified estuary. 6-9 Figure 6-6. The Trinity Estuary. 6-14 Figure 6-7. Average monthly river flow at the Highway 64 USGS gauge. 6-14 vi Figure 6-8. Mean monthly temperatures at the Highway 64 USGS gauge. 6-15 Figure 6-9a. Variations in water surface elevations at the mouth of the Trinity Estuary during March, 1989 . 6-15 Figure 6-9b. Model network for the Trinity Estuary. 6-16 Figure 6-10. Predicted variations in volumes near the mouth, near the midpoint, and at the upper extremity of the Trinity Estuary. 6-17 Figure 6-11. Monthly averaged salinities in the Trinity Estuary versus distance upstream from its mouth. 6-18 Figure 6-12. Predicted variations in salinity during March, 1989, near the mouth of the Trinity Estuary.
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