DOCSLIB.ORG

For Peer Review Only

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
For Peer Review Only Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association For Peer Review Only Receptor model source attributions for Utah’s Salt Lake City airshed and the impacts of wintertime secondary ammonium nitrate and ammonium chloride aerosol Journal: Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association Manuscript ID: Draft Manuscript Type: Technical Paper Date Submitted by the Author: n/a Complete List of Authors: Kelly, Kerry; University of Utah, ICSE Kotchenruther, Robert; US Environmental Protection Agency Region 10, Office of Environmental Assessment Kuprov, Roman; Utah Division of Air Quality, Silcox, Geoffrey; University of Utah, Chemical Engineering Keywords: Particulate Matter, Source apportionment, PM2.5 Abstract: Source attribution, PM2.5, cold pool, nonattainment, inversion http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/jawma Email: [email protected] Page 1 of 51 Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association 1 2 3 IMPLICATIONS 4 5 6 The study suggests that secondary ammonium chloride aerosol can be a significant source of 7 8 wintertime PM 2.5 in an ammonia-rich environment, like the Wasatch Front, if sufficient sources 9 10 of atmospheric chlorine exist. During winter-time, cold-air-pool events, the source attribution 11 results generally agree with the county emission inventories with the exception of wood smoke 12 13 and cooking sources. In Salt Lake City, the estimated contributions from wood smoke and 14 For Peer Review Only 15 cooking are nearly double those of the corresponding inventory, suggesting that they are nearly 16 17 as important as gasoline emissions at this monitoring station. 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 1 http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/jawma Email: [email protected] Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association Page 2 of 51 1 2 3 Title: Receptor model source attributions for Utah’s Salt Lake City airshed and the 4 5 impacts of wintertime secondary ammonium nitrate and ammonium chloride aerosol 6 7 a b c a 8 Kerry E. Kelly , Robert Kotchenruther , Roman Kuprov , Geoffrey D. Silcox 9 10 a Dept. of Chemical Engineering, University of Utah, 380 INSCC, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, 11 12 USA, [email protected]; (801) 587 7601 (tel); (801) 585-9291 (fax) 13 Corresponding author 14 b U.S. EPA Region-10For Office Peer of Environmental Review Assessment, 1200 Only Sixth Avenue, Suite 900, OEA- 15 16 095,Seattle, WA, 98101-3140, USA 17 [email protected]; (206) 553-6218 (tel) 18 c Utah Division of Air Quality, 195 North 1950 West, Salt Lake City, UT, 84116, USA 19 20 [email protected]; 801-536-4254 (tel); 801-536-0601 (fax) 21 d Dept. of Chemical Engineering, University of Utah, 3290 MEB, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, 22 USA, [email protected]; (801) 581-8820 (tel); (801) 585-9291 (fax) 23 24 25 ABSTRACT 26 27 28 Communities along Utah’s Wasatch Front are currently developing strategies to reduce daily 29 average PM 2.5 levels to below National Ambient Air Quality Standards during wintertime, 30 31 persistent, multi-day stable atmospheric conditions or cold-air pools. Speciated PM 2.5 data from 32 33 the Wasatch Front airshed indicates that wintertime exceedances of the PM 2.5 standard are 34 35 mainly driven by high levels of ammonium nitrate. Stable wintertime conditions foster the 36 formation of ammonium nitrate aerosol, if there are sufficient sources of NOx, ammonia, and 37 38 oxidative capacity. However, this work demonstrates that secondary ammonium chloride aerosol 39 40 can also be a significant source of secondary wintertime PM 2.5 if sufficient sources of 41 42 atmospheric chlorine exist. Two factor analysis techniques, positive matrix factorization (PMF) 43 44 and Unmix, were used to identify contributors to PM2.5 at three monitoring stations along Utah’s 45 Wasatch Front: Bountiful, Lindon, and Salt Lake City. The monitoring data included chemically 46 47 speciated PM 2.5 data for 227, 227, and 429 days at each location, respectively, during the period 48 49 from May 2007 through May 2011. PMF identified 10 – 12 factors, and Unmix identified 4 - 5 50 51 factors for each of the locations. The wintertime PMF and Unmix results showed large 52 contributions from secondary PM when PM concentrations exceeded 20 µg/m 3. PMF 53 2.5 2.5 54 identified both