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Dean Acheson 1893-1971: A Biographical Sketch

Born Dean Gooderham Acheson on 11 April 1893, in Middletown, Connecticut, the son of Edward Campion Acheson, an Episcopal bishop, and Eleanor Gertrude Gooderham Acheson; 1915 graduates from with 'gendeman C' s', having first attended the ; 1917 marries Alice Stanley, with whom he will have three children; 1918-20 graduates from ; serves as law clerk to Supreme CourtJustice Louis D. Brandeis; 1921joins law firm of Covington and Burling, with which he will be affiliated for the rest of his life; 1933 President Franklin D. Roosevelt appoints him Under Secretary of the Treasury at the recommendation of ; resigns six months later in protest against the reduction of the gold content of the dollar; 1936joins the Yale Corporation, on which he serves until 1961; 1941 appointed Assistant Secretary of State, and serves under and Edward Stettinius; 1941-4 helps coordinate the lend-lease pro• gram during World War II; 1941-53 at State Department, he is responsible for the Bretton Woods agreement leading to the establishment of the , assistance to Greece and Turkey under the , groundwork for the , development of American atomic policy, forma• tion of NATO, peace treaty with Japan, diplomacy over the Korean conflict, US policy toward the People's Republic of , creation and rearmament of West Germany, and the era of bipartisanship in ; 1945-7 appointed Under Secretary of State serving under James F. Byrnes and George C. Marshall; retires temporarily from State Department in July 1947; 1949returns to State Department as President Truman's Secretary of State; 1953 leaves office under a hail of criticism and McCarthyite accusations of being 'soft on communism'; 1953-60 returns to law and becomes outspoken critic of the Eisenhower-Dulles foreign policy; 1957-60 serves as chairman of the Foreign Policy Committee of the Democratic Advisory

256 Bibliography 257 Council; 1960-3 becomes important unofficial foreign policy advisor to President Kennedy on the Berlin and Cuban crises; 1964-8 advises President Johnson on the ; March 1968 tells President Johnson he should pull the US out of Vietnam; 1968-71 serves as important unofficial advisor to Presi• dent Nixon; 1970wins the Pulitzer Prize for his sixth book, the autobiographical ; 1971 dies on 12 October of a stroke, at his country home in Sandy Spring, Maryland. Select Bibliography

OVERVIEW OF BIOGRAPHICAL SOURCES

There is no comprehensive biography of , partly because Acheson himself wrote with such authoritative ability and literary flair, most notably demonstrated in his Pulitzer Prize-winning memoir of his years in the State Department, Present at the Creation (1969). To date, five published bio• graphical profiles exist, and one of these, and 's : Six Friends and the World They Made (1986), portrays Acheson along with five others (Chip Bohlen, Averell Harriman, George Kennan, Robert Lovett, and John J. McCloy) as a premier architect of US postwar foreign policy. Gaddis Smith's Dean Acheson (1972) is a volume in the Ameri• can Secretaries of State and Their Diplomacy series, and therefore focuses primarily on his foreign policy achievements and blunders while he held that office from 1949 to 1953. 's Dean Acheson: The Year.s 1953-1971 (1992) examines his career after he left government and became an advisor to three presidents. Ronald Stupak's The Shaping of Foreign Policy: The Role ofthe Secretary ofState as Seen by Dean Acheson ( 1969) analyzes Acheson's perspectives on the proper role of the Secretary of State in Anerican government. DavidS. McLellan's Dean Acheson: The State Department Year.s (1976) is the nearest thing to a full-scale biography, although the book gives short shrift to the last seventeen years of Acheson's life. McLellan concentrates mainly on the political as contrasted with the economic and elitist interpretations of Acheson's foreign policy. Forrest Pogue's masterful George C. Mar.shaU: States• man 1945-1959 (1987); Robert Donavan's Tumultuous Year.s: The Presidency of Harry S Truman, 1949-1953 (1982); and Melvyn P. Leffler's A Preponderance of Power: National Security, the Truman Administration, and the Cold War ( 1992) offer important historical and biographical portraits of Acheson in government.

