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Georg T. Wondrak Editor Environmental Factors and Molecular Opportunities Georg T. Wondrak Editor Skin Stress Response Pathways Environmental Factors and Molecular Opportunities Skin Stress Response Pathways Georg T. Wondrak Editor Skin Stress Response Pathways Environmental Factors and Molecular Opportunities 123 Editor Georg T. Wondrak Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology College of Pharmacy & The University of Arizona Cancer Center University of Arizona Tucson, AZ USA ISBN 978-3-319-43155-0 ISBN 978-3-319-43157-4 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-43157-4 Library of Congress Control Number: 2016946320 © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG Switzerland Preface If the skin were parchment and the blows you gave were ink, Your own handwriting would tell you what I think. (William Shakespeare, The Comedy of Errors) It is now understood that the interplay between environmental exposure and cellular stress response pathways plays a critical role in skin structure and function, and a refined mechanistic understanding of this phenomenon at the molecular level promises to open novel avenues for targeted therapeutic strategies that may benefit skin health of patients in the near future. The comprehensive coverage of cutaneous cell stress response pathways as presented for the first time in this book is intended to provide a state-of-the-art perspective that is of interest to both basic researchers focusing on fundamental skin biology in the context of environmental exposure as well as translational biomedical health care professionals. With the completion of this project, I would like to express my gratitude to those who were instrumental in its creation. First and foremost, I would like to thank my co-authors from four continents who have graciously contributed their talent and time to assemble this first in a kind perspective on skin stress response pathways. Second, I am indebted to my department head Walt Klimecki for allowing me to pursue this project. Moreover, I am grateful for this outstanding opportunity and the expert support provided by Melania Ruiz and Ilse Hensen-Kooijman at Springer Science+Business Media B.V. Finally, I would like to thank my family, Claudia, Gil, Philip, and Annie, for letting me divert precious time and energy from them in pursuit of this book project. Tucson Georg T. Wondrak June 2016 v Contents 1 The Skin Lipidome Under Environmental Stress—Technological Platforms, Molecular Pathways and Translational Opportunities ............................ 1 Florian Gruber 2 Squalene and Skin Barrier Function: From Molecular Target to Biomarker of Environmental Exposure ....................... 29 Boudiaf Boussouira and Dang Man Pham 3 Sunlight-Induced DNA Damage: Molecular Mechanisms and Photoprotection Strategies ................... 49 Thierry Douki 4 Urocanic Acid and Skin Photodamage: New Light on an Old Chromophore ......................... 79 Leopold Eckhart 5 The Skin Extracellular Matrix as a Target of Environmental Exposure: Molecular Mechanisms, Prevention and Repair .................................... 101 Kieran T. Mellody, Mike Bell and Michael J. Sherratt 6 Nitric Oxide Derivatives and Skin Environmental Exposure to Light: From Molecular Pathways to Therapeutic Opportunities .... 127 Christoph V. Suschek 7 Melanocortin 1 Receptor (MC1R) as a Global Regulator of Cutaneous UV Responses: Molecular Interactions and Opportunities for Melanoma Prevention .................. 155 Erin M. Wolf Horrell and John A. D’Orazio 8 The Cutaneous Melanocyte as a Target of Environmental Stressors: Molecular Mechanisms and Opportunities ............ 175 Laurent Marrot vii viii Contents 9 The Role of Epidermal p38 Signaling in Solar UV Radiation-Induced Inflammation: Molecular Pathways and Preventive Opportunities ............................... 197 Jin Mo Park and Yasuyo Sano 10 UV-Induced Chemokines as Emerging Targets for Skin Cancer Photochemoprevention ...................... 211 Scott N. Byrne and Gary M. Halliday 11 TLR3 and Inflammatory Skin Diseases: From Environmental Factors to Molecular Opportunities .......................... 235 Risa Tamagawa-Mineoka, Mayumi Ueta and Norito Katoh 12 Sirtuins and Stress Response in Skin Cancer, Aging, and Barrier Function ............................... 