The Gilded Age & the Progressive Era (1877–1917)

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SPARKARKNOTES WWW.SPARKNOTES.COM 35,000 percent or greater. The intensity of the percent or greater. 80 percent of the population lived in urban areas. 40 2 , nearly 1900 Copyright 2005 by SparkNotes LLC. Overview miles, linking the North, South, and West. With these railroads making travel easier, millions railroads making travel easier, these With miles, linking the North, South, and West.

000

200

he Gilded Age and the ﬁrst years of the twentieth century were a time of great social change and economic a time of great social change and economic ﬁrst years of the twentieth century were he Gilded Age and the

Some historians have dubbed the presidents of the Gilded Age the “forgotten presidents,” and indeed dubbed the presidents of the Gilded Some historians have paid more Americans in the Gilded Age. On the contrary, This is not to say politics were unimportant The increase in voter turnout was also partly the result of machine party politics, which blossomed in large The increase in voter turnout was also partly an industrial powerhouse, the United States the Civil War Driven by the North, which emerged from The railroad industry enabled raw mate- Railroads were the linchpin in the new industrialized economy. the large migration of Americans from the country- the rise of big business and By the twentieth century,

T new Reconstruction and the dawn of the States. Roughly spanning the years between growth in the United of great transcontinental industrialization, urbanization, the construction the Gilded Age saw rapid century, Afterward, the first years of the and the rise of big business. in science and technology, railroads, innovations a forward-looking political movement that were dominated by progressivism, new century that followed to Gilded Age. Progressives passed legislation some of the ills that had arisen during the attempted to redress of from special interests, and protect the rights corruption, free the government rein in big business, combat immigrants, and the poor. consumers, workers, or even in their names, what they did for the country, many Americans today have trouble remembering S. Grant, Rutherford B. Hayes, James Garfield, Chester which era they served. These six men—Ulysses in office and faced Cleveland, and Benjamin Harrison—had relatively unremarkable terms Grover Arthur, presidencies. Some historians have suggested that these Gilded few if any major national crises during their Americans wanted to avoid bold politicians who Age presidents were unexciting for a reason—because after the Civil War. might ruin the delicate peace established period than at any other time in during the post–Civil War attention to politics and national elections to disrupt the fragile balance—and peace—between North because each election had the potential history, election in turned out in record numbers for each presidential and South, Republican and Democrat. Voters with voter turnout sometimes reaching the late nineteenth century, elections also helps explain why Congress passed so little significant legislation after the Reconstruction era: elections also helps explain why Congress changed hands between the Democrats and the Republi- control of the House of Representatives constantly on any major issue nearly impossible. cans with each election, making a consensus political “bosses” in each party coerced urban residents into vot- U.S. cities during the Gilded Age. Powerful give kickbacks and bribes back to the bosses in appreciation for ing for favored candidates, who would then spend money to improve constituents’ neighborhoods to ensure a getting them elected. Bosses would also this sense, party bosses and machine politics actually helped some of steady flow of votes for their machines. In elected during the Gilded Age were the product of machine the poorest people in the cities. Many politicians party politics. Age, with a continent experienced a flurry of unprecedented growth and industrialization during the Gilded ready to work. In fact, full of seemingly unlimited natural resources and driven by millions of immigrants second Industrial Revolution, because it completely some historians have referred to this era as America’s Mechanization and marketing were the keys to success politics, and the economy. changed American society, them accumulated enor- in this age: companies that could mass-produce products and convince people to buy by brutal competition. mous amounts of wealth, while companies that could not were forced out of business as opposed to the months rials, finished products, food, and people to travel cross-country in a matter of days, the United States boasted some of the war, By the end or years that it took just prior to the Civil War. that number had jumped to miles of track, mostly in the industrialized North. By the turn of the century, almost of rural Americans flocked to the cities, and by to address the growing side to the cities caused a shift in political awareness, as elected officials saw the need the Progressive move- economic and social problems that developed along with the urban boom. So started reg- role in the economy, ment. Progressives believed that the government needed to take a strong, proactive hoped ultimately to ulating big business, immigration, and urban growth. These middle-class reformers

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regain control of the government from special interests like the railroads and trusts and pass effective legisla- and trusts and pass like the railroads from special interests of the government regain control and minorities. labor, consumers, organized tion to protect SPARKARKNOTES WWW.SPARKNOTES.COM s, , for Great hori- Grover 1870 , . His death . used . When the , American 1881 1886 two years later. two years later. , was formed just Interstate Com- 1871 1900 in Andrew Carnegie Chester A. Arthur , hit the United States. Later, hit the United States. Later, scandal of , control of the House of Repre- , control of the House 1873

, or temporarily stop working, for

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Standard Oil Company

1897

’s

, Congress passed the

strike

National Labor Union

and

case Civil Service Commission

Crédit Mobilier

James A. Garﬁeld

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Haymarket Square Bombing

“robber barons

Wabash Wabash

, a business tactic that increased proﬁts by eliminating , a business tactic that increased proﬁts by

John D. Rockefeller

which created the

, which had rewarded supporters of a winning party with , which had rewarded supporters of a winning

had laid hundreds of thousands of miles of track across the coun-

Rutherford B. Hayes

factions in the Republican Party prevented the passage of signiﬁcant Party prevented the passage of signiﬁcant factions in the Republican

vertical integration the “forgotten presidents.” Indeed, it might be argued that the most nota- the “forgotten presidents.” Indeed, it might

. Workers created the union to protect skilled and unskilled workers in the . Workers

spoils system

. These “captains of industry” cared little for consumers and did anything . These “captains of industry” cared little Pendleton Act,

1866

Half-Breed

and represented skilled and unskilled workers, as well as blacks and women, in the monopoly Cornelius Vanderbilt Cornelius Vanderbilt

Summary of Events Summary

to monopolize the production of goods that were in high demand. to monopolize the production of goods that to protect farmers and other consumers from unfair business practices. , which put competitors out of business by selling one type of product in numerous markets, , which put competitors out of business by Benjamin Harrison trusts 1887 Stalwart in , and Knights of Labor Despite these setbacks for organized labor, workers continued to workers Despite these setbacks for organized labor,