OVERVIEW AND EVALUATION OF PRIMARY SOURCES

Dean Acheson was the author of six books, plus three volumes of collected articles and speeches edited posthumously. The first of these, A Democrat Looks at His Party (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1955), is a polemic presenting the virtues of the party from 1933 to 1953, in which he also touches briskly upon such topics as pollsters, intellectuals in government, , the , war, and life itself. There soon followed an updated reassessment of Woodrow Wilson's famous book, Congressional Government (1885), entitled A Citizen Looks at Congress (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1956), a penetra• ting analysis of Congress, its relation to the Chief Executive, and the role of

258 Select Bibliography 259 the committee system in the House and Senate. The William L. Clayton Lectures that Acheson delivered at the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, later published under the title of Power and Diplomacy (Cam• bridge, Mass.: Press, 1958), deal with NATO's military requirements and political precepts for coalitions of free states. Sketches from Life of Men I Have Known (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1961), contains wonderful personal vignettes of Acheson's close association with world leaders including Adenauer, Churchill, Marshall, and Vandenberg. Acheson's next book, Morning and Noon (Boston: Houghton Mifllin, 1965), is a charm• ing and nostalgic autobiographical account of his childhood in Middletown, Connecticut, his time spent at Yale and Harvard, his years as law clerk to Justice Brandeis, and his service in the Roosevelt administration. Present at the Creation (New York: W. W. Norton, 1969), is the brilliant Pulitzer Prize• winning account of his years in the State Department (1945-53), when he was a key architect and manager of American foreign policy during the presi• dency of Harry S. Truman. Fragments of My Fleece (New York: W. W. Norton, 1971), Grapes from Thorns (New York: W. W. Norton, 1972), and This Vast External Realm (New York: W. W. Norton, 1973), are collections of posthu• mously published essays covering a wide range of topics related to law, gov• ernment, politics, and foreign-policy decision making. The central public papers of Dean Acheson as Secretary of State can be found in The Pattern of Responsibility: From the Record of Dean Acheson, edited by McGeorge Bundy (Boston: Houghton Mifllin, 1952). Among Friends: Personal Letters of Dean Acheson, edited by David S. McLellan and David C. Acheson (New York: Dodd, Mead, 1980), is a wonderful selection of witty and informal personal letters written to friends, associates, and family. In addition to his own published writings, the collected primary material is rich. The Sterling Memorial Library at Yale University is the repository of his personal papers including all his post-secretarial papers from 1953-71. Acheson's own records and correspondence from his tours of public service are located at the Harry S. Truman Library in Independence, Missouri. His oral history pertaining to his role as foreign policy advisor to President Kennedy can be found at the John F. Kennedy Library in Boston. The Dean Acheson oral history seminars on his State Department years, including accounts given by Averell Harriman and Paul Nitze at the Institute for Ad• vanced Study, Princeton, 1952-3, are available on microfilm at the Truman Library. The Department of State Bulletin (1941-53) and the Foreign Relations of the (1945-53) are helpful government sources.

SELECTED SPEECHES AND ARTICLES BY DEAN ACHESON 1936-1971 (The following can be found in the Dean Acheson Personal Papers at the Sterling Memorial Library, Yale University.)

