DOCSLIB.ORG

THE LIFE and IDEAS of an 18TH-CENTURY OTTOMAN BUREAUCRAT: SÜLEYMAN PENÂH EFENDİ and HIS "ORDER of the CLIMES" by ER

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
THE LIFE and IDEAS of an 18TH-CENTURY OTTOMAN BUREAUCRAT: SÜLEYMAN PENÂH EFENDİ and HIS THE LIFE AND IDEAS OF AN 18TH-CENTURY OTTOMAN BUREAUCRAT: SÜLEYMAN PENÂH EFENDİ AND HIS "ORDER OF THE CLIMES" by ERKİN BULUT Submitted to the Graduate School of Social Sciences in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Sabancı University August 2020 THE LIFE AND IDEAS OF AN 18TH-CENTURY OTTOMAN BUREAUCRAT: SÜLEYMAN PENÂH EFENDİ AND HIS "ORDER OF THE CLIMES" Approved by: Assoc. Prof. Tülay Artan . (Thesis Supervisor) Asst. Prof. Yusuf Hakan Erdem . Assoc. Prof. Mehmet Mert Sunar . Date of Approval: August 10, 2020 ERKİN BULUT 2020 c All Rights Reserved ABSTRACT THE LIFE AND IDEAS OF AN 18TH-CENTURY OTTOMAN BUREAUCRAT: SÜLEYMAN PENÂH EFENDİ AND HIS "ORDER OF THE CLIMES" ERKİN BULUT HISTORY M.A. THESIS, AUGUST 2020 Thesis Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Tülay Artan Keywords: Süleyman Penâh Efendi, Ottoman reform literature, Ottoman modernization, Ottoman centralization, Ottoman mercantilism This thesis investigates the life and ideas of an 18th-century Ottoman bureaucrat Süleyman Penâh Efendi. Penâh Efendi was born in the Morea in 1722 and grown in the dynamic cultural atmosphere of the peninsula. He held various positions in the Ottoman state from the 1750s, mostly in the financial offices. In the Morea Rebellion of 1770, Penâh Efendi was present, and he wrote his memoirs during the rebellion in his History of the Morea Rebellion. During and after the Russo-Ottoman War 1768-1774, he held high posts in the bureaucracy, commissioned to the after-war diplomatic negotiations, and participated in numerous councils held in the capital following the Russian annexation of the Crimea. Shortly before his death, he wrote a treatise mentioned in this thesis as the Order of the Climes as an addendum to his history which reflects the contemporary Ottoman state’s pursuit of reform. He wrote his reform suggestions in the topics from military affairs and state finances, to the bureaucratic organization and center-province relations. In the second chapter of this thesis, this treatise was investigated, and his ideas were discussed. Taking his work as a modernization program, the thesis concludes that Penâh Efendi’s reforming ideas are targeting three main goals; centralization, interior expansion and mercantilism. The centralization was constituting the core of his reform program as all other issues were determined by it. iv ÖZET BİR 18’İNCİ YÜZYIL OSMANLI BÜROKRATININ YAŞAMI VE GÖRÜŞLERİ: SÜLEYMAN PENÂH EFENDİ VE "NİZÂM-I EKÂLİM’E DÂİR" RİSÂLESİ ERKİN BULUT TARİH YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ, AĞUSTOS 2020 Tez Danışmanı: Doç. Dr. Tülay Artan Anahtar Kelimeler: Süleyman Penah Efendi, Osmanlı reform yazını, Osmanlı modernleşmesi, Osmanlı merkezileşmesi, Osmanlı merkantilizmi Bu çalışma bir 18. yüzyıl Osmanlı bürokratı olan Süleyman Penah Efendi’nin hay- atını ve fikirlerini incelemektedir. Süleyman Penah Efendi 1722’de Mora’da doğmuş, Mora’nın dinamik kültürel ortamında büyümüş ve 1750’li yıllardan itibaren Osmanlı bürokrasisinde, ağırlıklı olarak maliye departmanında çeşitli görevler almıştır. 1770 yılında Mora’da gerçekleşen isyan sırasında orada kadar bulunmuş, hayati tehlike at- latmış, isyan süresince yaşadıklarını “Mora İhtilali Tarihçesi” adını verdiği verdiği bir eser altında kaleme almıştır. İsyanın ardından 1768-1784 Rus-Osmanlı Savaşı’nda ve devamında yüksek bürokratik görevler almış, savaş sonrası Rus ve Habsburg Avustu- rya’sı elçileriyle diplomatik görüşmelerde bulunmuştur. Rusya’nın Kırım’ı ilhakının ardından yapılan sayısız meşveret meclisinde dönemin saygın devlet adamlarından biri olarak yer almıştır, fikirlerini paylaşmıştır. Ölümünden hemen önce, kendisinin nizam-ı ekalime dair risale olarak andığı ancak isim vermeyip önceki Mora İhtilali Tarihçesi eserinin sonuna dahil ettiği ve Osmanlı devletinde askeriyeden maliyeye, taşra yönetiminden bürokratik teşkilata kadar yapılmasını önerdiği reformları içeren bir eser kaleme almıştır. Çalışmanın ikinci bölümünde Süleyman Penah Efendi’nin işbu risalesi incelenmiş, görüşleri yorumlanmıştır. Çalışmada Penah Efendi’nin es- eri bir modernleşme programı olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Penah Efendi’nin reform önerilerinin üç ana gündem altında toplandımaktadır. Bunlar; merkezileşme, içe dönük genişleme, ve merkantilizm