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Projecte De Conservació De L'espècie Salaria Fluviatilis

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Projecte De Conservació De L'espècie Salaria Fluviatilis Contribució al Protocol de Reproducció i Cultiu Larvari de l’Espècie Salaria fluviatilis Treball Final de Grau Enginyeria de Sistemes Biològics 10 de Novembre de 2014 Autora: Laura Miranda Biel Orús Tutora: Lourdes Reig Contribució al protocol de reproducció i cultiu larvari de l’espècie Salaria fluviatilis 1 Resum Les condicions de vida al riu Ebre s’han vist agreujades en els últims anys a causa de la contaminació de l’aigua, la pèrdua de la qualitat de l’hàbitat, les alteracions físiques del curs de l’aigua, la sobrepesca i la introducció arbitrària d’espècies exòtiques invasores. Totes aquestes raons posen en perill la vida de les espècies autòctones del riu Ebre i l’equilibri d’aquest ecosistema es veu perjudicat. Aquest estudi es centra en l’espècie Salaria fluviatilis (Asso, 1801), considerada en perill segons la normativa nacional. Aquesta és una espècie sense interès econòmic, però la seva conservació és de vital importància en temes de biodiversitat. Per una part, cal evitar que es converteixi en una espècie en perill d’extinció i per altra part, la seva presència ha de permetre recuperar una espècie que ja ho és, la Margaritifera auricularia (Spengler, 1793). M. auricularia és una nàiade en perill d’extinció que només es troba en tres rius en tot el món. Al riu Ebre és on es troba la població més gran. Una de les causes per les quals M. auricularia està en perill d’extinció és perquè necessita una població estable de peixos hoste de les seves larves, sense la qual la nàiade no es pot reproduir. Només es coneixen dos peixos natius que poden ser hostes dels gloquidis: l’esturió, Acipenser sturio, i la rabosa de riu, Salaria fluviatilis. El primer està extingit a l’Ebre, per tant Salaria fluviatilis és l’única espècie que pot garantir que el cicle reproductor de la M. auricularia finalitzi amb èxit. L’objectiu principal d’aquest treball és aconseguir establir un protocol de reproducció en condicions controlades de Salaria fluviatilis per tal d’aconseguir una màxima supervivència. L’objectiu secundari és la identificació d’una dieta viable per a alimentar les larves de Salaria fluviatilis en condicions controlades. Tot el treball s’ha realitzat a les instal·lacions de l’Aquari de Saragossa, que disposa d’un programa de recuperació de S. fluviatilis. S’ha dut a terme en un entorn d’empresa, el que ha condicionat molts aspectes del disseny experimental i del seguiment dels experiments. Les variables que es van avaluar en aquest experiment són la temperatura i el volum de cultiu. Es va treballar amb una població de 28 peixos reproductors, els quals es van repartir en aquaris de diferents volums (dos de 687 L i dos de 338 L) i a diferents rangs de temperatures. En aquest treball s’ha determinat que la variable que afecta més a la producció de postes és el volum de cultiu i s’ha establert una dieta viable per a les larves. Paraules clau: Salaria fluviatilis, Margaritifera auricularia, conservació, captivitat, perill d’extinció. 2 Resumen Las condiciones de vida en el río Ebro han sido perjudicadas en los últimos años a causa de la contaminación del agua, la pérdida de calidad del hábitat, las alteraciones físicas del curso del agua, la sobrepesca y la introducción arbitraria de especies exóticas invasoras. Todas estas razones ponen en peligro la vida de las especies autóctonas del río Ebro y el equilibrio de ese ecosistema se ve perjudicado. Este estudio se centra en la especie Salaria fluviatilis (Asso, 1801), considerada en peligro según la normativa nacional. Esta especie no tiene ningún interés económico, pero su conservación es de vital importancia en términos de biodiversidad. Por una parte, se ha de evitar que se convierta en una especie en peligro de extinción y, por otra parte, su presencia ha de permitir recuperar una especie que ya lo es, la Margaritifera auricularia (Spengler, 1793). M. auricularia es una náyade en peligro de extinción que solamente se encuentra en tres ríos del mundo. En el río Ebro es donde se encuentra la mayor población. La causa principal por la que M. auricularia está en peligro de extinción es porque necesita una población estable de peces hospedadores de sus larvas, sin los cuales la náyade no puede reproducirse. Sólo se conocen dos peces nativos hospedadores de estos gloquidios: el esturión (Acipenser sturio) y el pez fraile, Salaria fluviatilis. El primero está extinguido en el Ebro, por lo tanto el segundo es la única esperanza para esta náyade. El objetivo principal de este trabajo es conseguir establecer un protocolo de reproducción en condiciones controladas de Salaria fluviatilis para conseguir una máxima supervivencia. El objetivo secundario es la correcta identificación de una dieta viable para alimentar