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Russian Elections: Gender Profile

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Russian Elections: Gender Profile Consortium of Women’s Non-Governmental Associations Institute of Social Sciences (Russian Academy of Sciences) Svetlana Aivazova RUSSIAN ELECTIONS: GENDER PROFILE Moscow – 2008 About the author Aivazova Svetlana Grigoryevna, Doctor of Political Sciences, Leading Researcher, Institute of Sociology (Russian Academy of Sciences). Authored several publications including the monograph “Russian Women in the Labyrinth of Equality” (M: RIK Rusanova, 1998), numerous articles in line with gender politology and political sociology,ae new tideway in political sciences, also articles on women’s movement history and theory. Consortium of Women’s Non-Governmental Associations and the author express their gratitude to the Moscow Committee of public relations and to the Embassy of Canada for providing financial support to the research and to the publication of this book. S. Aivazova. Russian Elections: Gender profile. M.: ......., 2008, .... pages. Consortium of Women’s Non-Governmental Associations, Moscow, Stolovy Per, 6, office 215, tel. (495) 690-4709, email www.wcons.ru CONTENTS PART I. GENDER ANALYSIS OF PARLIAMENTARY AND PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS ...................................... 4 INTRODUCTION. Attempt at problem justification ........................................................ 4 CHAPTER 1. History and theory.......................................................................................... 6 1. Historical roots.......................................................................................................... 6 2. Theoretical approaches.............................................................................................. 9 3. Potential strategies of gender-focused institutional changes ................................... 14 4. Gender equality in the context of Russian politics................................................... 17 CHAPTER 2. 2007 parliamentary elections........................................................................ 24 1. Gender analysis of lists of candidates to the State Duma......................................... 24 2. Election programs of political parties: gender component....................................... 46 3. Election results. Gender composition of the Fifth RF State Duma.......................... 56 CHAPTER 3. 2008 presidential elections............................................................................ 61 1. Nomination for participation in the campaign......................................................... 61 2. Candidate programs and statements......................................................................... 64 3. Gender results of the 2007-2008 election cycle....................................................... 82 CHAPTER 4. Voting behavior: gender disparity attributes and sustainability..................................................................... 84 1. Parliamentary elections, 2007.................................................................................. 85 2. Presidential elections, 2008...................................................................................... 92 3. Prospects of eliminating gender disparity................................................................ 98 PART II. WORKING ONE’S WAY UP..............................................................................109 1. Women in top echelons of Russian power (as per results of parliamentary and presidential elections of 2007-2008). Short biographies..........................................................................................................109 Administration of RF President .......................................................................109 RF Government................................................................................................111 Heads of Russian regions.................................................................................112 Federation Council of the RF Federal Assembly ............................................112 Fifth State Duma of the RF Federal Assembly.................................................116 2. Women in parliaments of the world ....................................................................139 3. Women’s rights and struggle against discrimination: data of international research ......................................................................................................................144 PART I GENDER ANALYSIS OF PARLIAMENTARY AND PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS Introduction. Attempt at problem justification Russian readers may wonder at the name of this book that links two seemingly unrelated concepts such as “elections” and “gender profile”. Clearly, elections are a major democratic institution, but where does “gender profile” and “gender” as such come here? However, the correlation of these concepts is quite appropriate in the light of modern trends in social sciences. Recent research helped reveal that gender is a central coordinating social principle, as it creates various social statuses, allots people their rights and responsibilities and establishes corridors of social opportunities. Gender as a constitutive element of social relations based on perceived differences between sexes, permeates all other public institutions – economic, social and political. History reads that all institutions – legislation, politics, religion, state and economy – are, as a rule, gender-hierarchical: initially created by men, they are still dominated by men. However, history also demonstrates that definitions of “femininity” and “masculinity”, norms and views based on gender differences and activities considered appropriate for men and for women change with the situation and with the context. Gender relations may reproduce domination and subjugation patterns, or else there emerges new gender equality logic typical for modern times. New rules emerge there and then where and when women enter public and political spheres previously closed to them. The emergence of new rules is linked to democratic development, relevant institutions, tools and procedures, including elections Male and female voting behavior largely predetermines evolving public trends and stable democratic processes. Newest history displays that the degree of gender equality in the election process – also in each of its constituent parts, i.e. the active right to vote and the passive right to be elected – is a vivid indicator of public democratization. About a decade ago, on the eve of the 1999 and 2000 parliamentary and presidential elections, we undertook to explore how electoral institutions operate in Russia and whether they facilitate or impede the integration of gender equality (recognized by the acting RF Constitution) into national politics. We also wondered to what extent individual men and women of different 4 age and education, rural or urban origin, were involved in the election process; what where their chances of running for and obtaining deputy’s mandates vs. representatives of the traditional nomenclature and new dynamic layers – business community or public interest groups, etc. Research findings were verified during gender analysis of the next, 2003-2004 parliamentary and presidential elections1. This publication finalizes and generalizes the gender monitoring by supplementing data from 2007-2008 parliamentary and presidential elections. In all three parts of the research we tried as much as possible to stick to similar parameters and to use similar resources: federal lists of candidates nominated by various political parties; party programs and elections agendas; election programs, speeches and presentations of presidential contenders; Central Election Commission materials, among them election legislation and official voting results; public opinion polls conducted by different sociological companies; biodata of women that obtained seats in parliament, etc. 1 The results of our findings were published in two books: S. Aivazova, G. Kertman. Men and Women in the Elections. Gender Analysis of 1999 and 2000 Election Campaigns in Russia. Moscow, Eslan, 2000; S. Aivazova, G. Kertman. We elect and are elected… Gender analysis of 2003-2004 parliamentary and presidential campaigns in Russia. Moscow, Olita. 2004. 5 CHAPTER 1. History and theory 1. Historical background On March 19, 1917, the famous Zinaida Gippius wrote in her diary, “It was a spring day, not just a thaw, but а rapid thawing of the snow. We sat for a couple of hours at the open window watching a procession of many thousands. Women came first. Countless numbers, unprecedented processions (never seen in history, I think). Three women riding on horseback looked very beautiful. Vera Figner was in a lando, with a female ring around her. At the corner, there was a jam because of troops moving along Potemkinskaya Street. Women shouted “hooray” to soldiers… Dmitry and me left for the Writers’ Union, then returned, and they were still moving”. This is a vivid testimony of the 40-thousand strong women’s mass demonstration. Women demanded not only “bread” and “return of husbands” from the front, but also “suffrage” – the right to elect and to be elected to bodies of power of their country, which was then under renovation. Historical sources testify that contrary to many other events of those times the women’s demonstration of March 19 was thoroughly planned and well organized. It gained the support of society, which by that time had already accepted equality slogans due to persistent and fastidious work of women’s organizations pressing for their implementation
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