olarak belirmektedir. Merkezileşme nosyonu Pe- nah Efendi’nin düşüncelerinin ana çekirdeğini oluşturmakta, diğer tüm başlıklar bir biçimde bu çekirdeğin etrafında biçimlenmektedir. v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all, I would like to express my special gratitude to my advisor Tülay Artan, for her great patience and unfading encouragement. During my research, she shared her scholarly insights and constructive criticism with me. She gave a great deal of her time for reading, discussing, and correcting the various parts of my thesis. Beyond that, she provided me with emotional support when I needed and showed her compassionate tolerance to me. I would like to also thank the members of my thesis jury, Hakan Erdem and Mehmet Mert Sunar for their immense contributions by reading my thesis and sharing their comments. I would like to thank faculty members of Sabancı University who contributed my learning process, namely Halil Berktay, Ferenc Csirkés, Ayşe Ozil, and Selçuk Akşin Somel. Through their insightful and intriguing courses, these two years had some profound effects on me. Such as my understanding of history and a great increase in my enthusiasm for being a historian. I am also grateful to Bahadır Sürelli, not just for teaching Ottoman paleography to me and my friends, but also for his friendship and emotional support he offered to us when we needed it. His presence as an instructor in the faculty helped me overcoming my lack of confidence. I am also grateful for the members of my class at Sabancı University. All the moments that I have spent with them were both illuminating and fun. I owe special thanks to İsa Uğurlu who helped me reading the Ottoman manuscripts and shared his knowledge in various topics from his research when I needed it. I am very grateful to Erik Aldritch Charle Blackthorne-O’Barr for his irreplaceable help for my English. I am also thankful to Talha Katırcı who always offered his support and shared his knowledge, especially on the Greek intelligentsia. I am very grateful to my dear friend Furkan Işın for his generosity to share his hours with me helping both reading and transliterating Ottoman manuscripts, and for his cheerful friendship as well. I would like to thank my dear friends Mehmet Hamdi Öz and Fatma Esen for their friendship and endless support for the years we have spent together. Especially I am very indebted to Fatma, if she was not there when I needed her help, this thesis even might have not been finished. Finally, I owe special thanks to my roommate Mert Şen who encouraged my curiosity and enthusiasm and did not hesitate to offer his full support for one year of our graduate education. In addition to the archival documents, I have utilized many sources that I could not reach without the help of certain libraries that I would like to express my gratitude, vi these are: Sabancı Information Center, ISAM, and METU Library. I would like to thank my family, my parents Memduh and Nihan Bulut, and my sisters Elif Kangal and Esin Kılınç for their endless and priceless support for my whole life. If I did not feel their loving support, I could not have shown any courage to enter a new path in my life. My two nephews Bulut and Deniz reserve a special thanks because of the love and the joy they brought to our family’s lives. Both of them still increase my hope and optimism for the future. I will always be grateful to my deceased grandmother Nevin Karayel who passed away in 2019. If she did not finance my accommodation in Istanbul, I could not have embarked on such an adventure. She was a lovely human being who had an outstanding sense of humor with a shrewd mind. Finally, I would like to thank my dear girlfriend Gülin Çavuş. I am grateful for her tremendous support and limitless patience that made this work possible. Especially, she showed great endurance during my excited history monologues which sometimes was in the expense of her sanity. I feel lucky for having her love which makes my world beautiful. vii In memory of my beloved grandmother Nevin Karayel viii TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES ......................................................... xi LIST OF ABBREVIATONS ............................................... xii 1. INTRODUCTION........................................................ 1 1.1. The Long Peace of the 18th Century..................................3 1.2. The Late 18th-Century Crisis..........................................8 1.3. Penâh Efendi in Ottoman Historiography............................. 