251 Yu-Ying He 13 Cutaneous Opioid Receptors and Stress Responses: Molecular Interactions and Opportunities for Therapeutic Intervention ..... 265 Hanane Chajra 14 Regulation of Cutaneous Stress Response Pathways by the Circadian Clock: From Molecular Pathways to Therapeutic Opportunities ................................. 281 Elyse van Spyk, Milton Greenberg, Faraj Mourad and Bogi Andersen 15 Endocannabinoids and Skin Barrier Function: Molecular Pathways and Therapeutic Opportunities ............ 301 Sergio Oddi and Mauro Maccarrone 16 The Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor (AhR) as an Environmental Stress Sensor and Regulator of Skin Barrier Function: Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Opportunities ................... 325 Rebecca Justiniano and Georg T. Wondrak 17 Biological Cell Protection by Natural Compounds, a Second Line of Defense Against Solar Radiation .............. 361 Ludger Kolbe 18 The Cutaneous Microbiota as a Determinant of Skin Barrier Function: Molecular Interactions and Therapeutic Opportunities.... 379 Julia J. van Rensburg, Lana Dbeibo and Stanley M. Spinola 19 Sensing Environmental Factors: The Emerging Role of Receptors in Epidermal Homeostasis and Whole-Body Health ... 403 Mitsuhiro Denda Contents ix 20 The Cutaneous Circadian Clock as a Determinant of Environmental Vulnerability: Molecular Pathways and Chrono-pharmacological Opportunities ................... 415 Kyongshin Cho, Rajendra P. Gajula, Kenneth I. Porter and Shobhan Gaddameedhi 21 Psychological Stress as a Determinant of Skin Barrier Function: Immunological Pathways and Therapeutic Opportunities............................................ 433 Mark E. Mummert Index ...................................................... 449 Chapter 1 The Skin Lipidome Under Environmental Stress—Technological Platforms, Molecular Pathways and Translational Opportunities Florian Gruber Abstract The skin is an organ with a high level of lipid metabolism and is divided into regions with very differing lipid composition. Skin lipids determine the barrier function of the skin but are also important signaling mediators. Environmental stressors can modify lipid composition, reactivity and distribution and thereby influence skin biology. In the last decade the technology to investigate the lipids made explosive progress, allowing now for in-depth investigation of the role of lipids in skin biology. In this chapter the current developments in lipidomic analysis of environmental skin stress and the translational opportunities of this technology are discussed. Keywords Oxidized lipids Á Lipidomic Á Mass spectrometry Á Redox Á Stress Á Eicosanoids Á Reactive oxygen species Á Ultraviolet Á Skin Á Keratinocyte Á Fibroblast Á Phospholipids 1.1 Introduction Redox biologists, (bio-) chemists, skin researchers, physicians—we are all usually not trained to deal with the big data from the inflationary—omics approaches that pour in over us. As soon as we have accepted that such projects are interdisci- plinary, require adequate statistics, that they often are exploratory and hypothesis generating—then the benefits of such approaches become accessible. We learn to use the huge potential of lipidomic/metabolomic—postgenomic—data formats that F. Gruber (&) Department of Dermatology, Division for Biology and Pathobiology of the Skin and Christian Doppler Laboratory for the Biotechnology of Skin Aging, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria e-mail: fl[email protected] © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 1 G.T. Wondrak (ed.), Skin Stress Response Pathways, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-43157-4_1 2 F. Gruber do not adhere to the familiar linear information format provided under the central dogma of molecular biology (DNA-RNAs-protein). The ultimate aim of lipidomic analyses of the skin, its cells or the subcellular structures like membrane subdomains is to identify those compounds, networks, pathways, physical forces, and interactions that keep the skin functioning in a hostile, changing milieu. In this chapter I will review, from the viewpoint of a molecular biologist of the
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