“PRIMATES, ECOLOGY, AND CONSERVATION IN ” Tuanan Biological Research Station, Halimun National Park, Jogjakarta, Seribu Islands Summer 2018

Erin R. Vogel, Ph.D. Jito Sugardjito, Ph.D Associate Professor Director Department of Anthropology Office of International Cooperation 307 Biological Sciences Building E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected]

Sri Suci Utami Altmoko, Ph.D Astri Zulfa, MA Lecturer Lecturer and Project Manager Department of Biology Department of Biology Universitas Nasional Jakarta Universitas Nasional Jakarta E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected]

Tatang Mitra Setia, Ph.D. Rebecca Brittain, MS Lecturer PhD Candidate Department of Biology Department of Anthropology Universitas Nasional Jakarta 310 Biological Sciences Building E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected]

Ratna Imoetz, BS Kristana Makur (Nando), BS Teaching Assistant Teaching Assistant Department of Biology Department of Biology Universitas Nasional Jakarta Universitas Nasional Jakarta

COURSE INFORMATION

Credits 6 credits

Prerequisites The course requires 01:070:212 The Life of Primates, an introductory ecology course or the equivalent as determined by the instructors. Students must apply to enroll in this course and participation is conditioned on the approval of the instructor.

Requirements Filled by the Course This course fills the Primatology requirement of the Evolutionary Anthropology major.

Course Description and Objectives This program offers a unique opportunity for students to gain a hands-on immersive educational experience within Indonesia. The program will consist of two courses:

Page 1 of 9 “Advanced Primate Behavior and Ecology” and “Applied Conservation and Ecosystem Management,” each approximately 10 days in duration. The first course will take place at Tuanan Biological Research Station in Central on the island of Borneo. Students will learn how to collect behavioral data on wild orangutans, quantify habitat characteristics, collect biological samples, use GPS units and GIS software to generate maps, and analyze and summarize data in the form of a scientific report. While in Borneo, students will also visit Nyaru Menteng, a rehabilitation center for orangutans that have been displaced from their habitat or rescued from the illegal pet trade.

The second course will take place in Halimun Salak Nasional Park in West and the Seribu Islands and will present big-picture issues in conservation, environmental policy, and ecosystem management. Practical components related to these large issues will be explored during field-based activities and field trips. Some of the field components will involve field trips focused on the interface between human activities and the ecosystem. These will include visits to a coral reef plantation, where students will assist the restoration program by planting new coral, and the conservation program for the critically endangered Javan silvery gibbons. Students will explore the javan rainforest, which is home to many rare and endangered plants and animals, including three endemic primates (Javan gibbons, Javan leaf monkeys, and silvered leaf monkeys). At the end of the course, students will present about their experiences in a group PowerPoint presentation to faculty and students.

The full program will take 3 1/2 weeks, which includes five-ten days for each course, a trip to Bogor following the first course, a three day visit to Jogjakarta, and a brief stay in Jakarta at the end of the program. During these trips students will have the opportunity to experience some of Java's cultural traditions, visit the famous Bogor Botanical Gardens, and learn about the history of Indonesia.

Learning Goals • understand challenges posed by climate change, human impacts on ecosystems, and extinction risks • understand principles and techniques in applied ecology and ecosystem management • gain familiarity with criteria for setting environmental policy goals • explore sustainable approaches to manage forests, agricultural areas, and ecosystems • achieve proficiency in field methods including survey, census, and data collection • apply quantitative methods to analysis of field data • appreciate the complexities of primate social behavior patterns in the wild • understand the relationship between evolutionary forces, the environment, and behavioral adaptations in the nonhuman primates • apply many of the methodological techniques used in primatological research • appreciate some of the complex issues facing primate conservation efforts • explore conservation issues and strategies in peat swamp habitats

Page 2 of 9 Required Textbooks No textbooks are required for this course. Students will receive a course packet with assigned readings for each lecture.

Course Structure Each module of the course will have two main components: field exercises and lectures. Field exercises will be conducted primarily during the day and lectures will be arranged as periodic morning and evening activities.

