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Safety Reports Series The Fundamental Safety Principles and the IAEA's General Safety Rquirements publication, Radiation Protection and Safety of Radiation Safety Reports Series Sources: International Basic Safety Standards (BSS) require the radiological protection of patients undergoing medical exposures No.71 through justification of the procedures involved No. and through optimization. This publication 71 provides guidance to radiologists, other clinicians and radiographers/technologists involved in diagnostic procedures using ionizing radiation with children and adolescents. It is also aimed Radiation Protection in Paediatric Radiology at medical physicists and regulators. The focus is on the measures necessary to provide protection from the effects of radiation using the principles established in the BSS and according to the priority given to this issue. Radiation Protection in Paediatric Radiology INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY VIENNA ISBN 978–92–0–125710–9 ISSN 1020–6450 RELATED PUBLICATIONS IAEA SAFETY STANDARDS AND RELATED PUBLICATIONS RADIATION PROTECTION IN NEWER MEDICAL IMAGING TECHNIQUES: PET/CT IAEA SAFETY STANDARDS Safety Reports Series No. 58 STI/PUB/1343 (41 pp.; 2008) Under the terms of Article III of its Statute, the IAEA is authorized to establish or adopt ISBN 978–92–0–106808–8 Price: €28.00 standards of safety for protection of health and minimization of danger to life and property, and to provide for the application of these standards. The publications by means of which the IAEA establishes standards are issued in the APPLYING RADIATION SAFETY STANDARDS IN DIAGNOSTIC IAEA Safety Standards Series. This series covers nuclear safety, radiation safety, transport RADIOLOGY AND INTERVENTIONAL PROCEDURES USING X RAYS safety and waste safety. The publication categories in the series are Safety Fundamentals, Safety Requirements and Safety Guides. Safety Reports Series No. 39 STI/PUB/1206 (96 pp.; 2006) Information on the IAEA’s safety standards programme is available at the IAEA Internet ISBN 92–0–111004–9 Price: €28.00 site http://www-ns.iaea.org/standards/ The site provides the texts in English of published and draft safety standards. The texts RADIATION PROTECTION IN NEWER MEDICAL IMAGING TECHNIQUES: of safety standards issued in Arabic, Chinese, French, Russian and Spanish, the IAEA Safety CARDIAC CT Glossary and a status report for safety standards under development are also available. For Safety Reports Series No. 60 further information, please contact the IAEA at PO Box 100, 1400 Vienna, Austria. STI/PUB/1366 (19 pp.; 2009) All users of IAEA safety standards are invited to inform the IAEA of experience in their ISBN 978–92–0–111208–8 Price: €18.00 use (e.g. as a basis for national regulations, for safety reviews and for training courses) for the purpose of ensuring that they continue to meet users’ needs. Information may be provided via the IAEA Internet site or by post, as above, or by email to [email protected]. ESTABLISHING GUIDANCE LEVELS IN X RAY GUIDED MEDICAL INTERVENTIONAL PROCEDURES: A PILOT STUDY RELATED PUBLICATIONS Safety Reports Series No. 59 STI/PUB/1346 (147 pp.; 2009) The IAEA provides for the application of the standards and, under the terms of Articles ISBN 978–92–0–107308–2 Price: €32.00 III and VIII.C of its Statute, makes available and fosters the exchange of information relating to peaceful nuclear activities and serves as an intermediary among its Member States for this purpose. AVOIDANCE OF UNNECESSARY DOSE TO PATIENTS WHILE Reports on safety and protection in nuclear activities are issued as Safety Reports, TRANSITIONING FROM ANALOGUE TO DIGITAL RADIOLOGY which provide practical examples and detailed methods that can be used in support of the IAEA TECDOC Series No. 1667 safety standards. IAEA-TECDOC-1667 (85 pp.; 2012) Other safety related IAEA publications are issued as Radiological Assessment ISBN 978–92–0–121010–4 Price: €18.00 Reports, the International Nuclear Safety Group’s INSAG Reports, Technical Reports and TECDOCs. The IAEA also issues reports on radiological accidents, training manuals and practical manuals, and other special safety related publications. DOSE REDUCTION IN CT WHILE MAINTAINING DIAGNOSTIC Security related publications are issued in the IAEA Nuclear Security Series. CONFIDENCE: A FEASIBILITY/DEMONSTRATION STUDY The IAEA Nuclear Energy Series consists of reports designed to encourage and assist IAEA TECDOC Series No. 1621 research on, and development and practical application of, nuclear energy for peaceful uses. IAEA-TECDOC-1621 (55 pp.; 2009) The information is presented in guides, reports on the status of technology and advances, and ISBN 978–92–0–108009–7 Price: €15.00 best practices for peaceful uses of nuclear energy. The series complements the IAEA’s safety standards, and provides detailed guidance, experience, good practices and examples in the areas