ammonium nitrate and ammonium chloride aerosol as significant secondary 55 56 contributors to PM 2.5 (10%-15% of total PM 2.5 from ammonium chloride) during wintertime 57 58 pollution episodes. Subsequent ion balance analysis of the monitoring data confirmed the 59 60 1 http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/jawma Email: [email protected] Page 3 of 51 Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association 1 2 3 presence of significant ammonium chloride aerosol on these highly polluted days at all three 4 5 monitoring sites. The primary PM 2.5 portion of the source attribution results were further 6 7 compared to county-level emissions inventories and showed generally good agreement for Salt 8 9 Lake City and Lindon during wintertime except for wood smoke and fugitive dust, which have 10 11 higher contributions in the receptor modeling results than in the emissions inventories. 12 13 IMPLICATIONS 14 For Peer Review Only 15 16 The study suggests that secondary ammonium chloride aerosol can be a significant source of 17 18 wintertime PM 2.5 in an ammonia-rich environment, like the Wasatch Front, if sufficient sources 19 of atmospheric chlorine exist. During winter-time, cold-air-pool events, the source attribution 20 21 results generally agree with the county emission inventories with the exception of wood smoke 22 23 and cooking sources. In Salt Lake City, the estimated contributions from wood smoke and 24 25 cooking are nearly double those of the corresponding inventory, suggesting that they are nearly 26 27 as important as gasoline emissions at this monitoring station. 28 29 30 INTRODUCTION 31 32 Exposure to fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 , particles with an aerodynamic diameter <2.5 µm) has 33 34 been linked to adverse human health effects, including increases in cardiovascular and 35 36 pulmonary disease (Baliff et al., 2000; Nicolai et al., 2003), and morbidity and mortality 37 (Dockery et al., 1993; Pope et al., 1991). PM also contributes to impaired visibility (Watson 38 2.5 39 2002) and changes in the global radiative balance (Chung and Seinfeld, 2002). In 2006, EPA 40 3 41 issued an updated 24-hour standard for PM 2.5 of 35 µg/m , and as a result in 2009 they declared 42 43 three regions in northern Utah along the Wasatch Front as nonattainment areas for 24-hr average 44 PM . The state of Utah is currently developing a plan to bring the PM concentrations to 45 2.5 2.5 46 attainment levels. 47 48 49 50 The Wasatch Front typically experiences elevated levels of PM 2.5 during wintertime, when high- 51 52 pressure weather systems and a high solar zenith angle lead to cold-air pools that periodically 53 trap aerosols in mountain valleys. These elevated PM 2.5 levels cause adverse health effects 54 55 locally. For example, the State of Utah found that the odds of an emergency department visit in 56 th th 57 Salt Lake County, with a primary diagnosis of asthma, are 42% greater during the 5 – 7 days 58 59 60 2 http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/jawma Email: [email protected] Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association Page 4 of 51 1 2 3 of prolonged inversions than for non-inversion days (UDAQ, 2010). During a particularly 4 3 5 extreme cold-air pool event in 2004 PM 2.5 concentrations exceeded 100 µg/m (Malek et al., 6 7 2006), while more recent maximum concentrations have been in the range of 50 – 70 µg/m 3. 8 9 10 11 Several previous studies have examined the sources of fine particulate matter along the Wasatch 12 Front; however, compared to this work these studies used data that spanned a brief time period, 13 14 on the order ofFor weeks.. Hansen Peer et al. (2010) Review collected speciated hourlyOnly PM 2.5 data at the Utah 15 16 Division of Air Quality (UDAQ) Lindon air monitoring station for 10 days during the winter of 17 18 2007 and performed a source apportionment study using the Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) 19 model. Their model results identified the following four primary sources: mobile diesel, mobile 20 21 gasoline, wood smoke, road dust and the following secondary sources: sulfate, nitrate, organic 22 23 matter, and aged wood smoke. Grover et al. (2006) performed an intensive air monitoring 24 25 campaign in August 2002 at the UDAQ Lindon air monitoring station and complementary source 26 apportionment using the Unmix model. From this small sample set, they found three main 27 28 contributors to PM 2.5 : gasoline emissions, diesel emissions, and secondary aerosols. Their 29 30 analysis did not include inorganic species, so it is not surprising that they did not identify sources 31 32 of crustal material. The limited duration of these previous studies makes it difficult to draw 33 34 general conclusions about the sources of fine particulate matter along the Wasatch Front. 