Field exercises will take place at Halimun Salak National Park in Central Java and Tuanan Biological Research Station in Central Kalimantan. Some of the field components will involve field trips focused on the interface between human activities and the ecosystem. These will include visits to a organic tea farm run by local community members, a coral planting project, and orangutan rehabilitation centers.

Field exercises are designed to introduce students to various aspects of ecological fieldwork. Students will work closely with the professors and teaching assistants on the following group field exercises: 1. Habitat Description & Phenology: developing basic habitat profiles in terms of tree height characteristics and distribution, as well as seasonal production of primate foods 2. Using GPS & GIS: navigating, marking waypoints and trails, and creating maps using GPS, as well as estimating travel distances and home ranges using GIS techniques 3. Primate Census: surveying primate species in the area via direct observations, nest counts, and acoustic surveys 4. Behavioral Data Collection: collecting systematic behavioral data on orangutans 5. Biological Sample Collection: collection of plant samples and non-invasively collecting, storing, and processing biological samples, including feces and urine 7. Mechanical & Nutritional Properties of Primate Foods: measuring food mechanics and nutrition in the field as well as processing samples for laboratory analysis 8. Meeting with local community members: at both Halimun and Tuanan we will meet with local community members to learn how they have developed alternative livelihoods that are complementary with living within or next to a conservation area

Lectures will take place at both field stations as well as during visits to institutions on Java and Borneo, including Universitas Nasional, the Bogor Botanical Gardens.

The independent research project will be carried out throughout the course. With the help of the faculty, students will develop and carry out a field-based research project in small groups. This will be an original project of students’ own choosing on some topic of primate behavior or ecology. Students will first research, develop, and submit a research proposal. Once approved, students will carry out the project, collecting data on

Page 3 of 9 wild primates or their habitats at Tuanan. Students will then analyze data, and orally present their results to the entire class at the end of the course. The faculty and teaching assistants will work with students to help with research design and to offer advice during data collection, analysis, and writing.

Student Evaluation Course grades are based on participation, field exercises, one exam, and the independent research project. Active participation in a field course is very important and students will be graded on participatory effort throughout the course. All graded field exercises, the exam, and the final independent research project presentation must be completed if students wish full credit.

Grading (100 pts. total) • Field Exercises 40% • Participation 10% • Group-based Research Projects 50%

Academic Integrity (http://academicintegrity.rutgers.edu/) Violations of academic integrity include: cheating, fabrication, plagiarism, denying others access to information or material, and facilitating violations of academic integrity. Consult the above webpage to learn more about what constitutes a violation and what sanctions are taken.

COURSE SCHEDULE

PRE-DEPARTURE Completed at the end of the semester

DEPARTURE July 2th

ARRIVE IN INDONESIA JULY 3RD

Arrival in Indonesia and Tuanan Research Station • Course Orientation and Introduction to Tuanan • Habitat Description and Botanical Sampling – Ecological Monitoring o Training in GPS, setting up botanical plots, and phenology • Primate Census Techniques Behavioral Data Collection Techniques o Conduct diurnal primate census • Behavioral Data Collection Techniques o Collect behavioral data o Orangutan Behavioral Ecology • Camera Traps

Page 4 of 9 • Peatland Ecology • Independent Research Projects • Community Activity - Integrating Research and Conservation o Community development and education activities in Tuanan village

Bogor • Visit Botanical Garden: The Challenge of Climate Change o Visit Bogor Botanical Gardens • • Visit to Cultural Village

Halimun Salak National Park • Approaches to Sustainable Ecosystem Management • Community-Based Conservation o Visit community-based silkworm project o Visit community-based tea plantation o Visit local community living inside national park • Silvery Gibbon Research Project o Guest lecture and introduction

Jogjakarta • Visit to Prambanan Hindu Temple • Visit to Boroburdur Buddhist Temple • Batik Village • Dinner at Sultan’s Palace

Seribu Islands - Thousand • Applied Conservation Biology o Sea turtle release and mangrove planting o Mangrove restoration o Coral reef restoration o LIPI Biological Field Station • Recreation and beach time! • Closing reception

DEPARTURE TO US July 23rd

Page 5 of 9 READING LIST

All of these are REQUIRED– we have extra articles in folders for suggested readings as well; This is a tentative schedule that may change once we get confirmations from guest lecturers.