11 1.4. Thesis Outline......................................................... 17 2. THE MAKING OF SÜLEYMAN PENÂH EFENDİ ............... 20 2.1. Family and the Homeland............................................. 21 2.1.1. Penâh’s Family................................................. 21 2.1.2. Penâh’s Homeland: the Morea in the 17th and 18th Centuries 25 2.1.2.1. Evliyâ Çelebi’s observations on Morea and Gastouni 26 2.1.2.2. The Morea under Venetian control, 1685-1715....... 27 2.1.2.3. After the return of the Ottomans.................... 30 2.2. Early Career........................................................... 33 2.2.1. The Path of a Young Scribe.................................... 33 2.2.2. First Years in the Capital...................................... 35 2.2.3. A Glimpse of Power...........................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Ioannis S. Chalkos the 1912 Ottoman Elections and the Greeks in the Vilayet of Adrianople
    Ioannis S. Chalkos The 1912 Ottoman elections and the Greeks in the Vilayet of Adrianople: A view from the Greek Archives. The Young Turk governments of the Ottoman Empire (1908-18) are widely considered as a part of the latter’s modernization process.1 The reforms, which had been initiated in the midst of the 19th century, were aiming at the homogenization of the society under the principle of Ottomanism. This was an effort of the Otto- man administrations to attract the loyalty of all their subjects to a new “Ottoman Nation” so as to block the centrifugal tendencies threatening the very existence of the empire.2 However, there was an inherent dualism in this concept of egalitarian- ism promoted through the reforms: the millet system, the old classification of the Ottoman subjects in semi-autonomous religious communities governed by their own law, was preserved and gradually secularized resulting in the stimulation of the separatist nationalist movements.3 Regarding the Greek-Orthodox communi- ties, the Bulgarian ecclesiastical schism of 1870 and the resulting Greco-Bulgarian dispute over Macedonia had strengthened the Greek character of the millet (Rum millet) while the Greek Kingdom was gaining increasing control over its in- stitutions.4 Still the road to an open rift between the Greeks and their Ottoman context was a long one. Developments were shaped and evolved in a changing social and polit- ical landscape which was dominated by continuity rather than specific turning points. The examination of the 1912 Ottoman elections presents an excellent op- portunity for the exploration of this landscape.
    [Show full text]
  • The Greek Genocide in American Naval War Diaries: Naval Commanders Report and Protest Death Marches and Massacres in Turkey’S Pontus Region, 1921–1922
    Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal Volume 14 Issue 2 Denial Article 14 9-4-2020 Book Review: The Greek Genocide in American Naval War Diaries: Naval Commanders Report and Protest Death Marches and Massacres in Turkey’s Pontus Region, 1921–1922 Thomas Blake Earle Texas A&M University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/gsp Recommended Citation Earle, Thomas Blake (2020) "Book Review: The Greek Genocide in American Naval War Diaries: Naval Commanders Report and Protest Death Marches and Massacres in Turkey’s Pontus Region, 1921–1922," Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal: Vol. 14: Iss. 2: 179-181. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5038/1911-9933.14.2.1778 Available at: https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/gsp/vol14/iss2/14 This Book Review is brought to you for free and open access by the Open Access Journals at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal by an authorized editor of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Book Review: The Greek Genocide in American Naval War Diaries: Naval Commanders Report and Protest Death Marches and Massacres in Turkey’s Pontus Region, 1921–1922 Thomas Blake Earle Texas A&M University Galveston, Texas, USA The Greek Genocide in American Naval War Diaries: Naval Commanders Report and Protest Death Marches and Massacres in Turkey’s Pontus Region, 1921–1922 Robert Shenk and Sam Koktzoglou, editors New Orleans, University of New Orleans Press, 2020 404 Pages; Price: $24.95 Paperback Reviewed by Thomas Blake Earle Texas A&M University at Galveston Coming on the heels of the more well-known Armenian Genocide, the ethnic cleansing of Ottoman Greeks in the Pontus region of Asia Minor in 1921 and 1922 has received comparatively less attention.