'Roger Brooke Taney: Notes Upon Judicial Restraint', Maryland Bar Associa• tion, 4 July 1936. 'Some Social Factors in Legal Change', Law Club of Chicago, 22 January 1937. 260 Select Bibliography Banquet (50th Anniversary) 17 April1937. 'Mr Justice Cardozo and Problems of Government', Bar and Officers of the US Supreme Court, 26 November 1938. 'An American Attitude Toward ', Yale University, Davenport College, 28 November 1939. 'International Ladies Garment Workers Union', , 4 June 1940. Letter to New Yorlc Times regarding transfer of US destroyers to England, 11 August 1940. 'Shall We Give Further Aid to Great Britain?', American Forum of the Air, 13 October 1940. 'Is a Hitler defeat essential to the United States?', Town Meeting, 13 January 1941. Brandeis, Louis, remarks at funeral service for, 10 October 1941. Lend-Lease Act reviewed, statement before US House Foreign Affairs Com• mittee, February 1943. National Council of American-Soviet Friendship, 14 November 1945. 'Mutual Advantages of the British Loan', Economic Club of Detroit, 18 March 1946. 'International Control of Atomic Energy', CBS broadcast, 23 April1946. 'Random Harvest' speech, Associated Harvard Clubs, 4June 1946. Bryn Mawr College address, 11 June 1946. American Society of Newspaper Editors, 18 April1947. Delta Council, Cleveland, Mississippi, 8 May 1947. Wesleyan University (Conn.), 15June 1947. Wellesley College (Mass.), 1 October 1947. 'What Should We Do for Europe Now?', Town Meeting, 14 October 1947. Commonwealth Club of San Francisco, 28 November 1947. 'The US in World Affairs, 1947-48', foreword to book published by the Council on Foreign Relations, Harper's. Marshall Plan statement before US House Committee on Foreign Affairs, 28 January 1948. 'Diplomatic and International Significance of the European Recovery Program', Philadelphia Bulletin Forum, 10 March 1948. 'Success Has Its Problems Too', State Bar of Michigan, 30 September 1948. 'The Quality of American Patriotism', State Department Bulletin, 1 May 1950. 'American Policy toward China', statement before Joint Senate Committee, 4 June 1951. 'Devotion to Duty Lauded in Department', Department of State Bulletin, 29 October 1951. 'Freedom's Case Against Dean Acheson', (Felix Wittmer) Department of State for the Press, 19 May 1952. 'The Role of the Bible in our National Life', National Council of Churches, 29 September 1952. North Atlantic Council Statement, 18 December 1952. Award presentation to Dean Acheson by the Chiefs of Foreign Missions, 19 January 1953. FDR Award to Harry S. Truman, 28 September 1953. Post-War Foreign Policy Second Phase, Woodrow Wilson Foundation Dinner, 1 October 1953. Select Bibliography 261 Pusey, Nathan M., address in honor of, 20 November 1953. 'The Responsibility for Decision in Foreign Policy', Yale Review, autumn 1954. 'Instant Retaliation', Nw York Times, 28 March 1954. 'Reminiscences of a Supreme Court Law Clerk', Pittsburgh Legal]ouma~ 29 January 1955. Dean Harry Schulman memorial services, Yale University, 5 April 1955. 'The Parties and Foreign Policy', Harpers, 1955. 'To Meet the Shifting Soviet Offensive', Nw York Times, 15 April 1956. 'The Significance of Soviet Productive Power', Brandeis University, 10 June 1956. 'Legislative-Executive Relations', Yale Review, Summer, 1956. 'The Shape of Foreign Policy Issues in 1956', Western Suburban Democratic Club of Maryland, 26 September 1956. 'The Bases of a Foreign Program', Nw York Times, 6 January 1957. 'The Administration's Proposed Joint Resolutions Relating to the Middle East', House Foreign Affairs Committee, 10 January 1957. Annual Dinner of the Yale Daily News, 12 April 1957. 'Moralism in Foreign Policy', The Reporter, 2 May 1957. 'Is NATO Useful?', Western World- August 1957. 'A Word of Praise', The &porter, 5 September 1957. 'Culture after Breakfast' Letter to a friend regarding column in the Nw York Times, 9 December 1957. 'Germany-U.S. troops in', American Council on Germany, Inc., 30 December 1957. Rublee, George, sketch for the Groton School QJ.larterly. Nw York Herald Tribune, Book and Author Luncheon, 17 February 1958. 'Morality, Moralism, and Diplomacy', University of Florida, 20 February 1958. 'The Illusion of Disengagement', Foreign Affairs, April 1958. 'Factors Underlying Negotiations with the Russians', Eddie Jacobson Memo• rial Foundation Dinner, 15 April1958. Jefferson:Jackson Day Dinner, 3 May 1958. 'Meetings at the Summit- A Study in Diplomatic Method', University of New Hampshire, 8 May 1958. American Association of Law Libraries, Washington, DC, 3 July 1958. Quemoy crisis, statement on, 6 September 1958. 