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Tesis Doctoral La Estrategia China De TESIS DOCTORAL LA ESTRATEGIA CHINA DE FELIPE II: LA VÍA CASTELLANA (1556- 1581) Presentada para optar al grado de doctor por CHENGUANG LI Bajo la dirección de la Dra. ELENA POSTIGO CASTELLANOS UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE MADRID FACULTAD DE FILOSOFÍA Y LETRAS DOCTORADO EN HISTORIA MODERNA MADRID, 2018 RESUMEN Nuestra tesis doctoral lleva por el título: La estrategia china de Felipe II: la vía castellana (1556-1581), y por tanto, se van presentando y desarrollando en ella, los acontecimientos según la evolución del plan diseñado por el Prudente en relación con los asuntos vinculados con la China de la dinastía Ming (1368-1640). Antes de presentar esta estrategia de Felipe II formalmente, dedicamos la primera parte de la tesis a recuperar los conocimientos -vagos o precisos- que había tenido el príncipe Felipe con respecto a China, los cuales le permitirían iniciar una serie de decisiones y acciones para crear relación con aquel imperio oriental. En cuanto a las consideraciones y a las políticas del monarca hispano con respecto a aquel imperio oriental entre 1556 y 1581, las presentamos por tres partes y cada una se corresponde a una etapa de la estrategia china -el preludio, el inicio y el apogeo- del rey Prudente. A través de las fuentes históricas que hemos recuperado y utilizado en la tesis, podemos contemplar que durante el reinado de Felipe II, el interés por China iba creciendo dentro del imperio hispano. Es más, la estrategia del monarca sobre aquel imperio oriental se mostró como un proceso complejo y dilatado en el que confluyen múltiples factores dentro o fuera de su imperio. Por tanto, Felipe II, relativo a China, sostuvo siempre el acercamiento pacífico y diplomático para crear relación oficial con el imperio oriental, culminando con las dos cartas regias -en 1580 y 1581 respectivamente- enviadas desde Castilla con destino al mandatario Ming. ABSTRACT The title of our thesis is The Chinese strategy of Philip II: the Castilian way (1556-1581), therefore it is to be presented according to the evolution of the plan designed by the Prudent in relation to the affairs related to China of the Ming Dynasty (1368-1640). Before presenting this strategy of Felipe II formally, We will dedicate the first part of the thesis to recover the knowledge -vague or precise- that the Prince Felipe had owned with respect to China, which would allow him to initiate a series of decisions and actions in order to create a relationship with that oriental empire. On the one hand, the considerations and the policies of the Spanish monarch with respect to that Asian empire between 1556 and 1581, will be introduced in three parts, and each of them corresponds to one single stage of the Philip II ´s Chinese strategy -the prelude, the beginning and the apogee-. Through the historical sources that we have recovered and used in this thesis, we could contemplate that during the reign of Philip II, the interest for China was getting higher within the Hispanic empire. Moreover, the mentioned strategy of the Spanish monarch was observed as a complex and extensive process. Despite all, Philip II always maintained the pacific and diplomatic approach to create official relation with that Eastern Empire, culminating with the two regal letters -in 1580 and 1581 respectively- sent from Castile with destination to the Ming Emperor. LA ESTRATEGIA CHINA DE FELIPE II La vía castellana (1556-1581) La realización de la presente tesis doctoral ha sido posible gracias al disfrute de una beca concedida por el Consejo de Becas Chino y el Ministerio de Educación de China (referencia 201408390022). LA ESTRATEGIA CHINA DE FELIPE II La vía castellana (1556-1581) ÍNDICE ABREVIATURAS......................................................................................................... i AGRADECIMIENTOS ............................................................................................... v INTRODUCCIÓN ....................................................................................................... 1 ESTADO DE CUESTIÓN ........................................................................................... 9 OBJETIVOS GENERALES ..................................................................................... 29 CRITERIOS DE LA EDICIÓN DE LOS DOCUMENTOS .................................. 31 PRIMERA PARTE LOS CONOCIMIENTOS DE FELIPE II SOBRE CHINA. LAS FUENTES HISTÓRICAS DESDE LA ANTIGÜEDAD HASTA 1556. CAPÍTULO I. CONFORMACIÓN DEL RETRATO CHINO EN EL SIGLO XVI. LA IMAGEN DE CHINA SEGÚN LAS FUENTES CLÁSICAS Y MEDIEVALES. .......................................................................................................... 