Organized Labor Gilded Age Politics Supreme Court ruled in favor of corrupt railroads in the merce Act The Civil War had transformed the North into one of the most heavily industrialized regions in the world, had transformed the North into The Civil War Powerful tycoons reaped enormous profits from this new economy. and during the Gilded Age, businessmen formed giant this era of unprecedented industrial growth. By Railroads were the literal engines behind railroad tycoons like The industry was hugely profitable for its leaders but transporting both tradable goods and passengers. try, riddled with corrupt practices, such as those associated with the but it also folded after being wrongfully associated with the this era were the better wages, hours, and working conditions. The most notable strikes of Railroads as most Americans looked Organized labor did not fare nearly as well as big business during the Gilded Age, down on labor unions during the era. The first large-scale union, the Some historians have dubbed Presidents Politics in the Gilded Age were intense. In the years between Politics in the Gilded one, built a giant steel empire using middlemen from the production line. Conversely, in after the end of Civil War, countryside and in the cities, but the union collapsed after the the they could to increase profits, earning them the nickname they could to increase profits, earning them Cleveland Age was the assassination of President Garfield in ble event that occurred during the Gilded This commission reformed the government. “spoils,” or posts in that party’s zontal integration effectively creating a sentatives repeatedly changed hands between the Democratic and Republican parties. Political infighting and Republican parties. Political infighting changed hands between the Democratic sentatives repeatedly between the candidates that lacked strong opin- era, the political parties nominated presidential legislation. During this the Civil War. stirring up sectional tensions so soon after ions—possibly to avoid prompted Congress to pass the “The Forgotten Presidents” “The Forgotten Industrialization and Big Business

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1880

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1880

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marched on Washington marched on Washington ), sin- shorter workdays,

1887

and Populist candidate

1896

in Chicago to help poor immi- in Chicago to help poor McKinley Tariff in the late “free silver” “Coxey’s Army” “Coxey’s , all of which ended violently. The more ended violently. , all of which Hull House Populist Party Benjamin Harrison Dawes Severalty Act , the “Boy Orator,” after he delivered his famous , the “Boy Orator,” founded

5 protesters in Pullman Strike 500 , worked behind the scenes to convince powerful business leaders in New York preyed on immigrants, promising them public preyed on immigrants, in New York summary of events summary , for example, , or AFL, emerged as the most powerful union in the late powerful union in the as the most , or AFL, emerged , and the from Ohio on a pro-business, anti–free silver platform. McKinley’s from Ohio on a pro-business, anti–free silver platform. McKinley’s Copyright 2005 by SparkNotes LLC. SparkNotes 2005 by Copyright , more than 1894 William Jennings Bryan William million bison, nearly causing the animal’s extinction. Many million bison, nearly causing the animal’s 20 Jane Addams Indians, Congress passed the defeated Republican incumbent to become the only U.S. president ever to serve two nonconsecutive terms. Although to become the only U.S. president ever to serve two nonconsecutive terms. Although , which effectively dissolved the National Labor Union, also threatened many new , which effectively dissolved the National demanding free silver. Because Bryan incorporated much of the Populist platform Because Bryan incorporated demanding free silver. million. In Homestead Strike Homestead Marcus “Mark” Hanna William “Boss” Tweed William 1892 William McKinley William hit the U.S. economy hard, forcing Cleveland to ask Wall Street mogul hit the U.S. economy hard, forcing Cleveland to ask Wall 1873 60 in the immigrant-clogged cities of the eastern United States. in the immigrant-clogged cities of the eastern in , the 1893 “Americanize” American Federation of Labor American bosses like Grover Cleveland , , Democrats nominated of the West, including the Sioux, Fox, and Nez Percé, deeply resented white settlers’ disregard for their including the Sioux, Fox, and Nez of the West, A growing middle class spurred a late-nineteenth-century reform movement to reduce poverty and reform movement to reduce poverty class spurred a late-nineteenth-century A growing middle 1892 1896 The Election of 1896 In The Depression of “Cross of Gold” speech into his own, the Populists chose to endorse him rather than their own candidate. Meanwhile, Republicans into his own, the Populists chose to endorse him rather than their own candidate. nominated Senator works projects and social services in exchange for their votes. works projects and social Reformer improve society. The American West also underwent radical transformations. Railroads allowed more and more Americans also underwent radical transformations. The American West American a twenty-year period, Within and settle out West. to travel from overcrowded eastern cities Americans from owning land. The Populist Party money (what Populists called called for a national income tax, cheaper In loan, Cleveland was unable to put the economy demanding cheaper money and debt relief. Despite Morgan’s back on track, and it cost him the Republican Party presidential nomination in campaign manager, settlers in the Midwest. Plagued by steep railroad fares, high taxes under the settlers in the Midwest. Plagued by steep Railroad Strike mil- half of the nineteenth century, standard of living. During the latter did America’s As profits soared, so were filled with new wonders like sky- their farms and moved to the cities, which lions of Americans left and southern European and lightbulbs. Nearly a million eastern scrapers, electric trolleys, and Chicago. These new Boston, Philadelphia, settling primarily in New York, year, arrived in America each crime- and disease-ridden into the poorest neighborhoods, the cities’ immigrants crowded machine had slaughtered more than tribes together to form the debt, thousands of small farmers banded restrictions, and government control of railroads. gle-term limits for presidents, immigration James B. Weaver his second term was a tumultuous one. The first four years were free of any major change, Cleveland’s Depression of loan of more than $ land and primary food supply and began to attack the settlers. After a number of bloody battles, skirmishes, land and primary food supply and began Native American population, herding them onto reservations. In and massacres, the U.S. Army subdued the an effort to exclusive grant families adjust to life in America. The success of Hull House prompted other reformers to build similar prompted other reformers to build to life in America. The success of Hull House grant families adjust settlement houses Cleveland’s Second Term Cleveland’s The West Urbanization and Immigration Urbanization SPARKARKNOTES WWW.SPARKNOTES.COM