35 36 37 This study investigates the sources of PM 2.5 impacting three monitoring sites along the Wasatch 38 39 Front using ambient data collected from 2007 to 2011. Source apportionment is performed using 40 41 two receptor models, PMF and Unmix, and model results are compared to each other as well as 42 to emissions inventories.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Fugitive Slaves and the Legal Regulation of Black Mississippi River Crossing, 1804–1860
    Strengthening Slavery’s Border, Undermining Slavery: Fugitive Slaves and the Legal Regulation of Black Mississippi River Crossing, 1804–1860 BY JESSE NASTA 16 | The Confluence | Spring/Summer 2017 In 1873, formerly enslaved St. Louisan James master’s consent, or of the passenger’s free status, P. Thomas applied for a United States passport. persisted until the Civil War.3 After collecting the passport at his attorney’s office, Yet, while the text of the Missouri statute Thomas hurried home “to take a look at it” because remained fairly constant, its meaning changed over he had “never expected to see” his name on such a the six tumultuous decades between the Louisiana document. He marveled that this government-issued Purchase and the Civil War because virtually passport gave him “the right to travel where he everything else in this border region changed. The choose [sic] and under the protection of the American former Northwest Territory, particularly Illinois, flag.” As Thomas recalled in his 1903 autobiography, was by no means an automatic destination for those he spent “most of the night trying to realize the great escaping slavery. For at least four decades after the change that time had wrought.” As a free African Northwest Ordinance of 1787 nominally banned American in 1850s St. Louis, he had been able to slavery from this territory, the enslavement and cross the Mississippi River to Illinois only when trafficking of African Americans persisted there. “known to the officers of the boat” or if “two or three Although some slaves risked escape to Illinois, reliable citizens made the ferry company feel they enslaved African Americans also escaped from this were taking no risk in carrying me into a free state.”1 “free” jurisdiction, at least until the 1830s, as a result.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 United States District Court
    UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT EASTERN DISTRICT OF TENNESSEE AT CHATTANOOGA JAMES A. BARNETT, ) ) Plaintiff,) v. ) No. 1:06-cv-235 ) Edgar/Lee LENDA CLARK; KEN COX; ) DEPUTY SILER; SHERIFF BILLY LONG; ) JIM HART, CHIEF OF CORRECTIONS; ) HAMILTON DISTRICT ATTORNEY BILL ) COX; ) ) Defendants. ) MEMORANDUM James A. Barnett ("Plaintiff"), a former Tennessee inmate brings this pro se complaint for damages pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983, contending that he was illegally extradited to Tennessee in violation of his constitutional rights. Plaintiff has been released and now resides in Georgia (Court File # 67). The defendants are Lt. Lenda Clark ("Lt. Clark"), Ken Cox ("Deputy Cox"), Deputy Siler ("Deputy Siler"), Sheriff Billy Long ("Sheriff Long"), and Jim Hart, Chief of Corrections at Hamilton County Jail ("Chief Hart"). Hamilton County District Attorney Bill Cox was dismissed from this litigation by previous Order of this Court (Court File #53). Plaintiff asserts Defendants violated his constitutional rights when they extradited him from Georgia to Tennessee in absence of a signed Governor's extradition warrant, wavier of extradition rights, or habeas hearing. Plaintiff contends he is entitled to damages for these constitutional violations. Defendants contend that a violation of the procedures provided in the Uniform Criminal 1 Case 1:06-cv-00235 Document 76 Filed 01/22/08 Page 1 of 21 PageID #: <pageID> Extradition Act (“UCEA”), codified in Tennessee at Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-9-101 et. seq.1 does not create a cognizable constitutional claim under § 1983 in the Sixth Circuit and the release of Plaintiff in September of 2006 to the Hamilton County Sheriff’s Department is governed by the UCEA.
