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Copyright Undertaking Copyright Undertaking This thesis is protected by copyright, with all rights reserved. By reading and using the thesis, the reader understands and agrees to the following terms: 1. The reader will abide by the rules and legal ordinances governing copyright regarding the use of the thesis. 2. The reader will use the thesis for the purpose of research or private study only and not for distribution or further reproduction or any other purpose. 3. The reader agrees to indemnify and hold the University harmless from and against any loss, damage, cost, liability or expenses arising from copyright infringement or unauthorized usage. IMPORTANT If you have reasons to believe that any materials in this thesis are deemed not suitable to be distributed in this form, or a copyright owner having difficulty with the material being included in our database, please contact [email protected] providing details. The Library will look into your claim and consider taking remedial action upon receipt of the written requests. Pao Yue-kong Library, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong http://www.lib.polyu.edu.hk PUBLIC INTEREST AND SENSEMAKING: HOW SOCIAL ACTIVISTS MAKE SENSE OF THEIR ENGAGEMENT OLIVIER HERVE RUELLE PhD The Hong Kong Polytechnic University 2019 The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Department of Applied Social Sciences Public Interest and Sensemaking: How Social Activists Make Sense of their Engagement Olivier Herve Ruelle A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy July 2018 Certificate of Originality I hereby declare that this thesis is my own work and that, to the best of my knowledge and belief, it reproduces no material previously published or written, nor material that has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma, except where due acknowledgement has been made in the text. Olivier Ruelle To my father. Raymond Ruelle (1934-2017) Abstract: There were 699,000 registered social organizations in China at the end of 2016. The motivations of volunteers active in these organizations and in millions of unregistered associations have been addressed by a number of scholars. The motivations of full-time practitioners, however, remain poorly understood. This dissertation addresses this question by adopting a social constructivist approach. It applies the concept of sensemaking, borrowed from organizational studies, to understand how individuals working in social organizations make sense of their engagement. Taking cues from individual narratives, it explores the reasons they offer to explain their engagement, how their involvement contributes to shaping their identities, and which ideal-type values lie at the hearts of their belief systems. As these values and the motivations driving their participation encounter legitimation issues and other trying realities, individuals deploy various strategies to make sense of these challenges. These sensemaking strategies have a direct impact on the whole sector and its development. Two main arguments are advanced in this dissertation. First, sensemaking provides a solid foundation to understand individuals’ motivations for working in social organizations. Second, the concept of public interest (gongyi), firmly grounded in the participants’ own perspectives, reflects their motivations--and the realities in which social organizations operate in China today--more adequately than terms such as “charity” or “philanthropy.” Ultimately, this dissertation proposes an alternative to the civil society framework to better understand the context in which social organizations and their members operate in China today. Acknowledgements I thank all the participants for their time, their thoughts, and their kindness. They made this project a reality. I apologize towards those who have been little quoted, but their contribution was as important as those more present in these pages. These individuals are inspiring, and the work they do has the potential to change other people’s lives. It changed mine. I warmly thank my thesis supervisor, Dr. David K. Herold. Completing this thesis would not have been possible without his help. Table of Contents Chapter 1 The Rise of gongyi in China ........................................... 1 1.1 A growing sector.............................................................................................. 2 1.1.1 Growing number of volunteers ................................................................ 3 1.1.2 Donations on the rise ............................................................................... 3 1.2 2011: a special year ......................................................................................... 4 1.2.1 2011: Weibo actions that “changed” China ............................................ 5 1.2.1.1 Two initiatives, one core issue .............................................................. 5 1.2.1.2 Two activists, two different approaches ................................................ 7 1.2.1.3 From online interest to popular culture ............................................... 12 1.2.2 Features of social media-facilitated activism ........................................ 14 1.3 Gradual shift of research focus .................................................................... 16 1.3.1 Internet control and WeChat domination ............................................. 18 1.3.2 Encountering new PIPs ......................................................................... 19 1.3.3 Away from contention ............................................................................ 20 1.4 PIPs’ motivations in the face of multiple challenges .................................. 22 1.4.1 Challenges of the PI sector .................................................................... 23 1.4.1.1 Social media no panacea ..................................................................... 24 1.4.1.2 Misrepresentations of PIPs .................................................................. 25 1.4.2 Motivations of public interest practitioners ........................................... 26 1.4.2.1 Volunteers’ motivations ...................................................................... 26 1.4.2.2 From a comparative perspective ......................................................... 27 Chapter 2 Sensemaking as a Theoretical Framework ................. 30 2.1 State-society paradigm ................................................................................. 31 2.2 Beyond state versus society .......................................................................... 32 2.3 An alternative Approach .............................................................................. 34 2.3.1 Social constructivism as foundation ...................................................... 36 2.3.1.1 PI as a construct .................................................................................. 36 2.3.1.2 PI as a sector ....................................................................................... 37 2.3.2 Institutionalization and legitimation ..................................................... 38 2.3.2.1 Institutionalization .............................................................................. 38 2.3.2.2 Legitimation ........................................................................................ 40 2.3.3 Sensemaking as a theory ........................................................................ 41 2.3.3.1 Five theories of sensemaking .............................................................. 42 2.3.3.2 Weick’s sensemaking in organizational studies .................................. 46 2.3.3.3 Sensemaking as “an act of construal” ................................................. 47 2.3.3.4 An interactive and ongoing process .................................................... 48 2.3.3.5 Identity ................................................................................................ 50 2.3.4 Axiological concern ............................................................................... 52 2.3.4.1 Why values matter .............................................................................. 53 2.3.4.2 Related to action .................................................................................. 54 2.3.4.3 A working definition ........................................................................... 55 2.4 Hypotheses and research questions ............................................................. 56 2.4.1 Hypotheses .............................................................................................. 56 2.4.2 Research question and sub-questions.................................................... 56 Chapter 3 Research Methodology & Participant Introduction .. 58 3.1 Evolution of the field ..................................................................................... 58 3.1.1 First stage: a few interviews and events’ ethnography ......................... 59 3.1.1.1 The first interviews ............................................................................. 60 3.1.1.2 Observing a few events ....................................................................... 60 3.1.2 Second stage: ethnographic study focused on the Union ..................... 62 3.1.3 Third stage: interviews in multiple sites ................................................ 64 3.2 Data selection ................................................................................................. 65 3.2.1
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