, Sher- USS . One of Pure Food Rough Rid- Square Deal but also forced , however, Taft Taft , however, by an anarchist , effectively killing , effectively and his 1908 “Yellow journalists” “Yellow 1896 . Toward the end of his . Toward from the forestry division. assassinated Big Stick diplomacy Teller Amendment Teller Theodore Roosevelt Panama Canal promised to carry out the rest of , prosecuted several trusts under the , which exposed unsanitary meatpacking . to regulate the railroads and the Gifford Pinchot , which formed as a response to the rapid , which formed as a response to the rapid 1917 , a group of U.S. Navy battleships, around the , a group of U.S. Navy battleships, around , giving the U.S. Navy a permanent military base at , giving the U.S. Navy a permanent military , meanwhile, granted Puerto Ricans limited govern- , meanwhile, granted Puerto Ricans limited , selling lands in the West to fund irrigation projects. , selling lands in the West The Jungle 6 , which asked that Japan and the European powers , which asked that Japan and the European Hepburn Act to the Monroe Doctrine, declared that only the United to the Monroe Doctrine, declared that only published sensational stories about the atrocities in Cuba, published sensational Anthracite Strike and William Howard Taft William Foraker Act summary of events summary Great White Fleet Newlands Act

Progressive movement to regulate food inspection and sanitation. Congress passed the acts, Platt Amendment Copyright 2005 by SparkNotes LLC. SparkNotes 2005 by Copyright and fired conservationist Elkins Act 1902 Joseph Pulitzer Open Door Notes with Roosevelt as his running mate but was with Roosevelt as his running mate but was 1909 Roosevelt Corollary and in 1900 , drafted the , and signed the Meat Inspection Act . Spanish officials had suppressed an independence movement in Cuba, its most profitable suppressed an independence movement . Spanish officials had and Cuba John Hay —journalists who wrote about political and industrial corruption as well as social hardships— —journalists who wrote about political and industrial corruption as well as social Payne-Aldrich Tariff were meant to protect consumers, tame big business, support the labor movement, and conserve the were meant to protect consumers, tame big business, support the labor movement, in Havana Harbor, which he blamed on Spain. which he in Havana Harbor,

William Randolph Hearst Randolph William Congress, meanwhile, passed the The war itself was over within a matter of weeks, but during that time, the United States seized the Philip- within a matter of weeks, but during that The war itself was over . After the war, American forces withdrew from Cuba according to the withdrew from Cuba according to the American forces . After the war, and Drug Act novel in part, after the popularity of Upton Sinclair’s practices. Roosevelt also supported strikers in the Act man Anti-Trust Taft’s Presidency Taft’s friend and handpicked successor Roosevelt’s less than six months into his second term. As a result, Roosevelt took office as one of the youngest presidents in less than six months into his second term. Despite his youth, Roosevelt proved to be a “bully” with his American history. his most important policies, the Roosevelt and Progressivism become increas- America had was abroad. During his presidency, Roosevelt was just as active at home as he ingly urbanized and industrialized. The was taking place, helped spawn a new era of social reform. social and economic growth and change that Muckrakers called the had significant influence on Roosevelt, who outlined a package of domestic reforms which natural resources. nation’s After winning the election of progressive policies if he were elected president. Roosevelt’s he continued progressive proved to be more of a traditional conservative than most had expected. Although in a more conservative vein than Roosevelt he signed policy by prosecuting more trusts than his predecessor, the steep Teddy Roosevelt’s Big Stick Policy Roosevelt’s Teddy McKinley won the election of secre- to interfere with Latin American affairs. Roosevelt’s powers, had the authority States, not Old World tary of state, Caribbean colony, and forced Cuban men, women, and children into internment camps. Cuban men, women, and children into internment and forced Caribbean colony, McKinley’s greatest challenge as president was the growing tension between the United States and Spain over as president was the growing tension between greatest challenge McKinley’s the island of northernmost territorial status and fair trade. Roosevelt went on to take over Colombia’s respect China’s the right to build the province, Panama, in order to secure America Roosevelt also toured with the presidency, world in a symbolic display of force. to back several key Republican candidates. As a result, McKinley won the election of McKinley won the candidates. As a result, key Republican to back several War The Spanish-American free silver and the Populist movement. free silver like McK- American ire for the Spanish. Although papers’ circulation but also to provoke partly to increase their the mysterious explosion of the felt compelled to do so, especially after he to war, inley did not want go Maine Cuba, thanks in part to future U.S. president pines, Puerto Rico, and ers the new Cuban government to sign the Guantánamo Bay, Cuba. The passage of the Guantánamo Bay, citizenship until ment; they would not receive collective U.S. SPARKARKNOTES WWW.SPARKNOTES.COM , , and the , he signed to pursue New Freedom 1913 1916 managed to win . to replace the much Woodrow Wilson Woodrow Bull Moose Party Bull Moose to invade Mexico in or Workingman’s Compensation Act Workingman’s , Roosevelt left the convention and entered the left the convention , Roosevelt Clayton Anti-Trust Act Clayton Anti-Trust , the 1912 7 Progressive Republican Progressive John “Blackjack” Pershing summary of events summary Copyright 2005 by SparkNotes LLC. SparkNotes 2005 by Copyright La Follette Seaman’s Act La Follette Seaman’s , which was riddled with loopholes. Other progressive bills he signed into law loopholes. Other progressive bills he , which was riddled with , the 1890 . , which was lower than Taft’s, and also reformed the national banking system with the reformed the national banking system with and also Taft’s, , which was lower than . The following year, Wilson passed the passed Wilson . The following year, . Wilson also ordered General also ordered General . Wilson Warehouse Act Warehouse Pancho Villa Underwood Tariff Federal Reserve Act which regulated big business, further supported the labor movement, and reduced tariffs. In business, further supported the labor movement, which regulated big the of weaker Sherman Act Adamson Act the bandit included the presidential race as the candidate for the new race as the candidate presidential leaders splitting the Republican vote, Democrat two feuding party With a new group of reforms, the championed Also a Progressive, Wilson the presidential election. Many Republican Progressives, including his former friend Roosevelt, denounced Taft as a traitor to the as a traitor to Taft friend Roosevelt, denounced including his former Progressives, Many Republican again in nominated Taft When Republicans movement. First Term Wilson’s SPARKARKNOTES WWW.SPARKNOTES.COM