    [Show full text]
  • The Fugitive
    LEVEL 3 Teacher’s notes Teacher Support Programme The Fugitive J. M. Dillard Chapter 1: On the night of his hospital’s fund-raising EASYSTARTS party, there is an intruder in Kimble’s house and his wife Helen is shot and killed. Chapter 2: Kimble sees the intruder briefly, and notices LEVEL 2 that he has an artificial arm, before the intruder knocks him out and escapes into the night. Kimble is arrested for the murder of his wife. With no evidence to support his LEVEL 3 story, he cannot prove his innocence and he is sentenced to death. Chapter 3: On the way to the state prison, however, LEVEL 4 Kimble escapes. He runs into the darkness, determined to look for the man with one arm. About the TV series and film Chapter 4: Detective Gerard and his team start to chase LEVEL 5 Kimble. Kimble is nearly caught in a tunnel, but he escapes The book The Fugitive is based on the screenplay of the again by jumping into the Tennessee River far below. extremely successful film The Fugitive, which was released in 1993. The film was based on the TV series The Fugitive, Chapter 5: Kimble manages to get back to Chicago. He LEVEL 6 an American series starring David Janssen. It was shown wants some help from his friends, but only Nichols helps in many countries for four years, from 1963 to 1967. him. Kimble, a doctor, is looking for the killer of his wife. He Chapter 6: Kimble disguises himself as a cleaner and finds is being chased by the police, who think he killed her.
    [Show full text]
  • IN the SUPREME COURT of IOWA Supreme Court No
    IN THE SUPREME COURT OF IOWA Supreme Court No. 16-1544 STATE OF IOWA, Plaintiff-Appellee, vs. MICHAEL JEFFERSON, Defendant-Appellant. APPEAL FROM THE IOWA DISTRICT COURT FOR SCOTT COUNTY THE HONORABLE MARLITA A. GREVE, JUDGE APPELLEE’S BRIEF THOMAS J. MILLER Attorney General of Iowa SHARON K. HALL Assistant Attorney General Hoover State Office Building, 2nd Floor Des Moines, Iowa 50319 (515) 281-5976 (515) 281-4902 (fax) [email protected] MICHAEL J. WALTON Scott County Attorney ELECTRONICALLY FILED MAY 18, 2017 CLERK OF SUPREME COURT ATTORNEYS FOR PLAINTIFF-APPELLEE FINAL 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF AUTHORITIES.................................................................. 4 STATEMENT OF THE ISSUES PRESENTED FOR REVIEW ............ 9 ROUTING STATEMENT .................................................................... 13 STATEMENT OF THE CASE.............................................................. 14 ARGUMENT ....................................................................................... 19 I. The District Court Did Not Err in Failing to Grant Jefferson’s Request for Appointment of Counsel to Assist with His Motion for Correction of an Illegal Sentence. No Constitutional or Statutory Right to Counsel Attached Upon the Filing of a Motion Challenging a Section 903B.1 Special Sentence. ........ 19 A. Statutory Right. ................................................................... 22 B. Constitutional Rights. ......................................................... 28 C. Iowa Constitution. ...............................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Fugitive Migration Patterns
    FUGITIVE MIGRATION PATTERNS Darcy Kim Rossmo B.A., University of Saskatchewan, 1978 THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT.OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF M.A. (CRIMINOLOGY) in the School of Criminology @ Darcy Kim Rossmo 1987 SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY August 1987 . All rights reserved. This work may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, without permission of the author. APPROVAL Name: Darcy Kim Rossmo Degree: M.A. (Criminology) Title of thesis: Fugitive Migration Patterns Examining Committee: Chairman : Robert J. Menzies John Lowman Senior Supervisor - ,,, , JQ~H-w.