    [Show full text]
  • Christian Allies of the Ottoman Empire by Emrah Safa Gürkan
    Christian Allies of the Ottoman Empire by Emrah Safa Gürkan The relationship between the Ottomans and the Christians did not evolve around continuous hostility and conflict, as is generally assumed. The Ottomans employed Christians extensively, used Western know-how and technology, and en- couraged European merchants to trade in the Levant. On the state level, too, what dictated international diplomacy was not the religious factors, but rather rational strategies that were the results of carefully calculated priorities, for in- stance, several alliances between the Ottomans and the Christian states. All this cooperation blurred the cultural bound- aries and facilitated the flow of people, ideas, technologies and goods from one civilization to another. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Introduction 2. Christians in the Service of the Ottomans 3. Ottoman Alliances with the Christian States 4. Conclusion 5. Appendix 1. Sources 2. Bibliography 3. Notes Citation Introduction Cooperation between the Ottomans and various Christian groups and individuals started as early as the beginning of the 14th century, when the Ottoman state itself emerged. The Ottomans, although a Muslim polity, did not hesitate to cooperate with Christians for practical reasons. Nevertheless, the misreading of the Ghaza (Holy War) literature1 and the consequent romanticization of the Ottomans' struggle in carrying the banner of Islam conceal the true nature of rela- tions between Muslims and Christians. Rather than an inevitable conflict, what prevailed was cooperation in which cul- tural, ethnic, and religious boundaries seemed to disappear. Ÿ1 The Ottomans came into contact and allied themselves with Christians on two levels. Firstly, Christian allies of the Ot- tomans were individuals; the Ottomans employed a number of Christians in their service, mostly, but not always, after they had converted.
    [Show full text]
  • Early Relations Between the Greeks and the Young Turks
    A. J. P AN AYOTOPO ULOS EARLY RELATIONS BETWEEN THE GREEKS AND THE YOUNG TURKS This paper deals with the relations of the Greeks and the Young Turks before the July revolution in 1908. My intention is to indicate that the Young Turks had undertaken the initiative to contact the Ottoman Greeks and the representatives of the Greek Kingdom and ask their cooperation for the establishment of the constitutional regime; however, the Greeks responded with considerable cautiousness. The Sultan’s men also made an attempt to associate themselves with the Greeks in order to get information about the Young Turks, but the Greeks were equally reserved towards them. There are three points, which I would like to suggest: First, the Young Turks tried to establish relations with the Greeks, second, the Greeks were hesitant to accept the Young Turks’ proposals, and third, the July revolution did not take the Greeks by surprise, which means that they should have adopt­ ed A concrete policy towards the new regime. Most of the information on which this paper is based on is from primary sources, i.e. Greek consular reports kept with the Historical Archive of the Greek Foreign Ministry. The Young Turkish Committees which were active in Paris, had establish­ ed certain relations with the Greeks as early as February 1902, when they held A Congress in the French capital. More than forty delegates arrived in Paris to participate at the Congress1, despite the protests of the Ottoman Ambassador in Paris Munir bey. Prince Sabaheddin, defending the cause of the conference as well as the participants, wrote to the French Foreign Minister Delcassé that those who defied the Sultan’s power and bribes2, would not be frightened by any “procédé d’in­ timidation puérile”3.