, and 1892 after in the . Cleve- J. P. Mor- J. P. 1894 1881 1895 in s. 1890 Socialist Party million to charities, million in 60 300 Pullman Strike in the mid- later chose to back him in the Pinkerton agents to end the federal posts and helped legislate 300 and was the Democratic Party nominee Stalwarts . Debs later formed the . Around the turn of the century, Carnegie . Around the turn of the century, but lost every time. Populist Party against William Howard Taft and William Jen- and William Howard Taft against William 1894 1901 1908 to help immigrants improve their lives in the to help immigrants improve Populist movement by donating more than $ in . . The 1908 1889 , and 8 1883 trust in in 1900 , “Cross of Gold” speech , sent federal troops to break up the 1896 philanthropists Pullman Strike 1893 in Chicago in who became the twenty-first U.S. president in September who became the twenty-first U.S. president Copyright 2005 by SparkNotes LLC. Populist movement . Known as the “Boy Orator,” Bryan was the greatest champion of infla- . Known as the “Boy Orator,” Pendleton Act 1896 U.S. Steel Corporation Hull House . Carnegie hated organized labor and sent in . Carnegie hated organized labor and sent Depression of to loan the nearly bankrupt federal government more than $ James A. Garfield Key People & Terms People Key ” around the turn of the century. Although he never left the Democratic Party, he was Although he never left the Democratic Party, ” around the turn of the century. at one of his steel plants. He eventually sold his company to Wall Street financier his company to Wall at one of his steel plants. He eventually sold . Bryan ran for president in 1900 J. P. Morgan J. P. s and ran unsuccessfully for the presidency in free silver vertical integration 1900 , who used it to form the

Eugene V. Debs Eugene V. Labor supporter who helped organize the Grover Cleveland the twenty-second and twenty-fourth U.S. president— and both Former Democratic governor of New York second term, Cleveland the only U.S. president ever elected to two nonconsecutive terms. During his rocky unsuccessfully battled the civil service reform by signing the in Pittsburgh through hard work and ruthless business tactics Scottish immigrant who built a steel empire such as Homestead Strike gan had to ask early nings Bryan. Andrew Carnegie William Jennings Bryan William Nebraska congressman who gave the famous Chester A. Arthur president under Vice People Jane Addams Social activist who founded refused to award Garfield was assassinated. As president, Arthur for president in the election of tionary “ first large-scale became one of the nation’s hospitals, libraries, and universities. to the inability to end the depression helped give rise land’s closely affiliated with the grassroots city’s slums. Addams won the Nobel Prize for Peace for her efforts, which raised awareness of the plight of Nobel Prize for Peace for her efforts, which slums. Addams won the city’s of American women. up new opportunities for the advancement the poor and opened election of

400 on a Bull , or 1908 Payne- . Roosevelt, 1901 , to become pres- , to become by loaning the William Howard William in 1895 to the Monroe Doctrine Progressive Party , he asked Congress to to reform civil service. to reform ’s steel company for nearly $ steel company ’s on the Chester A. Arthur Chester A. 1883 William McKinley William 1912 in Roosevelt corollary . An incredibly ruthless businessman, Rock- . platform against Democrat William Jennings platform against Democrat William Andrew Carnegie 1870 . He and Roosevelt split the Republican Party in the 1901 Spanish-American War Pendleton Act Pendleton in 9 in an easy victory. , and wealthy plutocrats ensured that McKinley won the , and wealthy plutocrats ensured that McKinley , sought to protect American consumers, regulate big busi- and was reelected later that year, but an anarchist assassinated and was reelected later that year, , and the grandson of ninth U.S. president William Henry Har- ninth U.S. president William , and the grandson of gold standard key people & terms 1900 , who spent less than a year in office before he was assassinated. The before he was assassinated. less than a year in office , who spent Gifford Pinchot 1888 to make Standard Oil one of the nation’s first monopolistic trusts. to make Standard Oil one of the nation’s Mark Hanna Copyright 2005 by SparkNotes LLC. SparkNotes 2005 by Copyright in Square Deal 1880 , which raised the protective tariff rates on foreign goods to an all-time tariff rates on foreign goods to an , which raised the protective Woodrow Wilson Woodrow , fearing that the Democrats would unseat him in the next presidential elec- , fearing that the Democrats would unseat U.S. Steel Corporation Standard Oil Company 1890 1898 in tycoon and innovator. Vanderbilt was one of the first in the industry to make rails Vanderbilt tycoon and innovator. million. Morgan later purchased 60 Gold Standard Act railroad horizontal integration , giving Democrat and firing conservationist , he ran for president on a pro– , ticket. , he split the Republican Party by running against Taft in , he split the Republican Party by running against Taft . 1912 instead of iron and also established a standard gauge for his railroads. Despite these innovations instead of iron and also established a standard gauge for his railroads. Despite these McKinley Tariff 1896 1908 1901 steel in election of Progressive platform, ultimately alienated himself from his fellow Republicans by supporting the Progressive platform, ultimately alienated himself from his fellow Republicans by Aldrich Tariff out of Cornelius Vanderbilt corrupt A wealthy, Theodore Roosevelt’s handpicked successor and the twenty-seventh U.S. president. Taft, elected in twenty-seventh U.S. president. Taft, handpicked successor and the Theodore Roosevelt’s William Howard Taft Howard William ident. Garfield’s death compelled Congress to pass the compelled Congress death ident. Garfield’s campaign manager, Bryan; McKinley’s declare war against Spain in tion. He signed the him in million and used it to form the Theodore Roosevelt the assassination of U.S. president, who took office after Twenty-sixth continued them as president both at home and abroad. His domes- already famous for his aggressive policies, tic policies, collectively known as the A wealthy Wall Street banker who saved the nearly bankrupt federal government in Street banker who saved the nearly A wealthy Wall John D. Rockefeller Industrialist who founded the high. In Although McKinley personally opposed the presidency. Morgan J. P. William McKinley William As a member of Congress, McKinley managed and twenty-fifth U.S. president. Powerful Ohio congressman to pass the assassin was a Republican Stalwart who wanted Garfield’s vice president, vice who wanted Garfield’s a Republican Stalwart assassin was Benjamin Harrison elected in U.S. president, Twenty-third more than $ Treasury efeller employed His ness, conserve natural resources, and help organized labor. James A. Garfield James A. president, elected in U.S. Twentieth rison. asserted American influence and power in Latin America. Although Roosevelt endorsed asserted American influence and power in Latin America. Although Roosevelt endorsed Taft Moose Party SPARKARKNOTES WWW.SPARKNOTES.COM . 1896 . who Samuel New that weakened For information after defeating . Wilson’s . Wilson’s 1913 . Although investigators Stalwarts “robber barons” James A. Garfield hit farmers hard and left . 1886 1893 in World War I.) War World Theodore Roosevelt s that exploited the spoils system. The Half- ’s inability to end the depression caused social inability ’s Knights of Labor 1880 Haymarket Square s, the Depression of s and 10 and proposed to issue paper money that would be and proposed to issue paper money that would 1870 1870 ’s following. ’s and former president and former president Grover Cleveland at the Democratic presidential nominating convention in at the Democratic presidential nominating of Maine, engaged in a rivalry with the key people & terms Copyright 2005 by SparkNotes LLC. SparkNotes 2005 by Copyright gold standard Populist Party James G. Blaine William Howard Taft William William Jennings Bryan William . Though he lost the election, his speech is regarded as one of the finest speeches ever deliv- . Though he lost the election, his speech is silver . The AFL protected only skilled workers and had a limited membership of a half a million workers . The AFL protected only skilled workers domestic policies called for lowering the protective tariff and taming big business. ( for lowering the protective tariff and domestic policies called later concluded that anarchists had detonated the bomb, the American people quickly placed blame on the later concluded that anarchists had detonated the bomb, the American people quickly strikers. The bombing brought an end to the union group the Haymarket Square Bombing An explosion in the middle of a labor strike in Chicago’s Half-Breeds A faction within the Republican Party during the issued unfair rebates, hiked rates arbitrarily, and cared little for American consumers. American consumers. and cared little for arbitrarily, rebates, hiked rates issued unfair Freedom Gospel of Wealth businessmen during the Gilded Age that justified the growing A social doctrine espoused by many wealthy riches. income gap between rich and poor by arguing that God blessed the industrious with Breeds, led by congressman the Republican Party and ultimately played a part in the assassination of President Depression of 1893 depressed agricultural prices, and weakened American credit A depression caused by overspeculation, since the abroad. The worst depression in America “Cross of Gold” Speech Speech delivered by American Federation of Labor (AFL) American Federation unions founded and headed by labor organizer An umbrella organization for smaller independent Twenty-eighth U.S. president of the United States. Wilson entered the White House in entered the of the United States. Wilson U.S. president Twenty-eighth Republican incumbent I, see the History SparkNote War in World and U.S. involvement on Wilson Terms Gompers improvements It fought businesses for higher wages, shorter workdays, and around the turn of the century. in the work environment. In the speech, Bryan railed against the backed by ered in American politics. that led to the improvement of the railroad industry, he and his son were notorious son were notorious he and his the railroad industry, the improvement of that led to Wilson Woodrow millions in the cities without work. President millions in the cities without work. President unrest and helped strengthen the SPARKARKNOTES WWW.SPARKNOTES.COM

