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Upland Case Study

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Upland Case Study 165 Chapter 7: Upland Case Study 7.1 -Village profile 4410 Sta. Paz is one of the 30 barangay in the municipality of Matalom, Leyte. Matalom is located 159 kilometers south of Tacloban City, the provincial capital and 90 kilometers from Ormoc City, another growth center of the province. It is linked to these 4415 cities by concrete provincial roads and the Maharlika highway. Matalom has a total land area of more than 12,000 hectares and a population of about 30,200 people according to the 2000 Census. The adjacent municipality of Bato in the north and the City of Maasin in the south provide Matalom with cargo and passenger sea 4420 vessels for linking with the neighboring islands of Cebu and Bohol. Barangay Sta. Paz is located about five kilometers northeast of the town center (poblacion) of Matalom. Sta. Paz has a total land area of 1,122 hectares and consists of six sitios (zones) including the 4425 barangay proper. The major means of transportation within the barangay is the motorcycle.38 At the time of the study, the bridge linking the barangay to the town proper was under repair so four wheeled vehicles could not reach the barangay. 4430 The barangay’s landscape consists mostly of rolling hills and mountains with just a small portion of flat land. It has an elevation of between 50 and 230 meters above sea level. It has two types of soil, namely, the Maasin Clay and the Calcareous Soil. The Maasin Clay is found in the lower part of the village and has a pH value of 4435 4.5-5.2. The calcareous soil common in the upper part of the village has a pH of 8-9. It has been observed that the hilly areas are mostly infertile due to soil erosion. The Tubig-Daku River at the boundary of adjacent barangay, Templanza and Lowan, provides a potential 38 This motorcycle has no side-car or trailer (known as the ‘tricycle’ in more urbanized parts of the Philippines). It generally is a motorcycle-for-hire, also known as a habal-habal. A reinforced suspension and additional footrests are installed to facilitate the carrying of between four and six passengers (and possibly more if small children are included). 166 source of irrigation water. The main source of potable water for the 4440 barangay is ground water tapped by deep wells. The climate of Sta. Paz is characterized by rainfall that is unevenly distributed through the year. Typically a dry season occurs from late February to early May while the wet season is from 4445 September to late January. Based on 1997 records, the average maximum temperature in Sta. Paz is 33.25 degrees Celsius while the average minimum temperature is 21.65 degrees Celsius. Sta. Paz has a four kilometer all-weather and gravel barangay 4450 road that connects it to the highway. It is further connected to the town by about a kilometer of concrete road. The entire road network is maintained by the Local Government Unit (LGU) of Matalom and the barangay government. Sta. Paz gets electrical power from the Leyte Electric Cooperative. To date, however, the electrical 4455 cooperative serves only the barangay center and not all of its sitios. For potable water, the barangay has eight deep wells and a piped potable water system. At the time of the 2000 census there were 2,069 people and 4460 366 households in Sta. Paz. A decade earlier there were 2,076 people and 364 households. The average household size was around 6 persons. According to the survey in 2001 conducted for this study, there were more women than men in Sta. Paz (98 men per 100 women). The shortage of men was more pronounced for the younger 4465 working ages 15-39 years old (82 men per 100 women). The median age of the population was 20. With respect to age composition, about one third (34.6 percent) of the population was below age 15, more than half (56.5 percent) were in the working ages 15-64, and less than a tenth (8.9 percent) were 65 years old and older. The age 4470 dependency burden was 77, that is, 61 children and 16 old-age dependents per 100 persons of working age. The child-woman ratio stood at 0.50 meaning there were 50 children under five years old for every 100 women of reproductive age. 4475 For a national comparison of age-dependency burden from the 1995 census, the Philippines was 72.2 (66 young dependents and 6 old-age dependents). For Leyte province, it is estimated to be 83.4. 167 Hence the Sta. Paz figure is slightly higher than the national average in 1995 and lower than the provincial figure. 4480 Typically, the household head in Sta. Paz and his/her spouse was around 49 years old. About half of their children were aged 20 and below, and again another half of these were between 0 and 9 years, inclusive. The majority of household heads and their spouses 4485 have had at least five years of elementary education, although more wives than husbands have had secondary education. Their children generally had completed elementary education (up to Grade 6). The survey also revealed that one out of every four family 4490 members had migrated out of Sta. Paz. The median age of these out- migrants was 31 years. Most out-migrants (58.2 percent) were males which explains the low sex ratio of the barangay. On average, migrants had completed seven years of formal education (up to first year high school). Most migrants left the barangay to work in the 4495 cities as factory workers, house helpers, drivers and construction workers. Migrants prefer to work in Cebu and Manila. Nearly all household heads in Sta. Paz are males; only six percent of them are females. Eight out of every ten heads of 4500 households are working in agriculture, the lowest participation of household heads in agriculture among the four case study areas. Some 21.3 percent of household heads do not work in agriculture. Female heads of households, in particular, are less likely than male heads to be in agriculture. Moreover, if the household head is not in 4505 agriculture, neither is any other person in the household.39 This relatively low rate of agricultural participation compared with other study areas is indicative of the low returns to agriculture in this area and does not reflect on the availability, locally, of alternative laboring opportunities; people are either 4510 unemployed/underemployed or rely heavily on remittances. As observed above, one-third of the population is under 15 years of age and the youth dependency ratio is 61. It is not surprising 39 This description of the nature of agricultural participation of the household head and, subsequently, by other members of the household is patterned after an index devised by Collomb (2000) and described in Chapter 2. 168 therefore that a fairly significant number of farming households in 4515 Sta. Paz are in the early or middle stages of the family life cycle: both husband and wife are working in agriculture, have young children (under 15 years old) but no elderly persons (65 and older) living in the household (this is the case for 31.9 percent of households), or the farm couple may have neither children nor old 4520 people living with them in the household (17.0 percent). It is possible that in the latter case teenage children may have left the village to study or to work elsewhere. 7.2 - Land ownership 4525 Most lands are either owned by the father or are conjugal property of the couple. Generally, only a few women own land in the community. The area of the land owned by women is at most 1.5 hectares. Almost all of the respondents said that buying land 10 4530 years ago was quiet easy compared with now. The usual price of upland land 10 years ago was only about P29,000 a hectare. Some respondents, however, said that it was also difficult to find such an amount a decade ago. The price of an upland farm is now about P60,000 per hectare. To put this and other monetary figures in 4535 context, 10 years ago the peso/dollar rate was approximately US$1 to P27, versus the current P52 to the dollar. Inflation has ranged from slightly over 10 percent per year to as low as two percent per year since the mid-1990s with a mean of close to six percent. 4540 7.3 - Income generating The average total household income from crop production was P4,723 per annum while income from livestock production was P5,976. The total income from other sources was quite high at 4545 P31,513. Other income sources included small businesses, remittances from children working in other places, regular wages or salaries, and other informal and temporary laboring opportunities. The average total annual income was P33,193. 4550 169 7.4 - Education and Institutions The barangay has a public elementary school providing 4555 complete elementary education to about 300 pupils (grades one through six).40 The school has seven classrooms and eight teachers. The nearest secondary schools are the Matalom National Vocational School, Bato School of Fisheries and the Saint Joseph Academy (in town centre of Matalom) which are on the average located eight 4560 kilometers from the barangay. Post secondary and tertiary education may be obtained in schools and colleges outside of Matalom, for example at the Sogod School of Arts and Trades in Sogod, Southern Leyte; Saint Joseph College in Maasin, Southern Leyte; Bato Maritime Institute in Bato, Leyte; and, the prestigious LSU in 4565 Baybay, Leyte.
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