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Radiation Protection in Medicine RADIATION PROTECTION Radiation Protection in Medicine: Radiation Protection With the World Health Organization as co-sponsor, and the Government of Germany through the Federal Ministry for the IN MEDICINE Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety as host, the IAEA organized the International Conference on Radiation Protection in Medicine: Setting the Scene for the Next Decade. Setting the Scene for the The conference was held in Bonn, 3–7 December 2012, and aimed, in particular, to: • Indicate gaps in current approaches to radiation protection Next Decade in medicine; • Identify tools for improving radiation protection in medicine; • Review advances, challenges and opportunities in the fi eld of radiation protection in medicine; Proceedings of an • Assess the impact of the International Action Plan for the Radiation Protection of Patients, in order to prepare new International Conference international recommendations, taking into account newer Setting the Scene for Next Decade 3–7 December 2012 developments. It resulted in the Bonn Call for Action, which will focus efforts Bonn, Germany in radiation protection in medicine in the next decade, and maximize the positive impact of such efforts. INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY VIENNA ISBN 978–92–0–103914–9 ISSN 0074–1884 1 @ RADIATION PROTECTION IN MEDICINE: SETTING THE SCENE FOR THE NEXT DECADE The following States are Members of the International Atomic Energy Agency: AFGHANISTAN GERMANY OMAN ALBANIA GHANA PAKISTAN ALGERIA GREECE PALAU ANGOLA GUATEMALA PANAMA ARGENTINA GUYANA PAPUA NEW GUINEA ARMENIA HAITI PARAGUAY AUSTRALIA HOLY SEE PERU AUSTRIA HONDURAS PHILIPPINES AZERBAIJAN HUNGARY POLAND BAHAMAS ICELAND PORTUGAL BAHRAIN INDIA QATAR BANGLADESH INDONESIA REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA BELARUS IRAN, ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF ROMANIA BELGIUM IRAQ RUSSIAN FEDERATION BELIZE IRELAND RWANDA BENIN ISRAEL SAN MARINO BOLIVIA, PLURINATIONAL ITALY SAUDI ARABIA STATE OF JAMAICA SENEGAL BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA JAPAN SERBIA BOTSWANA JORDAN SEYCHELLES BRAZIL KAZAKHSTAN SIERRA LEONE BRUNEI DARUSSALAM KENYA SINGAPORE BULGARIA KOREA, REPUBLIC OF SLOVAKIA BURKINA FASO KUWAIT SLOVENIA BURUNDI KYRGYZSTAN SOUTH AFRICA CAMBODIA LAO PEOPLE’S DEMOCRATIC SPAIN CAMEROON REPUBLIC SRI LANKA CANADA LATVIA SUDAN CENTRAL AFRICAN LEBANON SWAZILAND REPUBLIC LESOTHO SWEDEN CHAD LIBERIA SWITZERLAND CHILE LIBYA SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC CHINA LIECHTENSTEIN COLOMBIA LITHUANIA TAJIKISTAN CONGO LUXEMBOURG THAILAND COSTA RICA MADAGASCAR THE FORMER YUGOSLAV CÔTE D’IVOIRE MALAWI REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA CROATIA MALAYSIA TOGO CUBA MALI TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO CYPRUS MALTA TUNISIA CZECH REPUBLIC MARSHALL ISLANDS TURKEY DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC MAURITANIA UGANDA OF THE CONGO MAURITIUS UKRAINE DENMARK MEXICO UNITED ARAB EMIRATES DJIBOUTI MONACO UNITED KINGDOM OF DOMINICA MONGOLIA GREAT BRITAIN AND DOMINICAN REPUBLIC MONTENEGRO NORTHERN IRELAND ECUADOR MOROCCO UNITED REPUBLIC EGYPT MOZAMBIQUE OF TANZANIA EL SALVADOR MYANMAR UNITED STATES OF AMERICA ERITREA NAMIBIA URUGUAY ESTONIA NEPAL UZBEKISTAN ETHIOPIA NETHERLANDS VENEZUELA, BOLIVARIAN FIJI NEW ZEALAND REPUBLIC OF FINLAND NICARAGUA VIET NAM FRANCE NIGER YEMEN GABON NIGERIA ZAMBIA GEORGIA NORWAY ZIMBABWE The Agency’s Statute was approved on 23 October 1956 by the Conference on the Statute of the IAEA held at United Nations Headquarters, New York; it entered into force on 29 July 1957. The Headquarters of the Agency are situated in Vienna. Its principal objective is “to accelerate and enlarge the contribution of atomic energy to peace, health and prosperity throughout the world’’. The following States are Members of the International Atomic Energy Agency: PROCEEDINGS SERIES AFGHANISTAN GERMANY OMAN ALBANIA GHANA PAKISTAN ALGERIA GREECE PALAU ANGOLA GUATEMALA PANAMA ARGENTINA GUYANA PAPUA NEW GUINEA ARMENIA HAITI PARAGUAY AUSTRALIA HOLY SEE PERU AUSTRIA HONDURAS PHILIPPINES AZERBAIJAN HUNGARY POLAND BAHAMAS ICELAND PORTUGAL BAHRAIN INDIA QATAR BANGLADESH INDONESIA REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA BELARUS IRAN, ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF ROMANIA BELGIUM IRAQ RUSSIAN FEDERATION BELIZE IRELAND RWANDA BENIN ISRAEL SAN MARINO RADIATION PROTECTION BOLIVIA, PLURINATIONAL ITALY SAUDI ARABIA STATE OF JAMAICA SENEGAL BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA JAPAN SERBIA IN MEDICINE: BOTSWANA JORDAN SEYCHELLES BRAZIL KAZAKHSTAN SIERRA LEONE BRUNEI DARUSSALAM KENYA SINGAPORE SETTING THE SCENE FOR BULGARIA KOREA, REPUBLIC OF SLOVAKIA BURKINA FASO KUWAIT SLOVENIA BURUNDI KYRGYZSTAN THE NEXT DECADE SOUTH AFRICA CAMBODIA LAO PEOPLE’S DEMOCRATIC SPAIN CAMEROON REPUBLIC SRI LANKA CANADA LATVIA SUDAN CENTRAL AFRICAN LEBANON SWAZILAND REPUBLIC LESOTHO PROCEEDINGS OF AN INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE SWEDEN CHAD LIBERIA SWITZERLAND