The Ben- had sab- monop- . Spanish- Spain Progressive move- published sensation- . Although historians Populist Party 1898 . Hull House attempted to . Hull House attempted , in Interstate Commerce Commission 1889 . The act outlawed uncompetitive Cuba yellow journalists . When the union was falsely implicated railroad industry 11 . The act also created the National Labor Union pushed the United States and Spain closer to the pushed the United States and Spain closer

in the slums of Chicago in in the slums of Chicago key people & terms case in Chicago, it ended up losing thousands of its members. in Chicago, it ended up losing thousands for skilled and unskilled American laborers, men and women, black for skilled and unskilled American laborers, Maine Copyright 2005 by SparkNotes LLC. SparkNotes 2005 by Copyright 1869 Wabash Jane Addams ’s comprehensive package of domestic policies that sought to lower tariffs, regu- comprehensive package of domestic policies that ’s that was one of the highest tariffs in U.S. history, increasing the tax on foreign goods to history, that was one of the highest tariffs in U.S. to restrict corrupt practices in the percent. The tariff was highly unpopular among farmers in the Midwest and South, who percent. The tariff was highly unpopular among farmers in the Midwest and South, . The tariff’s unpopularity also helped widen the inﬂuence of the . The tariff’s 1890 1887 . 50 Haymarket Square Bombing

Woodrow Wilson Woodrow , pushed the U.S. government to launch reform campaigns and contributed to the , pushed the U.S. government to launch reform campaigns and contributed to the 1886 . . President New Freedom late trusts, and protect organized labor. Muckrakers in the late nine- Exposé writers who informed the public about many corporate evils and social injustices novel Upton Sinclair’s teenth and early twentieth centuries. Many muckraker articles and books, such as have since concluded that a boiler accident caused the ship to explode, have since concluded that a boiler accident McKinley Tariff A bill passed in approximately President over the next few years voted out many Republicans who had supported the bill, including jamin Harrison Jungle ment USS Maine in the harbor of Havana, A U.S. Navy ship that exploded mysteriously Knights of Labor An all-inclusive union founded in the and white. The Knights of Labor replaced Interstate Commerce Act Interstate Commerce A bill passed in oly Hull House by A social settlement founded counseling, and day-care ser- immigrants by offering them classes, impoverished improve life for the city’s vices. publish their prices outright. Congress passed the bill in the wake of rebates and forced railroad companies to ruling in the the Supreme Court’s in the led the American public to believe that agents from alist stories about the incident that quickly otaged the ship. The destruction of the American War Horizontal Integration Horizontal of business by to put competitors out that seeks by Gilded Age businessmen, tactic, often employed A business is to buy horizontal integration way to accomplish markets. Another type of product in various selling one thereby creating a to a particular commodity, limit consumer access companies and these competing (ICC) to ensure that the railroad companies adhered to the new law. adhered to the new law. (ICC) to ensure that the railroad companies SPARKARKNOTES WWW.SPARKNOTES.COM as a to pre- spoils , fearing U.S. Steel 1904 1899 Second Open Second Open in of public utilities, and the Boxer Rebellion

