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The Fort Bridger Treaty of 1868

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The Fort Bridger Treaty of 1868 STATE AND TRIBAL GOVERNMENT WORKING GROUP MEETING “THE SHOSHONE-BANNOCK TRIBES and INL-Our history” PRESENTED BY LOUISE DIXEY, CULTURAL RESOURCES DIRECTOR, LANGUAGE AND CULTURE PRESERVATION DEPARTMENT June 27, 2018 THE SHOSHONE-BANNOCK TRIBES AND INL • DOE has a long relationship with the Idaho • The Tribal Government has a long term National Laboratory and DOE has developed an relationship with our ancestral lands now Agreement in Principle with the Tribe to occupied by the DOE/INL provide funding to the Shoshone-Bannock • The Shoshone-Bannock Tribes’ established a Tribes in recognition of the sovereignty and relationship with the Department of Energy to historic use of the area by the Tribes. assure that our concerns to protect and preserve our cultural sites and historic uses of the area. Tribal members continue to utilize the area as a traveling route to harvest plants and animals. • This area has long served as a travel corridor to the Camas Prairie, the Salmon River drainage and as a route to Boise Valley. Waha Katede – Two sitting FAMILY GROUPS OR BANDS • “Bands” was the term often used to describe groups of Newe or (Shoshone-Bannock) people that • There is evidence to suggest that formed larger groups for Ceremonial the Shoshone and Bannock people or Subsistence purposes, for made use of the horse as early as 1690-1700 in the plains, the defensive purposes or to deal with Columbia River, and the northern the demands of the Euro Americans plains. who came to their country. • The acquisition of the horse • Our people utilized a huge territory allowed the Shoshones and throughout the West or “tebiwa” Bannocks to extend their range (native land), utilizing a broad range northward in pursuit of game, perhaps as far as Saskatchewan. of resources, including but not The horse allowed changes to land limited to roots, big game, berries, use patterns, allowing for more small game, water. freedom and range. THE FORT BRIDGER TREATY OF 1868. • The Fort Bridger Treaty is a ratified agreement between the Shoshone and Bannock and the United States Government, Signed on July 3, 1868 • The Treaty was a Peace Treaty not a Cession Agreement, no lands were given up. • The Treaty also guaranteed in Article 4, the right “to hunt on all unoccupied lands of the United States.” • The Treaty guaranteed a Reservation for the Bannocks as Chief Taghee had requested. • Shoshone and Bannock headmen were called to Fort Bridger to negotiate the Treaty terms. ARTICLE 4 OF THE TREATY - SUBSISTENCE HUNTING, FISHING & GATHERING • Since time immemorial, the Shoshone and Bannock Indians lived throughout the western United States into Canada and as far south as Mexico. • Each band mainly comprised of family units, known for the preferred food source, i.e. Sheepeaters, buffalo eaters, salmon eaters, etc. • The Tribes followed seasonal migration routes according to the food locations; fish and big game were hunted; gathering of berries, roots, seeds, and other foods were harvested during the proper seasons. • These migration routes and hunting areas were preserved by the Treaty signers in Article 4 of the Fort Bridger Treaty and later confirmed in Federal and State Court decisions. “The Tribes continue to hunt, fish, and gather in their ancestral territories.” TREATIES IMPACTING THE FORT HALL RESERVATION A total of 11 treaties were signed with the leaders of the Bannock and Shoshone people, only 1 (July 3, 1868) of these 11 treaties was officially ratified by the Senate as required under the United States Constitution. In addition, two Executive Orders were issued by the President, and two Agreements signed. • July 2, 1863 - Treaty with the Eastern Shoshone (Sosoni) Fort Bridger re-established friendly and amicable relations between the bands of the Shoshone nation and the U.S.; routes used by government of the U.S. and emigrants and travelers under its authority and protection, without molestation or injury from any of the people of the nation; the boundaries of the Shoshone country identified but western boundary left undefined, no Shoshones from that country were present… • October 14, 1863 Soda Springs Treaty – (U) Treaty of Peace and Friendship, signed by mixed Bands of Bannocks and Shoshones. The terms of the July 2, 1863 Treaty made a part of this Treaty. Roads now used from Soda Springs and the Beaver Head Mines and Salt Lake an the Boise River shall be free and safe for travel. Country claimed by the said bands jointly with the Shoshone, extends from the lower part of Humboldt river, and the Salmon Falls on Shoshone river, eastwardly to the Wind River mountains • October 10, 1864 Treaty of Fort Boise –(U) Release title and interest to all lands to 30 miles on each side from the center of the Boise River and to all country drained by the tributaries of the Boise from its mouth to its source-except so much as the government of the US shall deem proper and set apart as a reservation…with the right of equally sharing the fisheries of said river with the citizens of the U.S. Provided the U.S. will make the same provision for our welfare that the U.S. have made with the most favored Tribes with whom it has made treaties. 