    [Show full text]
  • Political and Economic Transition of Ottoman Sovereignty from a Sole Monarch to Numerous Ottoman Elites, 1683–1750S
    Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hung. Volume 70 (1), 49 – 90 (2017) DOI: 10.1556/062.2017.70.1.4 POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC TRANSITION OF OTTOMAN SOVEREIGNTY FROM A SOLE MONARCH TO NUMEROUS OTTOMAN ELITES, 1683–1750S BIROL GÜNDOĞDU Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen Historisches Institut, Osteuropäische Geschichte Otto-Behaghel-Str. 10, Haus D Raum 205, 35394 Gießen, Deutschland e-mail: [email protected] The aim of this paper is to reveal the transformation of the Ottoman Empire following the debacles of the second siege of Vienna in 1683. The failures compelled the Ottoman state to change its socio- economic and political structure. As a result of this transition of the state structure, which brought about a so-called “redistribution of power” in the empire, new Ottoman elites emerged from 1683 until the 1750s. We have divided the above time span into three stages that will greatly help us com- prehend the Ottoman transition from sultanic authority to numerous autonomies of first Muslim, then non-Muslim elites of the Ottoman Empire. During the first period (1683–1699) we see the emergence of Muslim power players at the expense of sultanic authority. In the second stage (1699–1730) we observe the sultans’ unsuccessful attempts to revive their authority. In the third period (1730–1750) we witness the emergence of non-Muslim notables who gradually came into power with the help of both the sultans and external powers. At the end of this last stage, not only did the authority of Ottoman sultans decrease enormously, but a new era evolved where Muslim and non-Muslim leading figures both fought and co-operated with one another for a new distribution of wealth in the Ottoman Empire.
    [Show full text]
  • Revolutionary Reckonings
    COMMENTARY had a fixation with the event. They declared their dictatorship to be a “national-salvationist revolu- tion” (ethnosotirios epanastasis) that would com- plete the work of its predecessor. In 1971, the 150th anniversary of the uprising, more than 300 books were published on the subject – an astonishing number dwarfing that of any year before or since. The nation’s classrooms rang with the exhortation: “Long live the revolution of 25 March 1821! Long live the revolution of 21 April 1967!” It was ironic to watch an authoritarian military Junta heroizing a bunch of unruly and quarrelsome chieftains who had been united by few things stronger than their loathing for the idea of a regular army. But the pre- dictable result of turning 1821 into fascist kitsch was that by the time the colonels fell from power in 1974, everyone was fed up with the subject. This explains why, amid the truly remarkable resurgence in historical studies in Greece that took place with the restoration of democracy, the subject of its independence struggle was initially neglected. An exception was the scholarly journal Mnimon, which consistently published high-calibre research on the subject. Just three years ago, it published not one but two important volumes of essays on the Greek revolution. These signalled an end to the neglect of the recent past and showcased a younger generation of historians that was finding new rea- sons for returning to 1821. One of these volumes is a collective tribute to the late historian Despoina Themeli-Katifori, who had contributed to the journal from the start.
    [Show full text]
  • Islamic Gunpowder Empires : Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughals / Douglas E
    “Douglas Streusand has contributed a masterful comparative analysis and an up-to- S date reinterpretation of the significance of the early modern Islamic empires. This T book makes profound scholarly insights readily accessible to undergraduate stu- R dents and will be useful in world history surveys as well as more advanced courses.” —Hope Benne, Salem State College E U “Streusand creatively reexamines the military and political history and structures of the SAN Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal empires. He breaks down the process of transformation and makes their divergent outcomes comprehensible, not only to an audience of special- ists, but also to undergraduates and general readers. Appropriate for courses in world, early modern, or Middle Eastern history as well as the political sociology of empires.” D —Linda T. Darling, University of Arizona “Streusand is to be commended for navigating these hearty and substantial historiogra- phies to pull together an analytical textbook which will be both informative and thought provoking for the undergraduate university audience.” GUNPOWDER EMPIRES —Colin Mitchell, Dalhousie University Islamic Gunpowder Empires provides an illuminating history of Islamic civilization in the early modern world through a comparative examination of Islam’s three greatest empires: the Otto- IS mans (centered in what is now Turkey), the Safavids (in modern Iran), and the Mughals (ruling the Indian subcontinent). Author Douglas Streusand explains the origins of the three empires; compares the ideological, institutional, military, and economic contributors to their success; and L analyzes the causes of their rise, expansion, and ultimate transformation and decline. Streusand depicts the three empires as a part of an integrated international system extending from the At- lantic to the Straits of Malacca, emphasizing both the connections and the conflicts within that AMIC system.