Civil Service Commis- . Ironically, lawmakers . Ironically, 1900 Standard Oil nationalization , monopolies First Open Door Note First Open , which effectively declared that only the that created the than corporate monopolies during the 1881 . Roosevelt made the declaration in replaced the Sherman Act, eliminating many of replaced the Sherman Act, eliminating many shorter workdays 12 labor unions to Japan and several European powers, requesting that powers, requesting several European to Japan and , a one-term limit for presidents, and cheap paper money , a one-term limit for presidents, and cheap Monroe Doctrine argued that the new self-made captains of industry were Latin America ’s assassination in ’s ’s set of progressive domestic policies, which aimed to regulate big set of progressive domestic policies, which aimed ’s key people & terms John Hay referendum Copyright 2005 by SparkNotes LLC. SparkNotes 2005 by Copyright ’s theories of natural selection to a business-oriented society. Beginning in society. theories of natural selection to a business-oriented ’s Clayton Anti-Trust Act Clayton Anti-Trust broke up the party, Populist ideals endured and later coalesced into the broke up the party, that was intended to ban big business by farmers in the Midwest who were suffering from the ill effects of high, by farmers in the Midwest who were suffering ’s addendum to the addendum ’s 1896 1890 Social Darwinists James A. Garfield 1891 Theodore Roosevelt . , the tougher Charles Darwin , partly to ensure that the major European powers would recognize China’s territorial China’s the major European powers would recognize , partly to ensure that 1914 (at a ratio of sixteen ounces of silver to one ounce of gold). Although William Jennings Jennings ounce of gold). Although William (at a ratio of sixteen ounces of silver to one of senators, the recall and 1900 . In in silver Theodore Roosevelt s, a growing number of scholars and business leaders began to view social problems through the lens s, a growing number of scholars and business leaders began to view social problems . s. Roosevelt and Taft later used the act to prosecute dozens of trusts like later used the act to prosecute s. Roosevelt and Taft . The commission administered competitive examinations to civil service workers to reform the competitive examinations to . The commission administered 1880 Corporation loopholes. the older act’s the theories. These of Darwin’s Square Deal The collective term for dwindling natural resources. and conserve the country’s protect consumers, business, help organized labor, Social Darwinism The application of that the United States would be excluded from lucrative trade rights in Asia. He drafted the Asia. He drafted the trade rights in excluded from lucrative States would be that the United Door Note of the feared that Europe would use the violence and partly because he integrity, China. justification for colonizing Act Sherman Anti-Trust A bill passed by Congress in Act to prosecute more used the Sherman Anti-Trust 1890 Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe President they respect Chinese rights and the policy of free trade. Hay sent the the policy of free trade. Chinese rights and they respect the theory also implied wealthy because they had proven themselves to be the best among men. Conversely, that the poor remained poor because of their own inferiority. Populist Party Political party founded in for pro–big-business tariffs. The Populists campaigned Pendleton Act Bill passed after President of United States could intervene in the affairs forcibly collecting unpaid debts in Latin and other European nations from Italy, vent Britain, Germany, America. Open Door Notes Open Door of State notes sent by Secretary A group of sion direct election backed by in the election of loss Bryan’s Progressive movement system SPARKARKNOTES WWW.SPARKNOTES.COM . The spoils system a year later. a year later. s that exploited the s that exploited 1880 of New York. The Stalwarts’ rivalry with the rivalry with The Stalwarts’ of New York. s and 13 1870 Interstate Commerce Act key people & terms Roscoe Conkling Copyright 2005 by SparkNotes LLC. SparkNotes 2005 by Copyright , for example, owned coal and iron fields, railroads, shipping companies, and marketing coal and iron fields, railroads, shipping companies, , for example, owned , another Republican faction during this time period, weakened the Republican Party signifi- weakened the Republican this time period, faction during , another Republican Supreme Court ruling that declared that only the federal government could regulate interstate com- Supreme Court ruling that declared that 1886 Half-Breeds cantly. the merce. The case prompted Congress to pass Wabash Case Wabash An leader of the Stalwart faction was Senator Stalwart faction was leader of the Integration Vertical insulate a company from competition by Gilded Age tycoons, that attempts to often used A business strategy, middlemen. Steel baron thus eliminating aspect of production into a single company, by integrating every Andrew Carnegie Stalwarts Party during the the Republican A faction within steel. By eliminating expensive middlemen, in the transportation and sale of his interests that were involved could secure more profit for themselves. businessmen like Carnegie SPARKARKNOTES WWW.SPARKNOTES.COM

1877 Roscoe , led by Senator of Maine. Neither group Stalwarts after defeating James G. Blaine

James G. Blaine 1884 1888 after Garfield’s assassination after Garfield’s in the South. The real winners in the election were but assassinated after less than a year in office , in which the Democrats ceded the White House to 1881 14 1880 1877 , led by Congressman Reconstruction Copyright 2005 by SparkNotes LLC. Compromise of th U.S. president; first elected in Half-Breeds 24 who flooded Washington, D.C., in search of civil service jobs. who flooded Washington, th U.S. president; technically lost election but took office after Compromise of th U.S. president; technically lost election th U.S. president; elected in st U.S. president; took office in nd and rd U.S. president and grandson of ninth U.S. president, William Henry Harrison; president, William rd U.S. president and grandson of ninth U.S. Corrupt Democrat who controlled most of New York City politics during the Gilded of New York Corrupt Democrat who controlled most 19 Grover Cleveland is elected president Benjamin Harrison is elected president Act, Pension Act, and McKinley Tariff Congress passes Sherman Silver Purchase Rutherford B. Hayes is elected president Rutherford B. Hayes across United States Railroad workers strike elected president James A. Garfield is becomes president Garfield is assassinated; Chester A. Arthur Congress passes Pendleton Act with Democrats 20 21 Congressman from Maine; leader of Half-Breeds in the Republican Party Congressman from Maine; leader of Half-Breeds 22 New York senator; leader of the Stalwarts in the Republican Party New York 23 defeated incumbent Grover Cleveland in Age had little political power during his four years in office, having barely squeaked into the had little political power during his four years in office, having barely squeaked into Summary & Analysis Summary spoils seekers of New York, and the of New York,