'The Foreign Service as a Career' (excerpts from letter) 6January 1959. DiamondJubilee Celebration for Harry S. Truman, 8 May 1959. 'The Great Fish of Como', Harper's,June 1959. 'Inter-American Development Bank', House Banking and Currency Commit- tee, 5 June 1959. 'Thoughts about Thoughts in High Places', Nw York Times, 11 October 1959. 'En Torno de las das Americas', Combate,Juiy-August 1959. 'Revising FoiWard Political Strategies and Improving the Organization of the Free World', National War College, 21 July 1959. 'The Premises of American Policy', Orbis, autumn, 1959. 'The Atlantic Nations and the Free World', NATO Parlimentarians Confer• ence, 18 November 1959. Homage to General Marshall, The Reporter, 26 November 1959. 'Should U.S. policy change on Russia?', Foreign Policy Bulletin, 15 May 1959. 262 Select Bibliography 'Canada: Stern Daughter of the Voice of God'. Memoirs of Sir , comments on, 20 January 1960. Griswold lOth Anniversary Dinner, New Haven, Conn., 20 February 1960. German Reunification (NANA) article, 29 February 1960. 'The Debate on Defense', The Reporter, 3 March 1960. 'Stories by Dean Acheson', Hary>ers, June 1960. 'The Nature of Our Times', Goucher College, 13 June 1960. 'Errant Vaparetto', The Reporter, 15 September 1960. Western Suburban Democratic Rally, Bethesda, Maryland, 28 October 1960. Berlin speech, Kansas City, Missouri, 30 November 1960. Russians, Dean Acheson on, Saturday Evening Post, 25 March 1961. Churchill, Winston, Dean Acheson on, Saturday Evening Post, 18 March 1961. 'Adenauer and McCoy' by Dean Acheson, Hary>er's, April1961. Bevin, Ernest, article on by Dean Acheson, Hary>er's, May 1961. 'Fifty Years Mter', Yale Rcoiew, autumn 1961. Meaning of Access to Berlin, September 1961. Herridge, W. D., letter concerning, 1 October 1961. Joint Economic Committee, statement before, 5 December 1961. Speech, 'The Hazard', Peale Museum, 15 February 1962. Truman Library address, 31 March 1962. Honorary degree from Yale, 11 June 1962. 'Mr. Justice Frankfurter', Harvard Law Review, November 1962. Atlantic Alliance speech, West Point, 5 December 1962. 'My American Morning', Saturday Evening Post, 15 December 1962. 'The Practice of Partnership', Foreign Affairs, January 1963. 'Obstacles to Partnership with Europe', Caltech speech, 7 March 1963. Panel on Cuba, American Society of International Law, 25 April 1963. Anglo-American Conference, English Speaking Union, 1 May 1963. 'Short Cut From a Natural State of Innocence to the Land of Wordly Wis• dom', Esquire, July 1963. Letter to Senator Fulbright concerning National Academy for Foreign Affairs, 29 July 1963. 'The American Interest in European Unity', The Hague, 18 September 1963. 'The Monroe Doctrine: Dead or Alive?', Think, October 1963. 'The Dilemmas of our Times', (Brien McMahon Lecture) University of Con- necticut, 18 November 1963. Atlantic Crisis ( 1964) by Robert Kleinman, review by Dean Acheson. 'Foreign Policy of the United States', Arkansas Bar Association, 4 June 1964. 'Ethics in International Relations Today', Amherst College, 9 December 1964. 'Of Mice and Mail', Amherst College Assembly, 10 December 1964. 'The American Image Will Take Care of Itself, New York Times, 28 February 1965. 'Ambivalences of American Foreign Policy', University of Indiana, 5 March 1965. 'A Toast to Columnists', 19 March 1965. 'Cyprus: the Anatomy of the Problem', Chicago Bar Association, 24 March 1965. 'The Truman Years', Freedom House Award, 13 April1965. George C. Marshall (Polaris submarine) launching, 21 May 1965. Select Bibliography 263 'Olney Plan', Maryland National Park and Planning Commission, 22 June 1965. 'Voice of Experience', Washington Post, 14July 1965. 'Isolationists are Stupid', Saturday Evening Post. 'Advice to Young Academic Propagandists', Reporter, 12 August 1965. Salute to G. Howland Shaw, Washington Post, 22 August 1965. 'The Fairy Princess', The &pmter, 7 October 1965. Frankfurter, Felix, Resolutions re Bar of the US Supreme Court, 25 October 1965. 'Without Fear or Favor', Washington Post, 31 October 1965. 'Europe: Decision or Drift', Foreign Affairs, January 1966. 