las larvas de Salaria fluviatilis en condiciones controladas. El presente trabajo se ha realizado en las instalaciones del Nuevo Acuario de Zaragoza, el cual dispone de un programa de recuperación de S. fluviatilis. Se ha trabajado en un entorno de empresa, lo que ha condicionado muchos aspectos del diseño experimental y del seguimiento de los experimentos. Las variables que se evaluaron para realizar este experimento son la temperatura y el volumen de cultivo. Se trabajó con una población de 28 peces reproductores, los cuales se repartieron en 4 acuarios de diferentes volúmenes (dos de 687 L y dos de 338 L) a diferentes rangos de temperatura. En este trabajo se ha determinado que la variable que más afecta a la producción de puestas es el volumen de cultivo y se ha establecido una dieta viable para las larvas. Palabras clave: Salaria fluviatilis, Margaritifera auricularia, conservación, cautividad, peligro de extinción. Contribució al protocol de reproducció i cultiu larvari de l’espècie Salaria fluviatilis 3 Abstract Life conditions in the Ebro River have been aggravated in the last years due to water pollution, habitat quality loss, physical alterations of the watercourse, overfishing and the introduction of invasive species. All of these reasons are endangering the life of autochthonous species and the equilibrium of this ecosystem. This study is focusing in the species Salaria fluviatilis (Asso, 1801), which is considered endangered by the national regulations. This species hasn’t any economic interest, but its conservation is very important for biodiversity. In one hand, it’s crucial to prevent it from becoming a critically endangered species and, on the other hand, to restore the species Margaritifera auricularia (Spengler, 1793), which is right now classified as critically endangered. M. auricularia is a freshwater mussel that can only be found in three rivers in the Earth. The biggest population is located in the Ebro River. The main cause why M. auricularia is critically endangered is because it needs a stable population of host fish for its larvae, and without it the freshwater mussel can’t reproduce. There are only two host fish of the larvae which are native of the Ebro River: the sturgeon, Acipenser sturio, and the freshwater blenny, Salaria fluviatilis. The first one is already extinguished in the Ebro River, which means that de second one is the only hope for this freshwater mussel. The main objective of this work is to establish one protocol of Salaria fluviatilis reproduction in controlled conditions to obtain maximum survival. The secondary objective is to identify one diet for the Salaria fluviatilis larvae to be viable. This work has been carried out in the Zaragoza Aquarium, which has a recovery program of S. fluviatilis. It has been developed in a corporate environment, which has determined many aspects of the experimental design and the monitoring of experiments. The variables valued in this experiment are temperature and rearing volume. The broodstock was constituted by 28 adult fishes, which were divided into 4 tanks of two different volumes (two of 687 L and two of 338 L) at different temperature ranges. In that way it is possible to know which variable affects more to the offspring production and which is the best combination. In this work it is demonstrated that the variable that affects the clutch production is the rearing volume possible and a diet for the larvae is stablished. Key words: Salaria fluviatilis, Margaritifera auricularia, conservation, captivity, critically endangered. 4 Sumari Agraïments .................................................................................................................................. 11 1. Introducció .......................................................................................................................... 12 1.1 Situació actual del riu Ebre ................................................................................................ 12 1.1.1 Característiques generals ........................................................................................... 12 1.1.2 Principals factors que alteren l’equilibri de l’ecosistema........................................... 12 1.1.3 Organismes aquàtics de la conca de l’Ebre ................................................................ 14 1.2 Salaria fluviatilis ................................................................................................................ 18 1.2.1 Identificació ................................................................................................................ 18 1.2.2 Biologia i ecologia ....................................................................................................... 18 1.2.3 Distribució .................................................................................................................
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