Stalwarts and Half-Breeds Disputes over these spoils split the Republican Party into two factions: the Hayes Rutherford B. Hayes White House by one vote after the the Republicans in exchange for an end to Republican Key People B. Hayes Rutherford 1884 1888 1890 1877 1880 1881 1883 Gilded Age Politics: 1877–1892 Gilded Age Events 1876 Conkling unable to pass any signiﬁcant legislation during this and the split left the Republican Party trusted the other, time. James A. Garﬁeld Chester A. Arthur James G. Blaine Grover Cleveland Roscoe Conkling Benjamin Harrison William “Boss” Tweed “Boss” Tweed William

nomi- Grover Cleve- McKinley Tariff , when railroad , when railroad Chester A. Arthur Charles Guiteau 1877 Greenback Party of popular votes. rolled around, Republicans 000 , 30 1888 to ensure that hiring of federal employ- , a grandson of ninth U.S. president Wil- , and the pro-labor Great Railroad Strike Great Railroad 15 percent. 50 Benjamin Harrison to combat the spoils system. Congress therefore passed the to combat the spoils system. Congress therefore of Maine, while Democrats nominated Governor of Maine, while Democrats nominated Governor summary & analysis summary Civil Service Commission Winfield Scott Hancock Winfield Copyright 2005 by SparkNotes LLC. SparkNotes 2005 by Copyright for president, along with the Stalwart running mate for president, along , which allowed the government to buy more silver to produce currency; the James Blaine civil service reform . In the election, Garfield received a sizable majority of electoral votes but won the received a sizable majority of electoral . In the election, Garfield , which created the , the Republicans, no longer supporting Rutherford B. Hayes, nominated the relatively longer supporting Rutherford B. Hayes, , the Republicans, no was one of the most contentious in U.S. history. The spoils system remained the central was one of the most contentious in U.S. history. James A. Garfield 1883 1880 1884 in , which distributed more money to Civil War veterans; and the controversial , which distributed more money to Civil War , Garfield’s term was cut short when a delusional Stalwart supporter named , Garfield’s 1881 James B. Weaver of New York. The Democratic Party accused Blaine of conspiring with wealthy plutocrats to win the The Democratic Party accused Blaine of conspiring with wealthy plutocrats of New York. During Harrison’s term, the Republican-majority Congress passed several notable bills, including the term, the Republican-majority During Harrison’s Although Arthur did replace Garfield, the assassination convinced policymakers that the U.S. govern- Although Arthur did replace Garfield, which increased duties on foreign goods to about liam Henry Harrison. Republicans were afraid that Democrats would succeed in lowering the protective tar- liam Henry Harrison. Republicans were afraid that Democrats would succeed in lowering Grover iff, so Harrison campaigned for an even higher tariff. Democrats countered by renominating of the Gilded Age, Cleveland. The results of the election were just as close as the other presidential elections and Harrison ended up victorious. Sherman Silver Purchase Act Pension Act White House, while Republicans attacked Cleveland for having an illegitimate son. In the end, Cleveland White House, while Republicans attacked forty electoral votes and a paltry barely defeated Blaine, by a margin of only his only major action was his proposal of a lower tariff to first four years were fairly uneventful; Cleveland’s surplus near the end of his term. When the election of reduce the Treasury assassinated Garfield in Washington, D.C. Guiteau hoped that Vice President Arthur would become presi- President Arthur would hoped that Vice D.C. Guiteau assassinated Garfield in Washington, dent and give more federal jobs to Stalwarts. ment was in dire need of Pendleton Act rather than political patronage. ees was based on examinations and merit land Cleveland and Harrison rallied big business in the North and nominated The Election of 1884 The election of issue of the political contest, and candidates debated about what it would take to reform civil service. Repub- issue of the political contest, and candidates licans nominated Half-Breed Garfield and Hayes and Half-Breed infighting. In the sum- presidency was overshadowed by Stalwart Garfield’s Like Hayes’s, mer of The Election of 1880 The Election of By the election of unknown Ohioan veteran Civil War Democrats nominated The Railroad Strike of 1877 Strike of The Railroad presidency was the Hayes’s upheaval during The only major popular vote by only a slim margin over Hancock. popular vote by only workers throughout the United States went on strike to protest the lowering of their salaries. More than a of their salaries. to protest the lowering States went on strike the United workers throughout to suppress the to use federal troops strike, forcing Hayes related to the died during violence hundred people uprisings. nated SPARKARKNOTES WWW.SPARKNOTES.COM . Federal subsi- Central Pacific Railroad . The forward-looking ’s s, young men were enticed by , connecting the Pacific and 1800 North Pacific Railroad Leland Stanford manufactured goods , and the case Wabash 16 transcontinental railroad . company began construction on the transcontinental line company began construction on the transcontinental 1869 ” . Santa Fe Railroad summary & analysis summary were not regulated by the government and did whatever they could Copyright 2005 by SparkNotes LLC. SparkNotes 2005 by Copyright , the “robber barons had its roots in the Civil War, which spurred Congress and the northern states had its roots in the Civil War, Union Pacific Railroad and his son William were perhaps the most famous railroad tycoons. During the era, were perhaps the most and his son William and increased demand for a variety of Transcontinental Railroad is completed Transcontinental forms Standard Oil Company verdict in Supreme Court issues Commerce Act Congress passes Interstate Act Anti-Trust Congress passes Sherman forms U.S. Steel Corporation of the Carnegie Steel Company in Scottish-American business tycoon and owner market dominance Pittsburgh; used vertical integration to maintain horizontal integration to effectively buy Founder of the Standard Oil Company; used out his competition of miles of railroad track and established Steamboat and railroad tycoon; laid thousands standard gauge for railroads “captains of industry” authorized construction of the first railroads Southern Pacific Railroad 1862 industrialization Cornelius Vanderbilt With this free land and tens of thousands of dollars per mile in subsidies, railroading became a highly prof- this free land and tens of thousands of dollars per mile in subsidies, railroading became With pushed eastward from Sacramento. Tens of thousands of Irish and Chinese laborers laid the track, and the of thousands pushed eastward from Sacramento. Tens Utah, in two lines finally met near Promontory, they bought out and consolidated many of the rail companies in the East, enabling them to cut operations they bought out and consolidated many of the rail companies in the East, enabling dies and land grants made railroading such a profitable business that a class of “new money” millionaires dies and land grants made railroading such a profitable business that a class of “new emerged. in Nebraska during the Civil War and pushed westward, while and pushed in Nebraska during the Civil War Atlantic lines. Originally, because railroading was such an expensive enterprise at the time, the federal gov- because railroading was such an expensive enterprise at the time, Atlantic lines. Originally, railroad companies in exchange for discounted rates. Congress also ernment provided subsidies by the mile to so that they could lay down more track. provided federal land grants to railroad companies itable business venture. The Vanderbilt and the Railroads Vanderbilt companies Some of the major As the railroad boom accelerated, railroads began to crisscross the West. included the Captains of Industry Gilded Age. Whereas past Big businessmen, not politicians, controlled the new industrialized America of the generations sent their best men into public service, in the last decades of the to build more Congress of work, and ruthlessness, one could reap enormous prof- where with a little persistence, hard the private sector, its. These so-called Gilded Age Transcontinental Railroads Transcontinental so unscrupulous to make as much money as possible. These industrialists’ business practices were sometimes that they were given the name 1901 Key People Andrew Carnegie 1869 1870 1886 1887 1890 John D. Rockefeller Cornelius Vanderbilt Industrialization: 1869–1901 1869–1901 Industrialization: Events SPARKARKNOTES WWW.SPARKNOTES.COM U.S. . A Scot- —in fact, , that cor- —compa- empire trusts million during , or 100 s. Seemingly every- steel monopolies ’s new theories of natu- ’s 1900 Andrew Carnegie monopolies s was Standard Oil Company s, and early 1800 Charles Darwin 1890 and his s, and were among the first railroaders to replace the first railroaders and were among 1880 construction company and hired themselves out as construction company which was similar to Social Darwinism but ” , , who used the company as the foundation for the , who used the company as the foundation 17 . Rather than rely on expensive middlemen, Carnegie ver- . Rather than rely on expensive middlemen, track gauge track gauge ruling, which stated that only the federal government could ruling, which stated , essentially buying out all the other oil companies so that he , essentially buying out all the other oil companies John D. Rockefeller case summary & analysis summary J. P. Morgan J. P. Crédit Mobilier Copyright 2005 by SparkNotes LLC. SparkNotes 2005 by Copyright “Gospel of Wealth Wabash Wabash

