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Taksim Republican Square: a Field Study on Socio‐Economic, Form, Use and Meaning Dimensions

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Taksim Republican Square: a Field Study on Socio‐Economic, Form, Use and Meaning Dimensions TAKSİM REPUBLICAN SQUARE: A FIELD STUDY ON SOCIO‐ECONOMIC, FORM, USE AND MEANING DIMENSIONS A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY MERİÇ KIRMIZI IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN THE DEPARTMENT OF SOCIOLOGY JUNE 2011 Approval of the Graduate School of Social Sciences Prof. Dr. Meliha Altunışık Director I certify that this thesis satisfies all the requirements as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts. Prof. Dr. Ayşe Saktanber Head of Department This is to certify that we have read this thesis and that in our opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts. Assist. Prof. Fatma Umut Beşpınar Supervisor Examining Committee Members Assoc. Prof. Güven Arif Sargın (METU, ARCH) Assist. Prof. Fatma Umut Beşpınar (METU, SOC) Assist. Prof. Çağatay Topal (METU, SOC) PLAGIARISM I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last name : Meriç Kırmızı Signature : iii ABSTRACT TAKSİM REPUBLICAN SQUARE: A FIELD STUDY ON SOCIO‐ECONOMIC, FORM, USE AND MEANING DIMENSIONS Kırmızı, Meriç M.A., Department of Sociology Supervisor : Assist. Prof. Fatma Umut Beşpınar June 2011, 181 pages This study aims to ask what meaning the current users of Taksim Republican Square (TRS) in Istanbul attach to it, besides an understanding of the socio‐economic profile of its current users and their forms of usage as well as evaluations of its public square quality. Despite the many research on the public spaces and public squares in particular, what separates this sociological one is its viewpoint of the user. Because of the emphasis on the user’s perception of TRS, twenty one in‐depth interviews and seventy one field surveys with the place users were applied as the method of analysis in addition to the five expert interviews to also include the opinions of the institutions with an influence on the physical arrangement of the square. Following a detailed analysis of the possible relationships among these socio‐economic, form, usage, and meaning dimensions of TRS, some propositions are made with respect to these variables based on the findings from the field. The larger implication of the findings is that people hardly think of TRS in symbolic terms in daily life and the meaning of TRS today is multiplied and blurred for them due to the multiple temporal and spatial layers. In this multiplicity and ambiguity of meaning, people’s awareness of the continuing political and ideological struggles over the place also has an influence. In approaching to the question of the meaning of a highly symbolic public square from an urban sociology perspective; this project will contribute to future research on similar topics. Keywords: City Square; Public Space; Form, Use and Meaning of a Place iv ÖZ TAKSİM CUMHURİYET MEYDANI: SOSYO‐EKONOMİK, BİÇİM, KULLANIM VE ANLAM BOYUTLARI ÜZERİNE BİR ALAN ÇALIŞMASI Kırmızı, Meriç Yüksek Lisans, Sosyoloji Bölümü Tez Yöneticisi : Yrd. Doç. Fatma Umut Beşpınar Haziran 2011, 181 sayfa Bu çalışma, İstanbul’daki Taksim Cumhuriyet Meydanı’nın (TCM) bugünkü kullanıcılarının sosyo‐ekonomik konumlarını, meydanı kullanım biçimlerini ve bu yerin meydan niteliğiyle ilgili değerlendirmelerini incelemesinin yanı sıra, temelde buraya ne anlam yükledikleri sorusunu sormaktadır. Genelde kamusal alanlar özelde ise meydanlarla ilgili birçok çalışma olmasına karşın bu sosyolojik çalışmayı diğerlerinden ayırt eden nitelik meydanın kullanıcılarının bakış açısına sahip olmasıdır. Çalışma kullanıcı algısına odaklandığı için de yöntem olarak derinlemesine görüşme (yirmi bir kullanıcı) ve saha anketi (yetmiş bir kullanıcı) uygulanmıştır. Ek olarak, meydanın fiziksel düzenlemesine etkisi olan meslek odası, belediye, dernek gibi kurumlardan beş uzmanın görüşlerine yer verilmiştir. TCM’nin sosyo‐ekonomik, biçim, kullanım ve anlam boyutları arasında olduğu varsayılan ilişkilerin detaylı bir incelemesinden elde edilen bulgulardan yola çıkarak sonuç bölümünde bu boyutları kapsayan kimi önermeler geliştirilmiştir. Çalışmanın genel bir çıkarımı olarak ise; TCM’yi kullanan insanlar bu kentsel yerin simgesel anlamı üzerinde gündelik yaşamlarında çok az düşünmektedirler ve meydanın anlamı buradaki çeşitli zaman ve uzam katmanlarına bağlı olarak çeşitlenmiş ve hatta birçok gündelik kullanıcı için belirsizleşmiştir. Bu çeşitlilik ve belirsizlikte, insanların burada süregiden siyasi‐ideolojik çatışmaların farkındalığının da etkisi vardır. Simgesel bir kent meydanının anlamına kent sosyolojisi merceğinden yaklaşan bu çalışmanın benzer konularda ileride yapılacak