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Chemical Design of Functionalized CHEMICAL DESIGN OF FUNCTIONALIZED NANOMATERIALS FOR SENSING AND BACTERIAL TREATMENT APPLICATIONS by MONICA NAVARRETO LUGO Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Dissertation Adviser: Prof. Anna Cristina S. Samia Department of Chemistry CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY May, 2019 CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES Prof. Carlos E. Crespo-Hernández (Committee Chair, Department of Chemistry, CWRU) Prof. Robert G. Salomon (Department of Chemistry, CWRU) Prof. Blanton S. Tolbert (Department of Chemistry, CWRU) Prof. Anna Cristina S. Samia (Department of Chemistry, CWRU) Prof. Xiong Yu (Department of Civil Engineering, CWRU) Date of Defense: March 21, 2019 *We also certify that written approval has been obtained for any proprietary material contained thein. ii To my loving parents, Madeline and Miguel, my brother, Miguel Jr. my best friend José, and life partner Markell Acknowledgements I want to start by expressing my deepest appreciation for my advisor, Prof. Anna Cristina S. Samia, for her endless guidance and support for my academic and professional pursuits, for her understanding, and for continuously pushing me forward out of my comfort zone. I will always be grateful for her guidance through this process and will always consider her the biggest mentor of my career. Thank you also to my committee members, Prof. Carlos E. Crespo, Prof. Robert G. Salomon, Prof. Blanton S. Tolbert and Prof. Xiong Yu, who have stimulated thought and created a community supportive of inquiry. Also, want to thank Dr. Ana R. Guadalupe (my first mentor) and Dr. Yanira Enriquez for believing on me as an undergraduate student, and giving me the necessary tools to succeed later as a graduate student. I also want to express my sincere gratitude to all of the collaborators who created the dialectic necessary for scientific progress. Moreover, I am grateful for the lab members in Dr. Samia's group: Sameera Wickramasinghe, Minseon (Stella) Ju, and Nathalie Milbrandt; who are the best coworkers that anyone could ask for and also became close friends through the process. I will also like to thank Shu Situ for her training and help in my transition as a first year student in the group. Also, I want to thank the undergraduate students that worked with me (Jae Hee Lim, Ariel McWhorther and Ryan Wee) for their work, compromise and support; Also, for helping me to develop myself as a mentor. Moreover, I am especially grateful to have the help and friendship from Charles Kolodziej; i our passion and enthusiasm for science brought us together, and has created a long lasting friendship. I am thankful for his support, for the long discussions about research that helped to always find solutions, and for always being there. Also, I would like to thank Naishka E. Caldero, Jesse Davila, Elisa Caloca, Kelsie Ryon and Trevor Ryon, because beyond friends, they became my extended family in Cleveland. Thank you all for always providing the emotional support that pushed me to achieve my academic and professional goals. Finally, I especially want to dedicate this work to my parents Madeline and Miguel who are the best parents anyone could ask for, and my little brother Miguel Jr., who will always be an example of courage and determination; everything I have done will always be for all of you. José for being my biggest fan, friend and support through many years; and to Markell. Thank you for being there through the process, thanks for enlightening the stressful times and filling them with laughs. Many thanks to my loving family and close friends for their unconditional love and support. Without their guidance, patience, understanding, encouragement, and laughter, the completion of this work would have never been possible. ii Table of Contents Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................... i Table of Contents .....................................................................................................................iii List of Figures........................................................................................................................... ix List of Schemes ..................................................................................................................... xvii List of Symbols and Abbreviations ........................................................................................ xix Abstract ................................................................................................................................ xxiv Chapter 1. Introduction .............................................................................................................. 1 1.1 General Introduction ................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Nanomaterial Properties ............................................................................................ 2 1.3 Plasmonic Nanoparticles ........................................................................................... 3 1.3.1 Electrocatalytic Nanometals ............................................................................... 5 1.4 Magnetic Nanoparticles............................................................................................. 8 1.4.1 Magnetic Properties ............................................................................................ 8 1.4.2 Single Domain Theory ...................................................................................... 11 1.4.3 Stoner-Wohlfarth Theory ................................................................................. 12 1.4.4 Superparamagnetism ........................................................................................ 12 1.4.5 Iron Oxide Spinel Ferrites ................................................................................ 15 1.5 Nanocomposites ...................................................................................................... 15 1.6 Nanoparticles Synthetic Methods............................................................................ 16 1.7 Nanoparticles Characterization Methods ................................................................ 19 iii 1.7.1 Microscopy Methods ........................................................................................ 20 1.7.1.1 Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) ............................................... 20 1.7.1.2 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) ...................................................... 21 1.7.2 Spectroscopy Methods ...................................................................................... 22 1.7.2.1 Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy ..................................................... 22 1.7.2.2 Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy .............................................................. 22 1.7.2.3 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy ................................................. 23 1.7.3 Powder X-ray Diffraction ................................................................................. 24 1.7.4. Dynamic Light Scattering ................................................................................ 25 1.8 Applications of Functionalized Nanomaterials ....................................................... 26 1.8.1 Electrochemical Sensors ................................................................................... 26 1.8.2 Magnetic Sensors .............................................................................................. 29 1.9 Nanoparticles in Photothermal Therapy .................................................................. 30 1.10 References ............................................................................................................. 31 Chapter 2. Designing the Chemistry of Au/Ag Nanostructures for Cortisol Sensing ............. 38 2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 38 2.2 Methods ................................................................................................................... 40 2.2.1 Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles (Au NPs). ..................................................... 40 2.2.2 Synthesis of Au/Ag Nanoboxes (Au/Ag NBs) and Au/Ag Nanocages (Au/Ag NCs). .......................................................................................................................... 40 iv 2.2.3 Preparation of Nanocomposites ........................................................................ 41 2.2.4 Electrode Modification ..................................................................................... 41 2.2.5 Electrochemical Analysis – Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) ................................... 42 2.3 Results and Discussion ............................................................................................ 43 2.3.1 Characterization of Au/Ag Nanostructures. ..................................................... 43 2.3.2 Effect of Nanostructure Morphology and Carbon Matrix Support on Electrochemical Performance .................................................................................... 45 2.3.3 Effect of β-Cyclodextrin (β-CD) Modification on Nanostructure Electrochemical Performance. .............................................................................................................. 49 2.3.4 Nanostructure Dispersion Effect on Electrode Surface. ..................................
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