CHILE LIBYA ORGANIZED BY THE SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC CHINA LIECHTENSTEIN INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, COLOMBIA LITHUANIA TAJIKISTAN CONGO LUXEMBOURG THAILAND HOSTED BY THE GOVERNMENT OF GERMANY, COSTA RICA MADAGASCAR THE FORMER YUGOSLAV CÔTE D’IVOIRE MALAWI REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA CO-SPONSORED BY THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION CROATIA MALAYSIA TOGO CUBA MALI TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO AND HELD IN BONN, GERMANY, 3–7 DECEMBER 2012 CYPRUS MALTA TUNISIA CZECH REPUBLIC MARSHALL ISLANDS TURKEY DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC MAURITANIA UGANDA OF THE CONGO MAURITIUS UKRAINE DENMARK MEXICO UNITED ARAB EMIRATES DJIBOUTI MONACO UNITED KINGDOM OF DOMINICA MONGOLIA GREAT BRITAIN AND DOMINICAN REPUBLIC MONTENEGRO NORTHERN IRELAND ECUADOR MOROCCO UNITED REPUBLIC EGYPT MOZAMBIQUE OF TANZANIA EL SALVADOR MYANMAR UNITED STATES OF AMERICA ERITREA NAMIBIA URUGUAY ESTONIA NEPAL UZBEKISTAN ETHIOPIA NETHERLANDS VENEZUELA, BOLIVARIAN FIJI NEW ZEALAND REPUBLIC OF FINLAND NICARAGUA VIET NAM FRANCE NIGER YEMEN GABON NIGERIA ZAMBIA GEORGIA NORWAY ZIMBABWE The Agency’s Statute was approved on 23 October 1956 by the Conference on the Statute of the IAEA held at United Nations Headquarters, New York; it entered into force on 29 July 1957. The Headquarters of the Agency are situated in Vienna. Its principal objective is “to accelerate and enlarge the INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY contribution of atomic energy to peace, health and prosperity throughout the world’’. VIENNA, 2015 COPYRIGHT NOTICE All IAEA scientific and technical publications are protected by the terms of the Universal Copyright Convention as adopted in 1952 (Berne) and as revised in 1972 (Paris). The copyright has since been extended by the World Intellectual Property Organization (Geneva) to include electronic and virtual intellectual property. Permission to use whole or parts of texts contained in IAEA publications in printed or electronic form must be obtained and is usually subject to royalty agreements. Proposals for non-commercial reproductions and translations are welcomed and considered on a case-by-case basis. Enquiries should be addressed to the IAEA Publishing Section at: Marketing and Sales Unit, Publishing Section International Atomic Energy Agency Vienna International Centre PO Box 100 1400 Vienna, Austria fax: +43 1 2600 29302 tel.: +43 1 2600 22417 email: [email protected] http://www.iaea.org/books © IAEA, 2015 Printed by the IAEA in Austria September 2015 STI/PUB/1663 IAEA Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Radiation protection in medicine : setting the scene for the next decade : proceedings of an International Conference, Bonn, 3–7 December 2012. — Vienna : International Atomic Energy Agency, 2015. p. ; 24 cm. — (Proceedings series, ISSN 0074–1884) STI/PUB/1663 ISBN 978–92–0–103914–9 Includes bibliographical references. 1. Medical radiology — Safety measures — Congresses. 2. Radiation — Safety measures — Congresses. 3. Nuclear medicine — Safety measures — Congresses. I. International Atomic Energy Agency. II. Series. IAEAL 15–00973 COPYRIGHT NOTICE FOREWORD All IAEA scientific and technical publications are protected by the terms of The first international conference addressing radiation protection of the Universal Copyright Convention as adopted in 1952 (Berne) and as revised patients triggered an International Action Plan that has since been guiding efforts in 1972 (Paris). The copyright has since been extended by the World Intellectual in patient protection worldwide. The Málaga conference, held in March 2001, Property Organization (Geneva) to include electronic and virtual intellectual provided very broad international input on the status of radiation protection of property. Permission to use whole or parts of texts contained in IAEA publications patients at the time, and allowed accurate prediction of future trends. But recent in printed or electronic form must be obtained and is usually subject to royalty years have witnessed significant increases in medical radiation uses, as well as agreements. Proposals for non-commercial reproductions and translations are developments in radiation protection, which need to be taken into account. For welcomed and considered on a case-by-case basis. Enquiries should be addressed the first time in history, several countries are experiencing population doses from to the IAEA Publishing Section at: medical uses of radiation that exceed those from natural background radiation and have fully eclipsed those from other human sources. Marketing and Sales Unit, Publishing Section There is no doubt that the application of ionizing radiation and radioactive International Atomic Energy Agency substances in diagnostic, interventional and therapeutic procedures in medicine Vienna International Centre is beneficial for hundreds of millions of people each year. However, employing PO Box 100 radiation in medicine has to involve carefully balancing
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