'History as Literature' (SAH dinner) Smithsonian Institution, 31 March 1966. 'The Atlantic Alliance', (Hearings) Subcommittee on National Security - Senate Committee on Government Operations, 27 April1966. 'The Crisis in NATO', (Hearings) House Foreign Affairs Committee, 17 May 1966. Prize Day, Groton School address, June 1966. 'The Lawyer's Path to Peace', Vifginia Qy,arterly Review, summer 1966. 'The Holiday', Atlantic Monthly. Burling, Edward B., memorial services, 4 October 1966. Rhodesia, comments on, Washington Post, 10 December 1966. 'The Earrings', Atlantic Monthly, 1966. 'Crisis in Rhodesia' review, Washington Post, 4June 1967. 'A Farewell to Daisy Harriman', 5 September 1967. 'Acheson Writes off DeGaulle', Washington Post, 10 December 1967. 'Acheson on Greece', Washington Post, 20 December 1967. 'Range Practice', American Heritage. Crusader's Centennial (letter to editor) New Yom Times, 31 March 1968. Truman, Bess, unveiling of portrait at the White House. 'The Arrogance of International Lawyers', American Bar Association, 24 May 1968. Have I Ever Lied to You?, by Art Buchwald (book review) Washington Post, 26 May 1968. Exeter College address, Exeter Bulletin, 9 June 1968. 'The True Election Comparison', 1 July 1968. 'This Simian World', foreword to, October 1968. 'Drop Reformist Intervention in Rhodesia', Washington Star, 22 December 1968. 'Violence Perceived', Washington Post, 30 December 1968. 'Acheson Says Luck Saved]FK on Cuba', Washington Post, 19 January 1969. 'The First Hundred Days', American Society of Newspaper Editors, 16 April 1969. Supreme Court, statement before Senate Committee on the judiciary, 16July 1969. 'A Citizen Takes a Hard Look at the ABM Debacle', Washington Star, 27 July 1969. 'The Greatness of Harry Truman', E:squire, October 1969. Milwaukee Jouma~ World Affairs Council Award for Distinguished Service in Foreign Affairs, 10 October 1969. Smith, Gaddis, interview with Dean Acheson, 12 October 1969. 264 Select Bibliography Rhodesia, statement on before House Committee on Foreign Affairs, 19 November 1969. 'Nixon Policy Backed', New York Times, 24 November 1969. 'Oppression in Brazil', Washington Post, 5 March 1970. Rhodesia, letter to Congressman Gross (Ia.) concerning Congressional Record, 25 March 1970. Harry S. Truman portrait presentation to the National Portrait Gallery, 9 April1970. 'The Changing American Scene', Maxwell Air Force Base, 13 May 1970. Foreign Affairs: 'The Sage of Sandy Springs', New York Times, 20 September 1970. 'Acheson Urges Brandt's "Race" to Moscow be called off', Washington Post, 10 December 1970. SouthwestMrica, US Involvement in New York Times, 2January 1971. 'On South Mrica', New York Times, 21 Aprill971. 'The Purloined Papers', New York Times, 7 July 1971. 'The Eclipse of the State Department', Fureign Affairs, July 1971. Rhodesia statement before Senator Bryd's committee, 7 July 1971. 'A New-Old China Policy', New York Times, 22july 1971. 'The Berlin Agreement Is No Gift', New York Times, 12 September 1971. 'Russia's Goals in the Middle East', New York Times, 14 . 'Economic Pressures Endanger Our Security', Washington Star, 12 December 1971. Index

Acheson, Dean Atlantic Union B-36 164-5 Committee and 43-4; Britain Baku 84 and 29-35,45-6,73-4,115-6, Balfour,John 93, 225-6 141,176, 182-4,245-6;China Balkans, the 60 and 109-24, 197-8, 212-3; Baruch, Bernard 62, 64 European Community and 36- 185 42;Japan and 133--55; Marshall Battle of Britain 30 and 211-30; Marshall Plan Batum 81 and 1-22, 183--5; NATO Bay of Pigs 49 and 28-51, 159; NSC-68 BBC 225 and 159-72, 194-5; nuclear BBC Radio Reith Lectures 47 weapons and 55-71, 160, 165; Benelux 28 Truman Doctrine and 73--103; Beria, Levrenti 82, 90 USSR and 176-205; and passim Berlin 8, 34, 49, 109, 186, 186, Acheson-Lilienthal plan 55, 61-4 189,194,199,250 Adenauer,Konrad 40,176,199 Bessarabia 86 Mghanistan 86 Bevin, Ernest 28-9, 31-3, 60, 83--5, Air Force, US 164-5 89, 94-5, 99, 115-6, 141, 176, Albania 96-7 188, 195-6, 217, 219, 225-6 Allen, George 96 Bidault, Georges 217, 226 Allen, H.C. 29 Bissell, Richard 20 Allied High Commission 199 Black Sea 82, 89, 91 Allison, John M. 145 Blackwelder, Justin 44 