35 1.1. La imagen de China en el Renacimiento y la recuperación clásica: primeras informaciones sobre los Seres ............................................................................... 38 1.2. Las transformaciones de la Edad Media sobre la imagen de China .............. 49 1.2.1. La persistencia de las noticias sobre los Seres y su producto estrella la seda ................................................................................................................ 50 1.2.2. El Extremo Oriente cristiano según la tradición occidental................. 52 1.3. La imagen china configurada por la literatura de viajes medievales ............. 61 1.3.1. Catayo: la China según la obra de Marco Polo.................................... 65 1.3.2. Noticias condensadas pero precisas sobre Cathay por el príncipe armenio Haitón de Córico ............................................................................. 67 1.3.3. El viaje inventado de Juan de Mandevilla y las noticias de Cathay .... 69 1.3.4. Los dispersos conocimientos sobre China según la literatura de viajes castellana ........................................................................................................ 71 1.3.5. Las noticias de China llegadas a Castilla a través de las obras de los viajeros venecianos del siglo XV ................................................................... 78 1.4. Conclusiones .................................................................................................. 81 LA ESTRATEGIA CHINA DE FELIPE II La vía castellana (1556-1581) CAPÍTULO II. LA MODIFICACIÓN DEL RETRATO DE CHINA: LA RUTA DESCUBIERTA POR LOS IBÉRICOS HACIA CHINA Y LA ACUMULACIÓN DE NOTICIAS SOBRE EL IMPERIO ORIENTAL. ............ 85 2.1. El comienzo de la difusión de noticias sobre "China" -ya no Catayo o Sina- en la Península ...................................................................................................... 87 2.1.1. Cristóbal Colón y la "falsa" llegada al Catayo de Gran Kan ............... 88 2.1.2. La utilización de la palabra "china" y la llegada de los portugueses al litoral chino .................................................................................................... 94 2.2. Catayo en la teoría y la práctica de las conquistas castellanas en el Nuevo Mundo ................................................................................................................... 99 2.2.1. La mención simultánea de Sina, Catayo y China en las expediciones castellanas a Oriente .................................................................................... 101 2.2.2. La evolución de los planes relativos a China a través de la legislación general sobre los descubrimientos ............................................................... 117 2.3. Las noticias de China procedentes de las obras impresas ............................ 123 2.3.1. Los portugueses: el origen más importante de las noticias sobre el mundo chino................................................................................................. 124 2.3.2. Las dispersas informaciones de China según las fuentes escritas castellanas .................................................................................................... 133 2.4. Conocimientos adquiridos a través de la educación principesca sobre China ................................................................................................................... 145 2.4.1. Conocimientos sobre Seres adquiridos a través de las obras clásicas 147 2.4.2. La mezcla de Seres y Catayo en los materiales de la Edad Media y Moderna ....................................................................................................... 153 2.5. Conclusiones ................................................................................................ 161 SEGUNDA PARTE LA POLÍTICA DE FELIPE II SOBRE CHINA. CONSIDERACIONES REGIAS DESDE LA CORONACIÓN HASTA 1581 (ANEXIÓN DE PORTUGAL). CAPÍTULO III. PRELUDIO DE LA ESTRATEGIA (1556-1572). EL NUEVO REY Y SU ACERCAMIENTO PAULATINO HACIA CHINA. .. 165 LA ESTRATEGIA CHINA DE FELIPE II La vía castellana (1556-1581) 3.1. La China se hace inteligible y penetrable como consecuencia de la conquista de las Filipinas .................................................................................................... 166 3.2. La acumulación de noticias y la evolución de la imagen China según las obras impresas ..................................................................................................... 188 3.2.1. Las noticias de China según las obras custodiadas en la Biblioteca Real y las instituciones castellanas....................................................................... 188 3.2.2. Las noticias sobre China según las obras escritas por los portugueses .................................................................................................. 195
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