araştırmalara bu yönde bir katkı sağlaması amaçlanmıştır. Anahtar Sözcükler: Kent Meydanı; Kamusal Yer; Bir Yerin Biçimi, Kullanımı ve Anlamı v DEDICATION To my father and mother and All who are concerned about the Turkish modernization vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author wishes to thank her supervisor Assist. Prof. Fatma Umut Beşpınar primarily for her acceptance of a thesis subject falling outside her preferred areas of interest besides her guidance in this particular research and the art of living in general. The author would also like to thank Assoc. Prof. Helga Rittersberger Tılıç (lecturing Prothesis Seminar and making the author enjoy urban sociology so much), Assoc. Prof. Güven Arif Sargın (lending his books and teaching Critical Theories on Urban Architecture), and Assoc. Prof. Tarık Şengül (providing his critiques on the research question) for their suggestions and comments during the initial stages of constructing the research. The technical assistance of Dr. Özgür Arun (commenting on the questionnaire draft) and Res. Assist. Caner Özdemir (helping about SPSS) are gratefully acknowledged. The author would like to express her deepest gratitude to Mr. Zikrullah Kırmızı without whom this research would simply not be possible and Ms. Esin Kırmızı for her support. The author would also like to thank Ms. Cemaliye Özcan (acting as a key informant for the in‐depth interviews and so much identifying with the research), Mr. Adnan Keçeci and Ms. Defne Kırmızı (capturing the most socially relevant scenes with their cameras), all the in‐ depth interviewees (participating in the research), and Hacettepe University, Family and Consumer Sciences Department (providing the suitable conditions for thesis writing). vii TABLE OF CONTENTS PLAGIARISM III ABSTRACT IV ÖZ V DEDICATION VI ACKNOWLEDGMENTS VII TABLE OF CONTENTS VIII LIST OF TABLES XI LIST OF FIGURES XII LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS XIII CHAPTER 1 1. INTRODUCTION 1 2. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 8 2.1. Public: Realm, Sphere, Space 8 2.2. The City Square 13 2.3. The Public Monument 16 2.4. Space and Form 21 2.5. Space and Meaning 26 3. METHODOLOGY 33 3.1. Rationale for the Research Model 33 3.2. Empirical Data and Their Collection 33 4. THE SOCIO‐ECONOMIC PROFILE OF THE USERS OF THE SQUARE 44 4.1. The Change in the User Profile and the Place: The Four Eras 44 viii 4.2. The User Interaction and Togetherness 48 4.3. The Recognized Owners and Undesirables 53 4.4. The Coexistence of Cosmopolitanism and Hostility 56 4.5. Consumerism Shown as Cosmopolitanism and Multiculturalism 58 4.6. The Degree of Publicness 60 5. THE THREE DIMENSIONS: FORM, USAGE AND MEANING 65 5.1. The Form 65 5.1.1. Socialization, Identity, and Participation 65 5.1.2. Scale and Place Attractions 67 5.1.3. Traffic and City Furniture 69 5.1.4. Green Areas 70 5.1.5. Architecture 72 5.2. The Usage 77 5.2.1. The Old Usage 77 5.2.2. The Present Usage 82 5.2.3. The Ideal Usage 89 5.3. The Meaning 95 5.3.1. Familiar versus Unfamiliar Meaning 98 5.3.2. Romantic versus Practical Meaning 100 5.3.3. A Republican Meaning 104 5.3.4. A Conflictual Meaning 119 5.4. The Intersections among the Socio‐Economic Status, Form, Use and Meaning 127 6. THE EXPERT OPINIONS ON TRS 137 6.1. Assessment of Taksim against the Public Square Notion of the Experts 137 6.2. Expert Opinions on Taksim as a Public Space Accessible to All 140 6.3. Expert Opinions on Taksim as a Symbolic Place 142 6.4. Expert Assessment of the Current Functions of Taksim 146 6.5. The Problems Observed about the Current Situation of Taksim 148 6.6. Taksim as an Administered Place 153 6.7. Taksim as a Representational Space of the Experts 157 7. CONCLUSION 160 ix REFERENCES 167 APPENDICES 172 A: The Field Survey 172 B: The In‐Depth Interview Questions 177 C: The SPSS Analyses 179 x LIST OF TABLES TABLES Table 1. Frequency Table of the Gender of the Questionnaire Respondents ................... 41 Table 2. The Age of the Questionnaire Respondents ......................................................... 41 Table 3. Frequency Table of the Work of the Questionnaire Respondents ....................... 42 Table 4. Frequency Table of the Education Level of the Questionnaire Respondents ...... 42 Table 5. Frequency Table of the Income Level of the Questionnaire Respondents .......... 43 Table 6. Attributes of Taksim Republican Square on a Self‐made 5‐points Scale Inspired from Kohn (1969) ............................................................................................... 103 Table 7. The Highest Use Purpose of Taksim Republican Square and Gender of the Questionnaire Respondents .............................................................................. 134 Table 8.
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