American Civil War 67 Bohlen, Charles 14, 123, 189, 221, American Committee for a Free 223, 225, 228 and United Europe 36 Bradley, Omar N. 142, 144-6, American Red Cross 229 151-2 American-Soviet Friendship Bretton Woods Agreement I, 180, Council 69 233, 235, 243--5, 248-9 Anglo-Turkish-French Alliance 80 British Commonwealth/Empire 7, Ardahan 81 9-10, 29, 32, 34, 76, 115-6, 141, Armenia 81, 83, 90 183 Army Department 7, 138-9 Brown, Seyom 109 Atlantic Union Committee 43-4 Bukovina 86 Atomic Energy Commission 62, Bulgaria 79-81, 86, 90, 96-7, 203 65-6,68,166 Bullitt, William 77 Attlee, Clement 60, 89, 94 Bullock, Alan 99 Auriol, Vincent 40 Bureau of the Budget 161, 171 Australia 120, 150-1, 172 Burns, James H. 167 Austria 217, 221 Bush, Vannevar 57-8, 61 Axis 80, 85 Butler, Nevile 226 Azerbaijan 84,87,89,96 Butterworth, W. Walton 114-5, Azores, the 45 142-4, 191 266 Index Byrnes,James 56-7, 60-3, 77, 84- Day, Clarence 50 5,87,89,94-5, 212-5,217,246 Dedijer, Vladimir 97 Defense Department 111-2, 117, Cabot,John 118 124, 146, 148, 150, 152, 163-4, Cairo conference 80 166-7, 172, 192-3, 198,211-2, Canada 9-11,34,57,59-61,123, 229; Joint Strategic Survey 235-6,239,246-7,250-1 Committee 148 Camps, Miriam 244, 250-2 Delta Council 4, 136, 155, 222, 224 Carnegie Institution 58 Denmark 46 Carpatho-Ukraine 86 Department of Agriculture 237 Carter, Marshall 224-5 Dewey, Thomas 113 Case, Everett 109 Dimitrov, Georgi 97 Chen Yi 119 Donovan, Robert 29 Chiang Kai-shek 69, 112-6, 118, Dulles,John Foster 28, 47-8, 115, 121-2,124,134,212 133, 141, 143-52, 154-5,217 Chicago Foreign Policy Council 227 Economic Cooperation China 12-13, 17, 22, 60, 69, 86, Administration 6, 20-1, 36, 114 109-24, 137, 142, 145, 147-8, Eden, Anthony 199 151-2, 155, 160, 171, 182, 184, Egypt 74 191,194-8,202-3,211-3,216, Eisenhower, Dwight D. 47, 49, 57, 218, 230, 242, 251; China Aid 213-4 Act 112-3; China Lobby 110, Erkin, Feridun 93 112-3; Kuomintang 110-14, Estonia 86 119, 122, 124, 212 Euratom 42 Churchill, Winston 31, 63, 82, European Coal and Steel 86-8, 101, 134 Community 15--16, 22, 32-3, 38, CIA 64-5, 123, 191 41-2 Clay, Lucius 139 European Common Market 33, Clayton, William 1-5, 180, 223-5, 37-8,41-2,250 228,239 European Defense Community 33, Clifford, Clark 74-5, 220 38-41, 176, 199-200 Clubb, Edmund 0. 119-20 European Free Trade Area 250 Committee on the Extension of US European Payments Union 15, 22 Aid to Foreign Governments 3 European Recovery Program 6-8, Conant, James 61, 224 12,20,22,28,36, 100,161,190, Connally, Tom 61 223, 227 Coudenhove-Kalergi, Richard 36 Export Import Bank 240 Council of Europe 37 Council of Economic Advisers 226 Far East Commission 137, 139, Council of Foreign Ministers 93, 147, 192 136,140,148,217,220 Fearey, Robert A. 149-50 Council on Foreign Relations 235 Feis, Herbert 109 Cuba 199 Fermi, Enrico 66 34 Finland 86, 136 Czechoslovakia 6, 202 Foreign ministers' conference (1947,London) 60 Dalton, Hugh 89, 94 Foreign ministers' conference Davis, James A. 213 (1947, Moscow) 3-4, 83-4, 185 Index 267 Foreign ministers' conference H-Bomb 55, 64-71 (1949, Washington) 8-9, 12-14 Hammond, PaulY. 168 Foreign ministers' conference Harriman, Averell 226 (1950, London) 14-15, 18-19 Harvard University 4, 218, 222, Formosan independence 114 224-5 Forrestal, James 5, 58, 60, 135-6, Hay,John 29 139,142,164,216 Henderson, Loy 73, 75-7, 79, 81, Fosdick, Raymond 109 84-5,91,93-6,98,103 Foster,John 217 Hilldring,John H. 213 Four-Power condominium 40 Hirohito, Emperor 134 Foster, William 20 Hiroshima 55-6, 69-70, 92 2-3,6-11,15-17,20-2,28, Hiss, Alger 64, 69, 142 32,38-41,48,50, 70, 74,79-80, Hitler, Adolf 79, 85, 179 100, 110, 153, 172, 176, 182, 188, Ho Chi Minh 198 190-1, 197-9, 203,217,219,237 Hoffman, Paul 235 Franks, Oliver 13, 17, 29, 31-2 Hong Kong 115 Fuchs, Klaus 69 Hoover, Herbert 135-6 Fulbright,]. William 36-8, 51 Hoover,J. Edgar 64, 69 Hottelet, Richard 89 Gaulle, Charles de 35, 41-2 House Armed Services General Agreement on Tariffs and Committee 164-5 Trade (GATT) 236, 241, 243-4, House Committee on Foreign 251 Affairs 6 Georgia 81-3, 90 Huang Hua 119 Germany, East 37, 49-50, 189, 201 Hull, Cordell 1, 215, 239, 245, Germany, prewar 78-81, 85, 179 248,252 Germany, West 2-12, 16-22, 28, Hull,John E. 212 33,37-42,47, 49,60, 85,135, Humelsine, Carlisle N. 216 137, 139, 146, 171, 176, 182-93, Hungary 86, 202 195-6, 199-200, 202-4, 217, 221, Hurley, Patrick]. 