~~stede- ~hdrtern- Frofessor, School of Criminology Date Approved: August, 1987 PARTIAL COPYRIGHT LICENSE I hereby grant to Simon Fraser University the right to lend my thesis, project or extended essay (the title of which is shown below) to users of the Simon Fraser University Library, and to make partial or single copies only for such users or in response to a request from the library of any other university, or other educational institution, on its own behalf or for one of its users. I further agree that permission for multiple copying of this work for scholarly purposes may be granted by me or the Dean of Graduate Studies. It is understood that copying or publication of this work for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Fugitive Migration Patterns Author: (signature) Darcy Kim Rossmo (name (date) ABSTRACT The vast majority of accused adults in Canada are released through a variety of legal processes at some point prior to the final disposition of their cases.
    [Show full text]
  • Sword Or Shield: Due Process and the Fugitive Disentitlement Doctrine Martha B
    Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology Volume 87 Article 4 Issue 3 Spring Spring 1997 Sword or Shield: Due Process and the Fugitive Disentitlement Doctrine Martha B. Stolley Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/jclc Part of the Criminal Law Commons, Criminology Commons, and the Criminology and Criminal Justice Commons Recommended Citation Martha B. Stolley, Sword or Shield: Due Process and the Fugitive Disentitlement Doctrine, 87 J. Crim. L. & Criminology 751 (1996-1997) This Supreme Court Review is brought to you for free and open access by Northwestern University School of Law Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology by an authorized editor of Northwestern University School of Law Scholarly Commons. 00914169/96/8703-0751 TnEJOURNAL OF CRIMINAL LAW & CRIMINOLOGY Vol. 87, No. 3 Copyright © 1997 by Northwestern University, School of Law Prnted in U.S.A. SWORD OR SHIELD: DUE PROCESS AND THE FUGITIVE DISENTITLEMENT DOCTRINE Degen v. United States, 116 S. Ct. 1777 (1996) I. INTRODUCTION In Degen v. United States,' the United States Supreme Court ad- dressed whether to expand the fugitive disentitlement doctrine2 be- yond its traditional criminal appeals setting to the context of civil forfeiture.3 The Court unanimously ruled that a person who is a fugi- tive from justice on a criminal charge is not barred from defending against a civil action brought by the Government to confiscate his property.4 In refusing to extend the doctrine to the
    [Show full text]
  • Iowa and the Underground Railroad
    Iowa and the Underground Railroad Iowa played an important role in antislavery and Underground Railroad activity It’s still surprising to many Iowans to learn that the state's earliest settlers played in important role in antislavery and Underground Railroad efforts in the years leading up to the Civil War. Though slaves were escaping and being helped to freedom from the early days of slavery in the United States, the phenomena known as the Underground Railroad lasted from about 1830 to 1861. Neither underground or an actual railroad, the term alluded to a loose network of sympathetic individuals and groups that were willing to risk life and liberty to help these fugitive slaves as they headed for the free states of the North and Canada. Antislavery and underground railroad participants who operated north-of-the-border states knew Iowa as their westernmost free-state link. The risks of this already dangerous activity of helping escapees increased on September 18, 1850 when the United States Congress passed the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850. It required the United States government to aid in returning escaped slaves and punish those who hindered it. Nevertheless, a number of Iowa's earliest settlers, often motivated by religious convictions and a marked appreciation of the principles of individual rights and personal liberty, provided shelter, transport, and material support for the travelers on this trail to freedom. The State Historical Society of Iowa conducted historical research and fieldwork through the Iowa Freedom Trail Project. This project sought to document Underground Railroad activities throughout Iowa by identifying individuals and groups who were involved with these activities and the places where these events occurred in Iowa.
