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131. Los Llanos: Llanos Orientales

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131. Los Llanos: Llanos Orientales www.fundacionempresaspolar.org UNIDAD NATURAL 5 3 – Fundación Empresas Polar Apartado postal 70934, Los Ruices Caracas 1071–A,Venezuela 0 0110 5 74 – Los Llanos J RIF paisaje natural Llanos orientales Los Llanos orientales ocupan el 88,7% del estado Anzoátegui y el 92% lámina131 de Monagas. Están separados de los Llanos centrales por la depresión Producción general: Investigación ( lám. 131): de Unare, una cuenca sedimentaria que por su localización y relieve Ediciones Fundación Empresas Polar Mary Cruz Fajardo y Nelson Olmos Concepción de las estrategias de forma parte de esta subregión. A través de esta cuenca los Llanos orientales edición gráfica y proyecto de diseño: tienen salida al mar Caribe, mientras que el delta del Orinoco le ofrece VACA Visión Alternativa conexión con el océano Atlántico. Por su ubicación intermedia, estos llanos conectan la región centro oriental del país con la unidad natural Guayana, de gran relevancia por sus recursos minerales e hidroeléctricos. Hacia la parte norte del estado Anzoátegui existen importantes centros poblados, dinamizados por una economía petrolera y turística. En Monagas, el límite norte llega hasta el piedemonte de la serranía de Turimiquire, mientras que al sur se encuentra SITUACIÓN ASTRONÓMICA el escudo de Guayana. Ambos estados alojan parte de la Faja Petrolífera del Orinoco. LATITUD NORTE 07o 40’y 10o 14’ Esta intensa variación geográfica consolida un valioso patrimonio natural LONGITUD OESTE o o en estos llanos cálidos y de copiosas riquezas. 62 00’ y 65 42’ o o o o o 66 65 64 63 62 NOROESTE NORTE NORESTE MAR C ARIBE Límites estadales y fronterizos N NORTE estado ANZOÁTEGUI estado MONAGAS estado SUCRE GRANADA Isla o SUR 12 Archipiélago La Blanquilla estado BOLÍVAR de La Orchila Archipiélago ESTE Archipiélago de L os Roques Los Hermanos estado DELTA AMACURO Archipiélago de Los Testigos OESTE Isla La Sola NUEVA ESPARTA estado Archipiélago GUÁRICO Isla de Margarita de Los Frailes 11o TRINIDAD Isla La Tortuga Isla Coche Estado Anzoátegui VARGAS Isla Cubagua Población Población total (2001): 1 323 655 habitantes FOSA DE CARIACO SUCRE Población proyectada 2010 GOLFO DE PARIA (con base en censo 2001): 1 550 581 habitantes MIRANDA Densidad poblacional 2010: 35,8 habitantes por km² ESTE o Tasa de crecimiento geométrico (1990-2001): 4 % 10 Clima OESTE 2827 3715 Estación Meteorológica El Tigre Altitud: 265 msnm ANZOÁTEGUI Temperatura media anual (1993–2002): 21,8oC MONAGAS Precipitación media anual (1993–2002): 84,17 mm DELTA AMACURO Estado Monagas LLANOS ORIENTALES o Población 3901 9 3715 Población total (2001): 744 615 habitantes Población proyectada 2010 (con base en censo 2001): 908 626 habitantes GUÁRICO Densidad poblacional 2010: 31,4 habitantes por km² Tasa de crecimiento geométrico (1990–2001): 2 % LOCALIZACIÓN Clima DE LA UNIDAD LOS LLANOS ORIENTALES o 2827 Estación Meteorológica Maturín O 8 C UNIDAD NATURAL Altitud: 65 msnm O LOS ANDES I N Temperatura media anual (1999–2003): 26,3oC R Í O O R ZONA DE LÍMITES Precipitación media anual (1999–2003): 1 301 mm EN DISCUSIÓN BOLÍVAR ESTACIÓN 3901 Estación Meteorológica Temblador METEOROLÓGICA Altitud: 30 msnm •••••••••• LÍMITE ESTADAL Temperatura media anual (2003): 26,5oC Fuente: Adaptado de José Arismendi Precipitación media anual (1999–2003): 1130 mm Fundación Empresas Polar (2011), GeoVenezuela, Apéndice cartográfico. Fuentes: Fundación Empresas Polar (2008–2009), GeoVenezuela, tomos 5 y 6; www.ine.gov.ve; INE (2005) y www.inameh.gob.ve SUROESTE SUR SURESTE Escala 1:3.316.000 0 50 100 200 km Situación relativa de la unidad natural MAR CARIBE Los Llanos orientales 28 90 0 km² OCÉANO ANZOÁTEGUI Capital Maturín ATLANTICO Superficie total del estado 4 3 3 0 0 km² 92 % Capital Barcelona n zona en reclamació 88,7 % Superficie que ocupa colombia la unidad natural en el estado MONAGAS brasil Nota: Los datos de superficie no incluyen las zonas de superposición de límites. La Faja Petrolífera del Orinoco y su petróleo Para su exploración y explotación El petróleo que aquí se encuentra es de tipo pesado y Litoven Caracas, 2012 Caracas, Litoven esta faja se ha dividido en extrapesado (entre 8 y 10 grados API*); es decir, pesa más que C . A . cuatro grandes áreas, de oeste a este: el agua. En su medio fluye sin dificultad, pero en contacto 1 2 3 4 con la superficie, donde cambian la temperatura y la 1 Boyacá presión atmosférica, el petróleo se vuelve altamente pastoso 1 Impreso por Impreso 1 – 2 Junín como un bitumen. A pesar de que el crudo extrapesado es más 308 – 3 Ayacucho difícil de procesar, hoy en día existe la tecnología para 379 – convertirlo en un petróleo con características similares a las 980 – faja petrolífera del orinoco 4 Carabobo de los más livianos. *La gravedad API (American Petroleum Institute) De acuerdo con esta medida, Livianos: Por encima de 30 grados API es la convención utilizada para medir la densidad del los crudos se clasifican Medianos: Entre 22 y 30 grados API petróleo, es decir, para saber si es más de la siguiente manera: Pesados: Entre 10 y 22 grados API liviano o más pesado en relación con el agua. Extrapesados: Por debajo de 10 grados API Depósito legal If 2592012912767If legal ISBNDepósito 978 .
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