69, 212 234 Gilan 81, 84 Gordon, Kermit 239 Iceland 45-6 Great Britain 1-2, 7, 9-15, 17, 22, India 147, 192 28-35,37,39-40,42-3,45-6,48, Indochina 17, 70, 182, 195, 197-9 57,59-61,73-6,78-85,89,9-5, Indonesia 153, 182 97-100, 103, 115-6, 141, 150, International Monetary Fund 2-3, 176, 178, 180, 182-4, 186, 188, 12, 181, 237 190-2, 197-8,201,204, 217, 219, International Trade 224-5, 233-4, 236-7, 239, 240, Commission 236 250 International Trade Organization, Great Depression 1, 178, 217 Charter for an 237-8, 240, 243, Greece 2, 73-5,77,86, 89, 249 93-100, 103, 135, 182-3, 219-20 Inverchapel, Lord 94 Greek-Turkish Aid Program 100 Iran 63, 74, 78-9, 81, 83-91, 93, 6, Grew,Joseph 134 98-100,02-3,183,195,199 Gromyko, Andrei 62-3 Iraq 87 Groton School 29-30 Ireland 45-6 Groves, Leslie 61-2 Ireland, Northern 45-6 268 Index ltUy 2,20, 28, 74,136,182,203, Leffier, Melvyn P. 78, 99, 109 219 Lenin, V.I. 81, 84 Lilienthal, David 55, 61, 65-6, 68, Japan 56, 60, 65, 83, 90, 110-11, 166 116, 120-1, 123, 133-55, 172, Lincoln, Abraham 67 179, 182-4, 186-7, 191-3, 195, Lippman, Walter 222 197,202-4,233-4,246, 249; Lithuania 86 GHQ/SCAP 136-9; Ministry of Litvinov, Maxim 89, 93, 102 National Security 150; 'United Li Shaoqi 120 States Initial Post-Surrender London Economic Policy for Japan' 135 Conference 247 Jessup, Philip 109, 189 Lothian, Lord 247 johnson, Louis 66, 68, 112, 117, Lovett, Robert A. 198-9, 215, 122, 142-5, 147-8, 164-8, 170, 226-8 229 Johnson,Lyndon 42,50-1 MacArthur, Douglas 122, 134--6, Joint Chiefs of Staff 66, 94, 112, 138, 140-2, 144-9, 151, 191, 195, 121-2, 139-45, 147, 149, 152-4, 230 165-7, 170, 183, 191, 197 Macedonia 96-7 Macmillan, Harold 35 Kars 81 Manchuria 60, 86, l18, 120, 124, Kefauver, Estes 43, 51 151, 191, 196 Kennan, George 3-5, 10-12, 36-8, Manhattan Project 65 47-8,50-1,63,67-8,77,96,102, 118-20, 124, 196, 114, 123, 137-8, 140-1, 162-3, 212 166, 188-9, 191, 193, 204, 216, Matjolin, Robert 242 222--6,228 Marshall, George C. 2-5, 8, 56, 74, Kennedy, john F. 34, 41, 48-9, 51 77, 102, 136-8, 148-9, 151-2, Keynes,John M. 31, 247-9, 252 211-30 Khrushchev, Nikita 82, 90, 250 Marshall Plan 1-22, 36, 68-9, 109, King, MacKenzie 60, 247 160,183-5,221-30,233,235, Kolko, Gabriel I 09 237, 240-2, 246; Committee for Korea, North 121, 124, 146-8, 195 the 5-6 Korea, South 148,195,241 Matthews, H. Freeman 93 19-20, 22, 39, 43, 46, McBride, Sean 46 70, 109-12, 121-4, 146-9, 152, McCarran, Pat 112 159,170-1,195-7,199,203, McCarthy,joseph 109, 142 229-30,241-2 McCarthyism 55, 64, 69 Krug, julius 226 McCloy,Johnj. 17, 31, 61, 200 Kurdish People's Government 84 McKellar, Kenneth 57 McLellan, David 159 LaFaber, Walter 109 McNamara, Robert S. 48 Landon, Truman H. 167 Medhurst, Martin 101 Lansing, Robert 217 Mediterranean, the 28 Lapham, Roger 143 Melby, John 118 Latin America 116 Merchant, Livingston 114 Latvia 86 Mexico 123 Lawton, Frederickj. 171 Miall, Leonard 225 League of Nations 90, 249 Military Security Board 8, 188 Index 269 Moch, Jules 40 Office of Scientific Research and Moldavia 86 Development 58 Molotov, Vyacheslaw M. 60, 79, 81, Office of War Mobilization 57 85,87, 151,217,221 Oppenheimer,]. Robert 61-4, 66, Monnet,Jean 37-8, 41 70 Montreux Convention 81-2, 90-2 Organization for European Moscow Foreign Ministers Economic Cooperation ~9. 12, Conference 8~. 185 15, 20-1, 3~7 Murphy, Robert 188 OFFTACKLE 121 Mussadiq, Muhammad 199 Mutual Defense Assistance Pacific Pact 149-51 Program 159 Pan American Mutual Security Administration 21 Society 116 Patterson, Gardner 235-6, 238 Patterson, Robert 5, 57 Napoleonic Wars 178 Pearson, Lester 247 National Association of Women's Pepper, Claude 190 Organizations 227 Perkins, George 11 National Press Club 115 'Persian Corridor' 83 National Security Council 8, 66, Persian Gulf 85 112, 118, 143, 146, 153, 168, 189, , the 151, 153 195-6, 198,200;NSC-13/ Platt Amendment 199 2 13S-9; NSC-13/3 139-41; Pleven Plan 38 NSC-20/4 187; NSC-372 114; Plowden, Lord 237-8 NSC-37/5 112; NSC-48 112; Poland 64, 81, 86, 182, 202-3 NSC-49 139-40; NSC-68 Portugal 45-6 19-20,22,68,70,159-72,194-5, Potsdam Conference 82-3, 93 202 Potsdam Declaration 133-5 National War College 216, 222 Princeton University 32, 38, Navy Department 91, 95, 152, 2IS-9,235 164-5 Nazi-Soviet Pact 79, 85 Rabi, 1.1. 