6 TREATIES… • August 12, 1865 – Treaty with the Snake Indians, Beatty, Oregon. Peace is declared between The U.S. • August 21, 1867 - Long Tom Creek Treaty – With and Snake Indians. All prisoners of the Woll-pa-pe the Bannock Indians and Gov. D.W. Ballard. Tribe held as prisoners shall by given up. Lands to Agreed to remove the Bannocks from the Boise be ceded from the Blue Mountains to the John Day Valley and go to Fort Hall Reservation provided River to the Crooked River to Harney Lake. Tribe to that such reservation belongs to the Bannocks. remove to the Reservation named October 15, 1864 • June 14, 1867 Executive Order-adopting with the Modoc, Klamath and other Indians. recommendation of Commissioner of Indian Depredations against whites to cease, and Tribe will Affairs to establish boundaries as defined by the receive annual funds to support their needs for 10 local Indian agents: years. • April 12, 1866 Bruneau Treaty – Caleb Lyon Treaty with Chiefs and headmen of the bands of Shoshones occupying and claiming certain lands south of the Shoshone River between Salmon Falls and the mouth of the Owyhee, and extending south to the summits of the Goose Creek and Owyhee range of Mountains. Indians secured the right of taking fish in the Shoshone or Snake River at their accustomed grounds and stations in common with all citizens of the U.S. and the right to hunt and gather roots on open and unclaimed lands. TREATIES AND CESSION AGREEMENTS • June 14, 1867 Executive Order creating the Fort Hall Indian Reservation: embracing about 1,800,000 acres, and comprehending Fort Hall on the Snake River within its limits. • July 3, 1868 Treaty with the Shoshoni (Eastern band) and Bannock tribes of Indians, 1868 (Fort Bridger Treaty) 15 Stat. 673. September 24, 1868 Treaty with the Shoshones, Bannocks, and Sheep eaters – Unratified – Virginia City, Montana • December 10, 1868 – Treaty with the Shoshone Indians at Malheur Agency, Oregon, Hostilities to cease between Indians and Whites. The Snake Indians to submit to the laws of the U.S. Snake Indians to deliver wrong doers. Snake Indians to reside on the Reservation hereafter allotted. Chief Washakie- Signatory-Fort Bridger Treaty 8 FORT HALL RESERVATION –SOGOPE(S); TIIPE (B) • The Fort Hall Indian Reservation was created by Executive Order in 1867- area defined by E.O. was 1.8 million acres. • Fort Bridger Treaty – July 3, 1868 • The Bannock Reservation mentioned in the Fort Bridger Treaty declared by Executive Order to be at Fort Hall. • Later, other bands were moved to Fort Hall HOMELANDS Annually our Tribal Culture Committee schedules Gatherings to our Cultural Territories CULTURAL EVENTS Annually the Tribe hosts events to remind Tribal members and others that we are descendants of numerous bands, events are held at many locations. Camas Prairie Boise Valley Virginia City, MT Bannock Gathering Shoshone Reunion Agaideka Gathering, Salmon, Idaho Yellowstone Park CAMAS PRAIRIE HOMECOMING Chief Taghee specifically wanted the “Camas Prairie” included in the Bannock Reservation during the 1868 Fort Bridger Treaty Negotiations. A transcriber’s error recorded the “Kansas Prairie” in the Treaty language. But the Tribe continues to return here annually to gather Camas and practice the Treaty provisions. FORT BOISE TREATY – • The U.S. will make the same provision for our • On October 10, 1864, the governor of welfare that the U.S. have made with the most Idaho, representing the United States as favored tribes with whom it has Indian treaties. superintendent of Indian Affairs for Idaho, and the Boise Shoshoni Indian Nation • The Indians agree to deliver all horse thieves, signed the Treaty of Fort Boise; providing murderers, and violators of the laws of the U.S. for cession to the U.S. of Boise Valley and for trial. surrounding lands thirty miles on each side, • Shoshone camps on the Boise River: from the centre of the Boise River and to all the country drained by the tributaries of the Boise to the U.S. • A reservation would be set apart with the right of equally sharing the fisheries of said river with the citizens of the U.S. 13 RETURN OF THE BOISE VALLEY PEOPLE Lucy Suppah cooking salmon Wewa family, Alley Polk, Warm Springs, Oregon Captain Jim, RW Dixey, Josephine Thorpe, Isaac Sandy, and Tom Madzeweyu VIRGINIA CITY TREATY DAYS THE 1868 UNRATIFIED TREATY BETWEEN THE SHOSHONE, BANNOCK AND SHEEPEATERS IS THE REASON WE RETURN TO THE HOMELANDS OF MANY OF OUR PEOPLE.
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