JULY 4: Introduction to Tuanan by Dr. Atmoko and Dr. Vogel

Primate habitats & ecological monitoring (Methods) by Dr. Vogel

Marshall AJ (2010) Effect of habitat quality on primate populations in Kalimantan: gibbons and leaf monkeys as case studies. In: Gursky S, Supriatna J (eds). Indonesian primates. Springer. pp. 157-177. Condit R (1998) Tropical forest census plots: methods and results from Barro Colorado Island, Panama and a comparison with other plots. New York: Springer. pp. 46- 54. Vogel ER, NJ Dominy (2011) Measuring ecological variables for primate field studies. In: Campbell CJ, Fuentes A, MacKinnon KC, Panger M, Bearder SK (eds). Primates in perspective. Oxford University Press. pp. 367-377.

July 5: Introduction to Peatland Ecology by Dr. Vogel

Page, S.E., Rieley, J.O., Shotyk, W. & Weiss, D. (1999) Interdependence of peat and vegetation in a tropical peat swamp forest, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 354(1391), pp. 1885-97

Posa, M.R.C., Wijedasa, L.S. & Corlett, R.T. (2011) Biodiversity and conservation of tropical peat swamp forests, BioScience, 61(1), pp. 49-57

Behavioral data collection techniques (Methods) by Rebecca Brittain

Altmann, J (1974) Observational Study of Behavior: Sampling Methods. Behaviour 49: 227-267.

July 6: Introduction Orangutan Behavioral Ecology by Dr. Vogel

Delgado, R.A., van Schaik, C.P. (2000) The behavioral ecology and conservation of the orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus): A tale of two islands. Evolutionary Anthropology 9, 201-218.

Page 6 of 9 Morrogh-Bernard, H.C., Husson, S.J., Knott, C.D., Wich, S.A., van Schaik, C.P., van Noordwijk, M.A., Lackman-Ancrenaz, I., Marshall, A.J., Kanamori, T., Kuze, N., Sakong, R.B., (2009) Orangutan activity budgets and diet: a comparison between species, populations and habitats., in: Wich, S.A., Utami Atmoko, S., Mitra Setia, T., van Schaik, C.P. (Eds.), Orangutans : Geographic Variation in Behavioral Ecology and Conservation. Oxford University Press, New York, pp. 119-133.

Utami SS, Goossens B, Bruford MW, de Ruiter JR, van Hooff JARAM. (2002) Male bimaturism and reproductive success in Sumatran orang-utans. Behavioral Ecology 13(5):643-652.

Knott CD (1998) Changes in orangutan caloric intake, energy balance, and ketones in response to fluctuating fruit availability. International Journal of Primatology 19:1061-1079. van Noordwijk MA, Arora N, Willems EP, Dunkel LP, Amda RN, Mardianah N, Ackermann C, Krutzen M, van Schaik CP. (2012) Female philopatry and its social benefits among Bornean orangutans. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 66(6):823-834.

July 7: Primate Diet and Nutrition by Dr. Erin Vogel

Lambert, J.E., Rothman, J.M., (2015) Fallback Foods, Optimal Diets, and Nutritional Targets: Primate Responses to Varying Food Availability and Quality. Annual Review of Anthropology, Vol 44 44, 493-512.

Lambert, J.E., (1998) Primate digestion: Interactions among anatomy, physiology, and feeding ecology. Evolutionary Anthropology 7, 8-20.

Vogel, E.R., Harrison, M.E., Zulfa, A., Bransford, T.D., Alavi, S.E., Husson, S., Morrogh- Bernard, H., Santiano, Firtsman, T., Utami-Atmoko, S.S., van Noordwijk, M.A., Farida, W.R., (2015) Nutritional differences between two orangutan habitats: implications for population density. Plos One 10, e0138612.

Rothman, J.M., Chapman, C.A., Van Soest, P.J., (2012) Methods in primate nutritional ecology: A user's guide. International Journal of Primatology 33, 542-566. Raubenheimer D, Machovsky-Capuska GE, Chapman CA, Rothman JM. (2015) Geometry of nutrition in field studies: An illustration using wild primates. Oecologica 177(1):223-34.

