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Die Türkei 2013 Im Nahen Osten

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Die Türkei 2013 Im Nahen Osten Das Frühjahr 2013 ließ eine gesellschaftlich und politisch aufgeladene Atmosphäre in der Türkei aufbrechen. Eine kleine Umweltschutzaktion entwickelte sich zu der größten Massendemonstration seit Amtsantritt der islamisch-konservativen AKP. Die Regierungs- führung der AKP wird in Teilen der Gesellschaft für autoritär empfunden, von seinen Anhängern wird er wie ein Sultan verehrt. In sozialen Netzwerken und in der türkischen Berichterstattung wurden Ängste, Opfer und die architektonische Pläne thematisiert. Der Gezi-Park wird von der Regierung zur Macht- demonstration und von der Opposition als Protestgelegenheit genutzt. Bis heute wurden die Folgen der Gezi-Ausschreitungen in der türkischen Politik nicht gänzlich verarbeitet. Dieses Buch richtet sich an GesellschaftswissenschaftlerInnen, KulturwissenschaftlerInnen, JournalistInnen und politisch Interessierte. Gökcan Göksu, Ufuk Olgun(Hg.) Gökcan Göksu, Gökcan Göksu studiert Ufuk Olgun promovierte in Ali Kemal Arkun ist pro- Politikwissenschaft und Kassel und Oxford im Fach movierter Landschafts- Philosophie an der Universität Politikwissenschaft über die architekt aus Ankara Kassel. Seine Schwerpunkte politischen Strategien isla- (Türkei). An der Fakultät liegen im Bereich der mischer Religionsgemein- für Kunst, Design und neuen sozialen Medien und schaften. Er studierte Politik- Architektur an der Bilkent gesellschaftlichen Konflikten wissenschaft und Soziologie Universität erhielt er seinen Die Türkei 2013 im Nahen Osten. in Kassel, Eskisehir (Türkei), B.F.A. Abschluss. Er ist New Jersey (USA) und Assistent Professor an hospitierte in der Hessischen der Amasya Universität im Landesregierung und im Fachbereich Urban Design Max-Planck-Institut in und Landschaftsarchitektur Göttingen. mit Schwerpunkt Stadt- Ein Land in entwicklung. Proteststimmung Die Türkei 2013 Ein Land in Proteststimmung 2013 Türkei Die ISBN 978-3-86219-784-2 Gökcan Göksu, Ufuk Olgun(Hg.) 9 783862 197842 Gökcan Göksu / Ufuk Olgun (Hrsg.) Die Türkei 2013 Ein Land in Proteststimmung kassel university press Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.dnb.de abrufbar ISBN 978-3-86219-784-2 (print) ISBN 978-3-86219-785-9 (e-book) URN: http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0002-37851 © 2014, kassel university press GmbH, Kassel www.upress.uni-kassel.de/ Druck und Verarbeitung: Print Managment Logistics Solutions, Kassel Printed in Germany Danksagung Unser Dank gilt in erster Linie der Universität Kassel und Frau Prof. Dr. Sabine Ruß-Sattar, die uns bei der Ausarbeitung dieser Dokumentation betreut hat. Ihre freundliche Persönlichkeit und ihr stets offenes Ohr haben uns immer motiviert, weiter zu machen und nie stehen zu bleiben. Auch wenn es ihre Bürozeiten nicht immer erlaubt haben, hat sie für uns immer Zeit gefunden, ausführlich betreut und beraten. Wir sind auch Frau Imke Friedrich sehr dankbar dafür, dass sie uns animiert und vor allem dabei unterstützt hat, diese vorliegende Dokumentation zu publizieren. Nicht zuletzt gilt unser Dank Frau Simona Michaelis, die die Bilder bearbeitet hat. Kassel, im Mai 2014 Gökcan Göksu und Ufuk Olgun Inhalt Sabine Ruß-Sattar Vorwort ................................................................................................... 5 Ufuk Olgun Der politische Kulturkampf in der Türkei .............................................. 7 Gökcan Göksu Die politische Dynamik des Gezi-Protests: Die Medien als Konfliktverschärfer ............................................................................... 19 Ali Kemal Arkun Can Gezi Park be privatized? ................................................................ 36 Fotodokumentation ! Gezi-Park Demonstrationen .................................................................. 48 Graffiti und Slogans im Gezi-Park ...................................................... 58 Bildverzeichnis ..................................................................................... 