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Demografía De Cattleya Quadricolor Lindl. En La Zona De Amortiguación Del

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Demografía De Cattleya Quadricolor Lindl. En La Zona De Amortiguación Del Nota de Aceptación Aprobado por el Comité de Trabajo de Grado en cumplimiento de los requisitos exigidos por la Pontificia Universidad Javeriana para optar el título de bióloga 2 3 4 5 Demografía de Cattleya quadricolor Lindl. En la zona de amortiguación del Jardín Botánico Juan María Céspedes: línea base para el monitoreo poblacional para conservación in situ. Gabriela Torres Torres Pontificia Universidad Javeriana Cali 6 Programa de Biología Trabajo de Grado Cali 2018 Demografía de Cattleya quadricolor Lindl. En la zona de amortiguación del Jardín Botánico Juan María Céspedes: línea base para el monitoreo poblacional para conservación in situ. Gabriela Torres Torres Directora Nicola Sian Flanagan PhD Codirectora Nhora Helena Ospina Calderón MgSc Pontificia Universidad Javeriana Cali 7 Programa de Biología Trabajo de Grado Cali 2018 AGRADECIMIENTOS Agradezco a mi directora Nicola Sian Flanagan y codirectora Nhora Helena Ospina por su apoyo y confianza en la dirección de esta tesis. Al Señor Alejandro Castaño Coordinador del Jardín Botánico Juan María Céspedes del municipio de Tuluá. A Ángel Vale, Sebastián Aguirre y Gerardo Hernández por su apoyo y compañía en las salidas de Campo. 8 CONTENIDO RESUMEN 6 ABSTRACT 7 1. INTRODUCCIÓN 9 1.1. MARCO TEÓRICO 9 1.1.1. Orquídeas Epifitas 9 1.1.2. Bosque Seco Tropical 11 1.1.3. El Género Cattleya Lindl. 13 1.1.4. Cattleya quadricolor Lindl. 15 1.1.5. Demografía poblacional para evaluar el estado de conservación. 16 1.2. ANTECEDENTES 19 2. PROBLEMA 20 3. JUSTIFICACIÓN 21 4. OBJETIVOS 22 4.1. OBJETIVO GENERAL 23 4.2. OBJETIVOS ESPECÍFICOS 23 5. METODOLOGÍA 23 5.1. ÁREA DE ESTUDIO 24 5.2. OBJETIVO 1 24 5.3. RECOLECCIÓN DE DATOS 24 5.4. ESTRUCTURA DE CLASES DE TAMAÑO 26 5.5. ANÁLISIS DE DATOS 26 5.6. DEMOGRAFÍA POBLACIÓNAL: TABLA DE VIDA ESTÁTICA 26 5.7. OBJETIVO 2 29 5.8. ANALISIS DE DISTRIBUCIÓN VERTICAL 29 5.9. SPECIES PACKING (GAUSSIAN) 31 6. RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN 32 6.1. ESTRUCTURA POBLACIONAL DE Cattleya quadricolor 33 6.2. TABLA DE VIDA ESTÁTICA 35 6.3. DISTRIBUCIÓN HORIZONTAL DE Cattleya quadricolor 38 6.4. DISTRIBUCIÓN VERTICAL Cattleya quadricolor 40 6.5. AMENAZAS A LA CONSERVACIÓN 44 7. LINEAMIENTO DE CONSERVACIÓN PARA POBLACIÓN SILVESTRE DE C. quadricolor EN LA ZONA DE AMORTIGUACIÓN DEL JARDÍN BOTÁNICO JUAN MARÍA CÉSPEDES 48 8. CONCLUSIÓN 49 9. BIBLIOGRAFÍA 50 9 LISTA TABLAS Y FIGURAS Tabla 1: Especies del género Cattleya (Calderón 2006) 14 Tabla 2: Información de los parámetros vitales de una población 18 Tabla 3: Organización de los datos tomados en campo 27 Tabla 4: Tabla de vida estática 35 Figura 1: Cattleya quadricolor in situ 15 Figura 2: Área de estudio 24 Figura 3: Método para la toma de datos en campo 25 Figura 4: Distribución vertical de planta epífitas en el árbol 30 Figura 5: Estructura poblacional por etapas de Cattleya quadricolor 33 Figura 6: Polígono de la población de C. quadricolor 34 Figura 7: Fecundidad específica para C. quadricolor 37 Figura 8: Presencia de flores y frutos en los dos muestreos 38 Figura 9: Estratificación de C. quadricolor 39 Figura 10: Abundancia del número de flores, frutos, pseudobulbos y hojas con relación a la altura sobre la quebrada del forófito. 42 Figura 11: Relación de la estructura poblacional de C. quadricolor y la distribución vertical 43 Figura 12: Herramientas encontradas durante el muestreo 44 Figura 13: Colecta ilegal 45 10 RESUMEN Las orquídeas epífitas dependen de un sustrato cambiante que se puede caer o quebrar, como es la rama de un árbol, una liana, o el tronco de un árbol, la fragilidad del sustrato podría limitar su crecimiento poblacional. En el caso de las orquídeas del género Cattleya, hoy en día la limitación del crecimiento poblacional es mayor debido a dos factores principales, el primero es la ampliación de la frontera agrícola, que genera una deforestación de los árboles que son sustrato de estas orquídeas epífitas y el segundo es el alto interés comercial, que produce una presión de extracción de individuos de estas especies de su hábitat natural. La especie Cattleya quadricolor, es una de las 22 especies de flora con mayor amenaza en el Valle del Cauca endémica de Colombia, se encuentra en peligro de extinción a nivel nacional según el libro rojo. Presenta una distribución geográfica restringida a los bosques secos tropicales de la cuenca alta del río Cauca, en los departamentos del Valle del Cauca, Quindío y Risaralda. Por su condición endémica y amenazada es importante conocer el estado de la población, para desarrollar estrategias de conservación en el Valle del Cauca. Este estudio tiene como objetivo evaluar la estructura poblacional de Cattleya quadricolor Lindl. En la zona de amortiguación del Jardín Botánico Juan María Céspedes. Para esto se evaluó la demografía de esta especie