    [Show full text]
  • Cem Görür Doktora Tezi SON.Pdf
    T.C. BİLECİK ŞEYH EDEBALİ ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ TARİH ANABİLİM DALI SULTAN III. MUSTAFA: AİLESİ, GÜNLÜK HAYATI, DİNİ VE İLMİ İLGİLERİ DOKTORA TEZİ Cem GÖRÜR Tez Danışmanı Prof. Dr. İlhami YURDAKUL Bilecik, 2020 10340908 T.C. BİLECİK ŞEYH EDEBALİ ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ TARİH ANABİLİM DALI SULTAN III. MUSTAFA: AİLESİ, GÜNLÜK HAYATI, DİNİ VE İLMİ İLGİLERİ DOKTORA TEZİ Cem GÖRÜR Tez Danışmanı Prof. Dr. İlhami YURDAKUL Bilecik, 2020 10340908 BEYAN “Sultan III. Mustafa: Ailesi, Günlük Hayatı, Dini ve İlmi İlgileri” adlı doktora tezimin hazırlık ve yazımı sırasında bilimsel ahlak kurallarına uyduğumu, başkalarının eserlerinden yararlandığım bölümlerde bilimsel kurallara uygun olarak atıfta bulunduğumu, kullandığım verilerde herhangi bir tahrifat yapmadığımı, tezin herhangi bir kısmını Bilecik Şeyh Edebali Üniversitesi veya başka bir üniversitedeki başka bir tez çalışması olarak sunmadığımı beyan ederim. Cem GÖRÜR ÖN SÖZ XVII. yüzyılın başında Osmanlı veraset sisteminin değişmesi, Osmanlı padişahlarının hayatlarında ciddi bir değişime sebep oldu. Şehzadelik dönemlerini sıkı bir gözetim altında geçirmeye başlayan padişahlar, bu zorlu sürecin ardından tahta oturduklarında, devletin geçirdiği sancılı süreçler karşısında tecrübesizliklerinin sıkıntısını fazlasıyla yaşadılar. XVIII. yüzyılın başında meydana gelen Edirne Vakası’yla birlikte, padişahlık dönemlerinde de bir mekân tahdidine uğramışlar ve ataları gibi İstanbul dışında uzun vakitler geçiremez olmuşlardı. Bu açıdan yaklaşıldığında XVIII. yüzyıl padişahlarının kendilerine has koşulları olduğu görülür. Buna mukabil tarih yazımında XVIII. yüzyılın, Tanzimat öncesi Türk “yenileşmesi/modernleşmesinin” öncülü bir süreci veya ihtişamlı “klasik” devir sonrası duraklama ve gerilemenin üzücü bir aşaması şeklinde ele alınması, dönemin padişahlarına da benzer bir perspektiften yaklaşılmasına sebep olmuştur. Dolayısıyla mevcut şartları içerisinde padişahların bizzat kendilerine, onların içinde bulundukları hayata/rutinlerine odaklanan çalışmalar son derece sınırlı kalmıştır.
    [Show full text]
  • Early Nineteenth-Century British Drama and the Greek War of Independence
    Staging Transcultural Relations: Early Nineteenth-Century British Drama and the Greek War of Independence Alexander Grammatikos, Langara College Abstract Keywords This paper examines two British Romantic dramas written Nineteenth-Century British during the Greek War of Independence and its aftermath: George Drama; Greek War of Burges’s The Son of Erin or the Cause of the Greeks (1823) Independence; British Romantic and John Baldwin Buckstone’s The Maid of Athens; or, the Re- Hellenism; Philhellenism; Lord volt of the Greeks (1829). The paper discusses the plays’ portray- Byron als of transcultural interactions between Greeks and Europeans (Irish and British) and argues that the two dramas encourage audiences to see similarities between themselves and Greeks, while also critiquing British apathy toward the Greeks’ efforts to achieve liberation. Despite Burges’s and Buckstone’s shared support for the Greek war, however, an important difference between the two texts exists: while The Son of Erin maintains a relentless attack on the British government for aligning British politics with Ot- toman policies and remaining indifferent toward the Greek war, The Maid of Athens suggests that Britons who take advantage of Greeks’ subjugation misrepresent Britain’s true feelings about the Greek War of Independence. JMH 34 (2019): Special Issue JMH 34 (2019): Special Issue Article: Alexander Grammatikos Introduction In his seminal text, That Greece Might Still Be Free: The Philhellenes in the War of Independence, William St. Clair writes that “[o]ne of the surprising features of the history of philhellenism during the Greek War of Independence is the slowness of the response in Britain.