66 Vorwort Ende Mai 2013 schlugen in der Türkei die Proteste gegen die Pläne zur Bebauung des Istanbuler Gezi-Parks in eine landesweite Mobilisierung gegen den autoritären Regierungsstil Erdoğans um. Damit traten die Spaltungen der türkischen Gesellschaft und ihre politische Dynamik auch für die internationale Öffentlichkeit offen zu Tage. Just zu diesem dramatischen Moment der politischen Geschichte befand sich eine Gruppe Kasseler Studierender des Bachelor- Studiengangs Politikwissenschaft in der Metropole am Bosporus. Auf eigene Initiative hatten sie ein Projektseminar organisiert, das sich mit den aktuellen Entwicklungen in Politik und Gesellschaft der Türkei auseinandersetzen sollte und vom Politologen und Ethnologen Wolfgang Gieler fachlich begleitet wurde. Der Fachbereich Gesellschaftswissenschaften hat diese studentische Initiative als Internationalisierungsmaßnahme aus Landesmitteln zur Qualitätssicherung in der Lehre finanziell unterstützt. Die Exkursion nach Istanbul sollte das an der Universität Kassel erworbene Vorwissen durch Besuche und Begegnungen vor Ort überprüfen und erweitern. Dass dies den Studierenden unter den außergewöhnlichen Umständen der Ereignisse des Frühsommers 2013 gelungen ist, zeigt die vorliegende Dokumentation „Die Türkei 2013 – ein Land in Proteststimmung“. Die von den Studierenden gemachten Fotos und die durch die beigefügten Texte gegebene Kontextualisierung holen die bis in die Gegenwart wirkenden Geschehnisse plastisch zurück ins Gedächtnis und tragen so zum Verständnis der türkischen Politik bei. 5 Als Studiendekanin des Kasseler Fachbereichs Gesellschaftswissenschaften hoffe ich, dass diese studentische Initiative eine Fortsetzung findet und der deutsch-türkische bzw. internationale Blickwechsel zu einem integrativen Bestandteil des gesellschafswissenschaftlichen Studiums wird. Kassel, im Mai 2014 Sabine Ruß-Sattar 6 Der politische Kulturkampf in der Türkei. Von Ufuk Olgun Einführung Die Proteste vom Gezi-Park in Istanbul haben das Jahr 2013 in der Türkei geprägt. Aus der anfänglichen Aktion einiger weniger Umweltaktivisten hat sich eine Massenbewegung entfaltet, die sowohl überall in der Türkei weitergetragen wurden, als auch viele Sympathisanten und Anhänger in der ganzen Welt gefunden hat. Wie kam es zu dieser Protestwelle, welche Ursachen hat sie und zu welchen Konsequenzen wird sie führen? In diesem Beitrag werden die Ursachen der Gezi-Park Demonstrationen analysiert. Dabei wird auf den jahrzehntelangen Kulturkampf zwischen den sogenannten Kemalisten und der islamischen Bevölkerung der Türkei zurückgegriffen. Istanbul und der Gezi-Park Noch im Jahr 2012 wurde Istanbul zur „Kulturhauptstadt“! Europas gekürt. Die schillernde Metropole, mit 13 Millionen registrierten Einwohnern und weiteren Millionen von Pendlern und Touristen, rühmt sich mit ihrer historischen Moscheen, modernen Sehenswürdigkeiten und allerlei Kulinarischem. So viele Menschen wie noch nie zuvor strömten in die Weltmetropole und europäische Kulturhauptstadt Istanbul. Bereits vor langer Zeit war von der Regierung geplant, das städtische Ansehen von Istanbul mit weiteren Sehenswürdigkeiten zu schmücken. Eines der größten Projekte betrifft eine Fläche gleich in der Nähe vom Gezi-Park, im Taksim, dem zentralen Platz in Istanbul. Im Auftrag des türkischen Ministerpräsidenten fand bereits 2006 eine Ausschreibung für Architekten und Künstler statt. Eine moderne, große 7 Moschee sollte am Taksim-Platz gebaut werde, die die kulturelle Vielfalt mit gleichzeitigem modernen Anspruch der Stadt widerspiegeln sollte. Ein weiteres Großprojekt betrifft den Gezi-Park, eine etwa 4 ha große Grün-Fläche mit „ein Paar Bäumen“, wie es Erdogan nannte. Eine alte historische Militärkaserne aus der osmanischen Zeit sollte an der Stelle des Parks pompös rekonstruiert werden. Nach einem Beschluss des türkischen Parlaments im Jahr 2011, sollte die Rekonstruktion der Militärkaserne im Gezi-Park in Auftrag gegeben werden. Der Gewinner der Ausschreibung, Halil Onur, lehnte sich an die Originalpläne vom Architekten des Originals an, dem osmanischen Architekten Krikor Amira Balyan (1764-1831), und präsentierte seine ersten Entwürfe bereits Mitte 2012. Am 17. Januar 2013 legte die Kommission für die Wahrung kultureller Schätze (Kültür Varlıklarını Koruma Bölge Kurulu) in Istanbul Einspruch gegen die Bebauung des Parks mit der osmanischen Militärkaserne ein, doch das Dezernat des Oberbürgermeisters von Istanbul lehnte diesen Einspruch ab und am 1. März 2013 wurde endgültig beschlossen, dass die Militärkaserne am Gezi-Park gebaut werden solle. Weder die moderne Großmoschee am Taksim, noch die Militärkaserne im Gezi-Park konnten während der Zeit, als Istanbul Kulturhauptstadt wurde, präsentiert werden. Stattdessen schillerten im Frühjahr 2013 die Protestzüge in und um den Gezi-Park. Was mit einer Sitzprotestaktion von einigen wenigen Umweltaktivisten begann, die Börek aßen und auf der Wiese Tee kochten, eskalierte gegen Ende Mai, nachdem der Oberbürgermeister den Einspruch der Kontrollkommission ablehnte und die Bebauung endgültig beschlossen wurde. Die Zahl der Protestierenden stieg über Nacht an und wurde zu tausenden. Um die Kontrolle zu behalten, griff die Polizei hart durch und war beim Gebrauch von Tränengas nicht zimperlich. Von Tag zu Tag eskalierte die Situation in Istanbul. Die „günstige Gelegenheit“! zum Protestieren und Solidarisieren nutzten 8 auch andere Gruppen, wie u.a. neo-marxistische
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