66 New Deal 235, 248 Rapallo New Zealand 150-1, 172 Treaty 8 Reciprocal Nitze, Paul H. 162-3, 167, 169-70, Trade Agreements Act 1 172, 19~. 197-8 Reid, Escott 34 Nixon, Richard M. 49 Nordic Pact 46 Ridgway, Matthew B. 151-3 Roberts, Owen 43 Organization Romania 86, 182, 203 (NATO) 10, 14, 17-19, Roosevelt, Franklin D. 30-1, 2S-51, 100, 109, 111, 159, 162, 101-2,180,239,247 167, 171-2, 187-8, 195-7, 199, Rossow, Robert 230,235-6,250 96 Ruhr,the 4,6,8, 185,189-90 Norway 28, 46, 86 Ruhr Control Authority 188 Nourse, Edwin G. 226 Rusk, Dean 115, 122, 140, 153

Office of European Affairs 93 Sadak, Necmeddin 92 Office of Near Eastern and Mrican San Francisco Peace Affairs 73, 77, 79, 81, 85, 91, 98 Conference 133, 141, 152-3 270 Index Schmidt, Paul 85 Taft, Robert 227 Schuman, Robert 15-16, 32-3, Taiwan 112-5, 118, 121-4, 145, 37-40,42,176,188,199 151, 191 Sebald, William 139-40 Tannu Tuva 86 Senate Committee on Banking and Tariff Commission 236 Currency 181 Tito (Josip Broz) 100, 118 Senate Foreign Relations Tittman, A.O. 29 Committee 29, 118-9, 190, 199, Trade Agreement Act 235 215,217 Transcaucasus 81 Sherman, Forrest 144 Treasury Department 9, 31 Skybolt 35 Treaty of Rome 41 Smith, Gaddis 30 Truman, Harry 5, 18-20, 37, 45, Smith, Walter Bedell 88, 221 49,55-61,63-71,73-9,83,85, Snow, Edgar 102 87-8,92-5,97,100-2,109-10, Snyder, .John 9, 57 112-4, 117-8, 120, 122, 133-4, Soviet-Turkish Treaty of 143, 146-7, 159-60, 164-7, Friendship 81 170-2, 189, 195, 198,212-4, Soviet Far East Committee 151 218-20, 222, 224-5, 227-30, 235, Spain 45, 250 238-9, 245 Special Committee to Study Truman Doctrine 73-103, 135, Assistance to Greece and 160, 183-4, 220-1 Turkey 73 Tudeh Party 199 Sproul, Robert 143 Turkey 73-5, 77-3, 85-6, 88-96, Stalin, Josef 46, 60, 68-9, 77-9, 98-100, 102-3, 135, 151, 183, 81-5,87-9,90,97,100-1,118, 219-20 182-3, 196, 199-200, 203-4, 221 Stalingrad 80-1 Union of Soviet Socialist State Department I, 4-6, 10-11, Republics 2-10, 12-13, 15, 16,21,31-2, 35,43-5,66-7,69, 17-19, 22, 35-7, 40, 42, 46-7, 74,92, 101,109-10,112-3, 49-50,55,57-60,62,64-0, 115-7, 119-20, 124, 133, 135, 73-96,98-102,113,116-21, 137, 139, 141-7, 149, 152, 154, 123-4, 137-8, 140, 142, 144, 162, 164, 166-7, 188-91, 198, 146-9, 151-3, 211-30, 237, 248, 250; Policy 159-72, 176-205, 217, 219-21 Planning Staff of 117, 137-9, Organization 60, 162, 167, 177, 188, 193, 216, 75, 84, 87-91, 94, 114-5, 123, 222-3, 225 143, 147-8, 151, 180, 195-6, 214, State-War-Navy Coordinating 245, 249-50; Security Council of Committee 3-4, 221 the 62, 64,88,92,96 Stebbins, Richard 238 5-6, 14, Steel, Ronald 109 19-21,43-6,49,59,62,73-5, Stettinius, William 180, 216 102, 112-3, 115-6, 135, 143, 160, Stimson, Henry 5, 56-60 170,183,213,217,219-20, Strauss, Lewis 66 226-7, 229, 233, 235-6, 238, 240, Streit, Clarence 42-3, 51 252 Stuart,]. Leighton 119 United States Strategic Bombing Suez 183 Sutvey 163 Sun Lijen 115 University of California, Sweden 45-6 Berkeley 50, 227 Index 271 University of California, Los West Point 34-6 Angeles 227 Western Union 28, 46 Wherry, Kenneth 39 Vandenberg, Arthur 60-1, 74, Wiley, Alexander 192-3 143-5, 190, 214-5, 217, 219-20, World Bank, the 2-3, 12, 181, 240 226-8, 240 World War One 36, 178 Vietnam 110, 124, 172, 194 World War Two 30, 36, 39, 42, 47, Vincent,John Carter 212 76, 80-2,99, 102, 111, 118, 146, Vinson, Carl 164 161,163,192,234 Vishinsky, Andrei 87, 140 Voters Alliance for of Yale University 30, 49, 178 German Ancestry 29 Yalta 101 Yao Yilin 119 Wallace, Henry 58, 64, 69, 246 Ye Jianying 119 War Department 4, 31, 91, 95, Yoshida Shigeru 146, 149-50, 135, 215-6 153-4 Ward, Angus 120 96-7, 118 Warrel, Earl 143 Webb, James E. 143 Zhou Enlai 111, 115, 119-20, 123 Printed and bound by CPI Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon, CRO 4YY