    [Show full text]
  • Case 1:14-Cv-00559-JL Document 12 Filed 04/06/15 Page 1 of 7
    Case 1:14-cv-00559-JL Document 12 Filed 04/06/15 Page 1 of 7 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF NEW HAMPSHIRE Leonard Wyatt Rowe, III v. Civil No. 14-cv-559-JL State of New Hampshire REPORT AND RECOMMENDATION Pro se plaintiff Leonard Wyatt Rowe, III, proceeding in forma pauperis, has filed a complaint (doc. no. 1), which is before the court for preliminary review, pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2) and LR 4.3(d)(2), alleging violations of his Sixth Amendment right to counsel in a criminal proceeding. Rowe has also filed a motion for court-appointed counsel (doc. no. 3). Background Rowe, a Florida resident, alleges that: there were criminal threatening misdemeanor charges filed against him in New Hampshire in 2004; that there is an outstanding fugitive warrant seeking his arrest on those charges; and that there are warrants for his arrest in the possession of several police departments in New Hampshire, including the Concord Police Department. Rowe further asserts that, in September 2014, he mailed a letter from Florida to the New Hampshire 6th Circuit Court, District Case 1:14-cv-00559-JL Document 12 Filed 04/06/15 Page 2 of 7 Division, Concord, New Hampshire, requesting that the state court appoint counsel to represent him to challenge the outstanding warrants pending against him. Rowe states that the state court did not respond to his request. Rowe asserts that he filed a judicial misconduct complaint in New Hampshire relating to the state court’s failure to respond to his request for court-appointed counsel.
    [Show full text]
  • A Historical/Critical Analysis of the Tv Series the Fugitive
    A HISTORICAL/CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE TV SERIES THE FUGITIVE THESIS Presented to the Graduate Council of the University of North Texas in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE By David P. Pierson, B.S. Denton, Texas May, 1993 Pierson, David P., A Historical/Critical Analysis Of The TV Series The Fugitive. Master of Science (Radio/TV/Film), May 1993, 168 pp., bibliography, 70 titles. In many respects, the popular 1960's television series, The Fugitive perfectly captured the swelling disillusionment with authority, alienation, and discontent that soon encompassed American society. This historical/critical study provides a broad overview of the economic, social, and political climate that surrounded the creation of The Fugitive. The primary focus of this study is the analysis of five discursive topics (individualism, marriage, justice & authority, professionalism, science and technology) within selected episodes and to show how they relate to broader cultural debates which occurred at that time. Finally, this study argues that The Fui1gitive is a part of a television adventure subgenre which we may classify as the contemporary "wanderer-hero" narrative and traces its evolution through selected television series from the last three decades. TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page I. INTRODUCTION . 1 The Sixties The Emergence of a Television Culture The Fugitive Notes on Methodology II. THE TV INDUSTRY AND THE FUGITIVE . 26 The Great Shift ABC-TV Network and the Creation of The Fugitive 60's Programming Trends and The Fugitive III. THE DISCURSIVE FUGITIVE . 70 Individualism Marriage Justice and Authority Professionalism Science and Technology Conclusion IV.