mediante la construcción de tabla de vida estática, la cual se construyó a partir del registro de la estructura de edades de la población en dos muestreos uno en el 2017 en el mes de octubre y el segundo muestreo en el 2018 en el mes de marzo, además se determinó la distribución vertical de la especie a partir de los registros de altura de cada individuo en un ecosistema de Bosque seco tropical. Los resultados obtenidos respecto a la demografía indican que la población de C. quadricolor está en disminución, la etapa de adulto 2 presenta el mayor éxito reproductivo y su distribución vertical se centra entre 12 y 24 m de altura, estos resultados proporcionan información esencial para el desarrollo de acciones de conservación para esta especie en el área de estudio. 11 Palabras clave: Cattleya quadricolor, epífitas, en peligro de extinción, tabla de vida estática, demografía, conservación, distribución vertical, ABSTRACT Epiphytic orchids depend on a changing substrate that can fall or break, such as a tree branch, a vine, or the trunk of a tree, the fragility of the substrate can be limited to its population growth. In the case of orchids of the genus Cattleya, today the limitation of population growth is greater due to two main factors, the first is the expansion of the agricultural frontier, which generates a deforestation of the trees that are the substratum of these epiphyte orchids and the second is the high commercial interest, which produces a pressure to extract individuals of these species from their natural habitat. The species Cattleya quadricolor, is one of the 22 species of flora with the greatest threat in the Valle del Cauca endemic to Colombia, is in danger of extinction according to the IUCN. It has a restricted geographic distribution to the tropical dry forests of the upper Cauca river basin, in the departments of Valle del Cauca, Quindío and Risaralda. Due to its endemic and threatened condition it is important to know the state of the population, to develop conservation strategies in the Valle del Cauca. The objective of this study is to evaluate the population structure of Cattleya quadricolor in the buffer zone of the Juan María Céspedes Botanical Garden. For this the demography of this species is evaluated by means of the construction of the static life table, which is constructed from the registration of the age structure of the population in two samples in 2017 in the month october and the second sampling in 2018 in the month of march, in addition, the vertical distribution of the species was determined from the height records of each individual in a tropical dry forest ecosystem. The results 12 obtained with respect to the demography indicate that the population of C. quadricolor is decreasing, the stage of adult 2 presents the greatest reproductive success and its vertical distribution is centered between 12 and 24 m in height, these results are essential information for the development of conservation actions for this species in the study area. Keywords: Cattleya quadricolor, epiphytes, in danger of extinction, static life table, demography, conservation, vertical distribution. 13 1.INTRODUCCIÓN 1.1 MARCO TEÓRICO Las plantas epífitas se caracterizan por utilizar otras plantas como soporte, son elementos diversos e importantes para la diversidad biológica forestal, porque proporcionan una variedad de nichos que son aprovechados por diferentes grupos de animales como anfibios, aves y artrópodos. Además, juegan un rol importante en los ciclos ambientales de los ecosistemas boscosos ya que pueden acumular entre sus hojas, agua y nutrientes que son reciclados de la biomasa como el fósforo y el nitrógeno (Romero et al. 2008; Köster et al. 2009). Las epífitas representan el 10% de toda la flora vascular a nivel global, tienen aproximadamente 28000 epífitas vasculares en el mundo, de las cuales 19000 son orquídeas. (Rodríguez et al. 2016). 1.1.1 Orquídeas Epífitas: La familia Orchidaceae tiene en el mundo aproximadamente 25000 especies y cerca de 950 géneros, que presentan una distribución cosmopolita. Una alta proporción de las orquídeas son endémicas las cuales tienden a ocupar distribuciones restringidas y pisos altitudinales reducidos, con más especies endémicas a mayor elevación. El alto endemismo está relacionado con una mayor diversidad de especies (Kessler et al. 2001). Las orquídeas epífitas tienen ciertos mecanismos que determinan su crecimiento epífito tanto en el bosque como en su distribución vertical. Primero las especies epífitas presentan variación en su tolerancia a la sombra. En este mecanismo la luz juega un papel importante porque la sombra generada por los forófitos y el parche espacio-temporal ambiental característico de los hábitats epífitos pueden limitar el acceso de luz a la planta. Este acceso a la luz también depende de la cantidad, tamaño y orientación de las hojas (Ventre-Lespiaucq et al 2017). El segundo mecanismo es la adaptación que permite el anclaje a la corteza y no en el suelo.
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