of nuclear power, the nuclear fuel cycle, radioactive waste management and PATIENT DOSE OPTIMIZATION IN FLUOROSCOPICALLY GUIDED decommissioning. INTERVENTIONAL PROCEDURES IAEA TECDOC Series No. 1641 IAEA-TECDOC-1641 (95 pp.; 2010) ISBN 978–92–0–100510–6 Price: €15.00 www.iaea.org/books RADIATION PROTECTION IN PAEDIATRIC RADIOLOGY The following States are Members of the International Atomic Energy Agency: AFGHANISTAN GHANA NORWAY ALBANIA GREECE OMAN ALGERIA GUATEMALA PAKISTAN ANGOLA HAITI PALAU ARGENTINA HOLY SEE PANAMA ARMENIA HONDURAS PAPUA NEW GUINEA AUSTRALIA HUNGARY PARAGUAY AUSTRIA ICELAND PERU AZERBAIJAN INDIA PHILIPPINES BAHRAIN INDONESIA POLAND BANGLADESH IRAN, ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF PORTUGAL BELARUS IRAQ QATAR BELGIUM IRELAND REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA BELIZE ISRAEL ROMANIA BENIN ITALY RUSSIAN FEDERATION BOLIVIA JAMAICA RWANDA BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA JAPAN SAUDI ARABIA BOTSWANA JORDAN SENEGAL BRAZIL KAZAKHSTAN SERBIA BULGARIA KENYA SEYCHELLES BURKINA FASO KOREA, REPUBLIC OF SIERRA LEONE BURUNDI KUWAIT SINGAPORE CAMBODIA KYRGYZSTAN SLOVAKIA CAMEROON LAO PEOPLE’S DEMOCRATIC SLOVENIA CANADA REPUBLIC SOUTH AFRICA CENTRAL AFRICAN LATVIA SPAIN REPUBLIC LEBANON SRI LANKA CHAD LESOTHO SUDAN CHILE LIBERIA SWEDEN CHINA LIBYA SWITZERLAND COLOMBIA LIECHTENSTEIN SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC CONGO LITHUANIA TAJIKISTAN COSTA RICA LUXEMBOURG THAILAND CÔTE D’IVOIRE MADAGASCAR THE FORMER YUGOSLAV CROATIA MALAWI REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA CUBA MALAYSIA TOGO CYPRUS MALI TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO CZECH REPUBLIC MALTA TUNISIA DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC MARSHALL ISLANDS TURKEY OF THE CONGO MAURITANIA UGANDA DENMARK MAURITIUS UKRAINE DOMINICA MEXICO UNITED ARAB EMIRATES DOMINICAN REPUBLIC MONACO UNITED KINGDOM OF ECUADOR MONGOLIA GREAT BRITAIN AND EGYPT MONTENEGRO NORTHERN IRELAND EL SALVADOR MOROCCO UNITED REPUBLIC ERITREA MOZAMBIQUE OF TANZANIA ESTONIA MYANMAR UNITED STATES OF AMERICA ETHIOPIA NAMIBIA URUGUAY FIJI NEPAL UZBEKISTAN FINLAND NETHERLANDS VENEZUELA FRANCE NEW ZEALAND VIETNAM GABON NICARAGUA YEMEN GEORGIA NIGER ZAMBIA GERMANY NIGERIA ZIMBABWE The Agency’s Statute was approved on 23 October 1956 by the Conference on the Statute of the IAEA held at United Nations Headquarters, New York; it entered into force on 29 July 1957. The Headquarters of the Agency are situated in Vienna. Its principal objective is “to accelerate and enlarge the contribution of atomic energy to peace, health and prosperity throughout the world’’. SAFETY REPORTS SERIES No. 71 RADIATION PROTECTION IN PAEDIATRIC RADIOLOGY INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY VIENNA, 2012 COPYRIGHT NOTICE All IAEA scientific and technical publications are protected by the terms of the Universal Copyright Convention as adopted in 1952 (Berne) and as revised in 1972 (Paris). The copyright has since been extended by the World Intellectual Property Organization (Geneva) to include electronic and virtual intellectual property. Permission to use whole or parts of texts contained in IAEA publications in printed or electronic form must be obtained and is usually subject to royalty agreements. Proposals for non-commercial reproductions and translations are welcomed and considered on a case-by-case basis. Enquiries should be addressed to the IAEA Publishing Section at: Marketing and Sales Unit, Publishing Section International Atomic Energy Agency Vienna International Centre PO Box 100 1400 Vienna, Austria fax: +43 1 2600 29302 tel.: +43 1 2600 22417 email: [email protected] http://www.iaea.org/books © IAEA, 2012 Printed by the IAEA in Austria December 2012 STI/PUB/1543 IAEA Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Radiation protection in paediatric radiology. — Vienna : International Atomic Energy Agency, 2012. p. ; 24 cm. — (Safety reports series, ISSN 1020–6450 ; no. 71) STI/PUB/1543 ISBN 978–92–0–125710–9 Includes bibliographical references. 1. Radiological, medical — Safety measures. 2. Pediatric radiology — Safety measures. 3. Diagnostic imaging. I. International Atomic Energy Agency. II. Series. IAEAL 12–00780 FOREWORD Over the past decade and a half, special issues have arisen regarding the protection of children undergoing radiological examinations. These issues have come to the consciousness of a gradually widening group of concerned professionals and the public, largely because of the natural instinct to protect children from unnecessary harm. Some tissues in children are more sensitive to radiation and children have a long life expectancy, during which significant pathology can emerge. The instinct to protect children has received further impetus from the level of professional and public concern articulated in the wake of media responses to certain publications in
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