Page 7 of 9 JULY 13: Introduction to Halimun Salak National Park by Dr. Sugardjito and Head of Park Services

Kubo, H., & Supriyanto, B. (2010). From fence-and-fine to participatory conservation: Mechanisms of transformation in conservation governance at the Gunung Halimun-Salak National Park, Indonesia. Biodiversity and Conservation, 19(6), 1785–1803.

Rasoolimanesh, S. M., Jaafar, M., Ahmad, A. G., & Barghi, R. (2017). Community participation in World Heritage Site conservation and tourism development. Tourism Management, 58, 142–153.

UNESCO. (2015). The Criteria for Selection. Whc.Unesco.Org, (v), 1–3. Retrieved from http://whc.unesco.org/en/criteria/

Lund, C., & Rachman, N. F. (2018). Indirect Recognition. Frontiers and Territorialization around Mount Halimun-Salak National Park, Indonesia. World Development, 101(40), 417–428.

Biodiversity Threats & Extinction by Rebecca Brittain

Struebig MJ, Wilting A, Gaveau DL, Meijaard E, Smith RJ, et al (2015) Targeted conservation to safeguard a biodiversity hotspot from climate and land-cover change. Current Biology 25: 1-7.

Larsen TH, Williams NM, Kremen C (2005) Extinction order and altered community structure rapidly disrupt ecosystem functioning. Ecology Letters 8: 538-547.

Chaves OM, Arroyo-Rodríguez V, Martínez-Ramos M, Stoner KE (2015) Primate extirpation from rainforest fragments does not appear to influence seedling recruitment. Am J Primatol 77: 468-478.

Gaveau, D. L., Sloan, S., Molidena, E., Yaen, H., Sheil, D., Abram, N. K., … Meijaard, E. (2014). Four decades of forest persistence, clearance and logging on Borneo. Plos One, 9(7), e101654.

JULY 14: Silvery Gibbon Conservation by TBD

Malone, N., Selby, M., & Longo, S. (2014). Political-Ecological Dimensions of Silvery Gibbon Conservation Efforts. International Journal of Sociology, 44(1), 34–53.

Page 8 of 9 Setiawan, A., Nugroho, T. S., Wibisono, Y., Ikawati, V., & Sugardjito, J. (2012). Population density and distribution of Javan gibbon (Hylobates moloch) in Central Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas, Journal of Biological Diversity, 13(1), 23– 27.

July 15: Indonesian National Parks by Dr. TBD (UNAS Professor)

Gaveau DL, Kshatriya M, Sheil D, Sloan S, Molidena E, et al (2013) Reconciling forest conservation and logging in Indonesian Borneo. PLoS One 8: e69887.

Margules CR, Pressey RL (2000) Systematic conservation planning. Nature 405: 243- 253.

Bruner AG, Gullison RE, Rice RE, Da Fonseca GA (2001) Effectiveness of parks in protecting tropical biodiversity. Science 291: 125-128.

July 17: Discussion About Religion and Conservation

Gade, A. M. (2015). Islamic law and the environment in Indonesia: Fatwa and Da.wa. Worldviews: Environment, Culture, Religion, 19(2), 161–183.

Mangunjaya, F. M., & McKay, J. E. (2012). Reviving an islamic approach for environmental conservation in indonesia. Worldviews: Environment, Culture, Religion, 16(3), 286–305.

McKay, J. E., Mangunjaya, F. M., Dinata, Y., Harrop, S. R., & Khalid, F. (2014). Practise what you preach: A faith-based approach to conservation in Indonesia. Oryx, 48(1), 23–29.

Nijman, V. (2013). One Hundred Years of Solitude: Effects of Long-Term Forest Fragmentation on the Primate Community of Java, Indonesia. In Primates in Fragments (pp. 33–45). New York, NY: Springer New York.

Suckling K (2012) Conservation for the real world. Retrieved 5 July 2016: http://thebreakthrough.org/index.php/journal/debates/conservation-in-the- anthropocene-a-breakthrough-debate/conservation-for-the-real-world

July 21-22: Field trips and guest lectures about coral reefs, mangrove restoration, sea turtles, and sea eagle rehabilitation

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