    [Show full text]
  • An Ottoman Global Moment
    AN OTTOMAN GLOBAL MOMENT: WAR OF SECOND COALITION IN THE LEVANT A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences of Georgetown University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy In History By Kahraman Sakul, M.A Washington, DC November, 18, 2009 Copyright 2009 by Kahraman Sakul All Rights Reserved ii AN OTTOMAN GLOBAL MOMENT: WAR OF SECOND COALITION IN THE LEVANT Kahraman Sakul, M.A. Dissertation Advisor: Gabor Agoston, Ph.D. ABSTRACT This dissertation aims to place the Ottoman Empire within its proper context in the Napoleonic Age and calls for a recognition of the crucial role of the Sublime Porte in the War of Second Coalition (1798-1802). The Ottoman-Russian joint naval expedition (1798-1800) to the Ionian Islands under the French occupation provides the framework for an examination of the Ottoman willingness to join the European system of alliance in the Napoleonic age which brought the victory against France in the Levant in the War of Second Coalition (1798-1802). Collections of the Ottoman Archives and Topkapı Palace Archives in Istanbul as well as various chronicles and treatises in Turkish supply most of the primary sources for this dissertation. Appendices, charts and maps are provided to make the findings on the expedition, finance and logistics more readable. The body of the dissertation is divided into nine chapters discussing in order the global setting and domestic situation prior to the forming of the second coalition, the Adriatic expedition, its financial and logistical aspects with the ensuing socio-economic problems in the Morea, the Sublime Porte’s relations with its protectorate – The Republic of Seven United Islands, and finally the post-war diplomacy.
    [Show full text]
  • Papal Annual Medals, 1605–1700
    religions Article Pressing Metal, Pressing Politics: Papal Annual Medals, 1605–1700 Matthew Knox Averett Department of Fine and Performing Arts, Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, NE 68178, USA; [email protected]; Tel.: +1-402-280-1455; Fax: +1-402-280-2320 Academic Editor: Ted G. Jelen Received: 18 February 2016; Accepted: 11 May 2016; Published: 20 May 2016 Abstract: This article surveys images depicted on the reverses of papal annual medals in the seventeenth century, beginning in 1605 under Paul V (r. 1605–21) with the first confirmed annual medal, and ending in 1700 at the conclusion of the papacy of Innocent XII (r. 1691–1700), a reign that marked a distinct change in papal politics in advance of the eighteenth century. The article mines a wealth of numismatics images and places it within a narrative of seventeenth-century papal politics. In the ninety-six years under consideration, ten popes issued ninety-four annual medals (sede vacante produced generic annual medals in 1667 and 1691). Annual medals are a unique iteration of papal commemorative medals and they celebrate an important papal achievement from the preceding year. The production of annual medals was an exercise in identity creation, undertaken to advance the image of the pope as an aristocratic prince in three specific roles: as builder, warrior, and impresario. The timeliness of the medals makes them valuable sources to gauge the perceived success of the papacy on an annual basis and to chart the political course plotted by popes through the seventeenth century. Keywords: Rome; papacy; annual medals; numismatics 1.
    [Show full text]
  • A Brief History of the Ottoman Greek Genocide (1914-1923)
    A Brief History of the Ottoman Greek Genocide (1914-1923) Asia Minor, also called Anatolia (from the Greek for “sunrise”), is a geographic Contemporary Eyewitness Accounts and historical term for the westernmost part of Asia. From the 9th century BC to the 15th century AD, Asia Minor played a major role in the development of From The Blight of Asia, by George Horton, U.S. Consul-General in the western civilization. Since 1923, Asia Minor has comprised the majority of the Near East, 1926: Republic of Turkey. “In January, 1916, the Greek deportations from the Black Sea began. These Greeks came through the city of Marsovan by thousands, walking for the Greek settlements in Asia Minor date as far back as the 11th century BC when most part the three days’ journey through the snow and mud and slush of Greeks emigrated from mainland Greece. They founded cities such as Miletus, the winter weather. Thousands fell by the wayside from exhaustion and Ephesus, Smyrna, Sinope, Trapezus, and Byzantium (later known as Constantinople, others came into the city of Marsovan in groups of fifty, one hundred and five the capital of the Byzantine Empire). These cities flourished culturally and hundred, always under escort of Turkish gendarmes. Next morning these poor economically. Miletus was the birthplace of pre-Socratic Western philosophy refugees were started on the road and destruction by this treatment was even and of the first great thinkers of antiquity, such as Thales, Anaximander, and more radical than a straight massacre such as the Armenians suffered before.” (p. 194) Anaximenes.
    [Show full text]