    [Show full text]
  • The Fugitive Slave Act of 1850: the Tipping Point
    The Fugitive Slave Act of 1850: The Tipping Point During the Antebellum period, tensions between the Northern and Southern regions of the United States escalated due to debates over slavery and states’ rights. These disagreements between the North and South set the stage for the Civil War in 1861. Following the end of the Mexican-American War in 1848, the United States acquired 500,000 square miles of land from Mexico and the question of whether slavery would be allowed in the territory was debated between the North and South. As a solution, Congress ultimately passed the The Compromise of 1850. The Compromise resulted in California joining the Union as a free state and slavery in the territories of New Mexico, Nevada, Arizona and Utah, to be determined by popular sovereignty. In order to placate the Southern States, the Fugitive Slave Act was put into place to appease the Southerners and to prevent secession. This legislation allowed the federal government to deputize Northerners to capture and return escaped slaves to their owners in the South. Although the Fugitive Slave Act was well intentioned, the plan ultimately backfired. The Fugitive Slave Act fueled the Abolitionist Movement in the North and this angered the South. The enforcement of the Fugitive Slave Act increased the polarization of the North and South and served as a catalyst to events which led to the outbreak of the Civil War. The Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 brought into sharp focus old differences between the North and South and empowered the Anti-Slavery movement. Prior to the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850, the Act of 1793 was passed and this allowed for slave owners to enter free states to capture escaped slaves.
    [Show full text]
  • James D. Perron V. Lisa Menard, Commissioner
    NOTICE: This opinion is subject to motions for reargument under V.R.A.P. 40 as well as formal revision before publication in the Vermont Reports. Readers are requested to notify the Reporter of Decisions by email at: [email protected] or by mail at: Vermont Supreme Court, 109 State Street, Montpelier, Vermont 05609-0801, of any errors in order that corrections may be made before this opinion goes to press. 2017 VT 50 No. 2017-110 James D. Perron Supreme Court On Appeal from v. Superior Court, Rutland Unit, Civil Division Lisa Menard, Commissioner May Term, 2017 Helen M. Toor, J. Matthew F. Valerio, Defender General, and Dawn Matthews, Appellate Defender, Montpelier, for Plaintiff-Appellant. David Tartter, Deputy State’s Attorney, Montpelier, for Defendant-Appellee. PRESENT: Reiber, C.J., Skoglund, Robinson, Eaton and Carroll, JJ. ¶ 1. CARROLL, J. The State of New York seeks to extradite petitioner James Perron, alleging that he has a sentence to serve in that state following his conviction for grand larceny. Petitioner was initially detained on a prerequisition warrant, but Vermont’s Governor has since issued two separate warrants for petitioner’s arrest. The first authorized petitioner’s arrest as a fugitive charged by New York with grand larceny who fled justice in that state and is currently in Vermont. The second states that petitioner escaped confinement and failed to report for service of the sentence imposed by New York. The trial court denied petitioner’s prerequisition writ of habeas corpus and subsequently also denied his challenge to the Governor’s warrants. Petitioner now appeals the trial court’s ruling.
    [Show full text]
  • The Fugitive Slave Act of 1850: Symbolic Gesture Or Rational Guarantee?
    The Fugitive Slave Act of 1850: Symbolic Gesture or Rational Guarantee? Jeffrey Rogers Hummel and Barry R. Weingast January 2006 -0- Fugitive Slave Act 1. Introduction Why did Southerners seek a new fugitive slave act as part of the Compromise of 1850? What did the act materially contribute to the protection of the South's "peculiar institution"? Historians generally have been quite coy about describing southern motives for demanding the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850. Yet the passage of the fugitive slave act as part of the compromise remains a puzzle for several reasons. First, the compromise's admittance of California not merely tipped the U.S. Senate's sectional balance between free and slave states against slaveholders but did so in a way that, ex post, proved to be permanent. The free territories of Minnesota and Oregon would be applying for statehood within a decade. True, to offset California, the compromise opened the Utah and New Mexico territories to slavery under the aegis of popular sovereignty, but few anticipated that slaveholders would be able to take full advantage of this concession in those arid lands. This led one historian, William W. Freehling (1994, p. 170), to conclude, "southern congressmen surrendered California to the North in exchange for a new Fugitive Slave Law." Second, the measure seemed so obviously proslavery, in a draconian fashion, that many appear to believe that southern demands required no explanation at all. Often general surveys, such as David M. Potter's classic, The Impending Crisis (1976; pp. 112-3, 130-40; see also McPherson 1982, pp.
    [Show full text]