vertical integration , as they became known, “The millionaires are the product of natural selec- 1886 horizontal integration names in the industry. Whereas Carnegie employed vertical integration to create his steel names in the industry. . By the end of his life, Carnegie was one of the richest men in America, with a fortune of . By the end of his life, Carnegie was one only Social Darwinist million. 500 was another lucrative business during the Gilded Age. Although there was very little need for oil prior to was another lucrative business during the The biggest names in the oil industry were The biggest names in the oil industry were Moreover, tycoons such as the Vanderbilts were notorious for their lack of regard for the common worker. were notorious for their lack of regard Vanderbilts tycoons such as the Moreover, nies that control all aspects of production for certain products. Economists agree that monopolies are rarely nies that control all aspects of production for certain products. Economists agree that good for the market, as they often stifle competition, inflate prices, and hurt consumers. explained a person’s great riches as a gift from God great riches as a gift from God explained a person’s ral selection, began to believe that they had become rich because they were literally superior human beings ral selection, began to believe that they had become rich because they were literally idea of “survival of the fittest” to society; in the compared to the poorer classes. The wealthy applied Darwin’s words of one tion.” Pious plutocrats preached the Without any form of government regulation, big business owners were able to create any form of government regulation, Without Regulating Big Business Social Darwinism and the Gospel of Wealth In time, many wealthy American businessmen, inspired by biologist iron rails with lighter, more durable steel. The Vanderbilt fortune swelled to more than $ fortune swelled The Vanderbilt more durable steel. lighter, iron rails with years. these boom automobiles. machines, ships, and, later, thing required oil during this era: factory they were the nered the market of a single product. Rockefeller and Standard Oil Rockefeller and Standard Oil surged during the machine age of the demand the Civil War, empire, Rockefeller used Among the wealthiest and most famous captains of industry in the late Among the wealthiest and most famous captains Carnegie, Morgan, and U.S. Steel Carnegie, Morgan, and U.S. As the railroad industry grew, it became filled with corrupt practices. Unhindered by government regulation, it became filled with corrupt practices. Unhindered grew, As the railroad industry get results, however unethical. Union Pacific enormous profits using any method to railroaders could turn formed the dummy officials, for example, after were implicated in the scandal rates for huge profits. Several U.S. congressmen contractors at enormous also quiet about the corruption. Railroads that the company bribed them to keep an investigation uncovered rebates to favored companies. their stocks and gave out noncompetitive inflated the prices of on a the Supreme Court made regulation passed laws to regulate corrupt railroads, Although some states with the state level impossible regulate interstate commerce. through a business tactic called buying out all of the companies—coal, iron ore, and so on— tically integrated his production process by companies that produced the steel, shipped it, and sold it. Eventu- needed to produce his steel, as well as the sold his company to banker Carnegie ally, Steel Corporation nearly $ first created one of America’s had no competition left. In doing so, Rockefeller costs. The Vanderbilts also established a standard also established a Vanderbilts costs. The Railroad Corruption tish immigrant, Carnegie turned his one Pennsylvanian production plant into a veritable tish immigrant, Carnegie turned his one SPARKARKNOTES WWW.SPARKNOTES.COM s. to ensure that the railroad to ensure , which outlawed railroad , which outlawed 1900 in an attempt to ban trusts, but this, too, was an inef- to ban trusts, but in an attempt Interstate Commerce Act Interstate 18 Interstate Commerce Commission Interstate summary & analysis summary Copyright 2005 by SparkNotes LLC. SparkNotes 2005 by Copyright s, the U.S. government stepped in and tried to start regulating the growing in and tried to start government stepped s, the U.S. , Congress passed the , Congress Sherman Anti-Trust Act Sherman Anti-Trust 1890 1887 s and early s and early 1880 , Congress also passed the , Congress In the late number of monopolies. In number of established the kickbacks and also rebates and In and had very little effect. with loopholes, however, The bill was riddled obeyed the new laws. companies 1890 fective piece of legislation and was replaced with revised legislation in the early and was replaced with revised legislation fective piece of legislation SPARKARKNOTES WWW.SPARKNOTES.COM , which , the Knights to represent hit, workers’ rights

1869 Pinkerton Detective 1886 1873 Homestead Strike to organize skilled and , the union fell apart soon 1866 1886 Depression of , founded in in Chicago in s, foremost among them the 19 private agents from the renowned 1890 ’s steel plants in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. When Pittsburgh steel plants in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. When Pittsburgh ’s 300 summary & analysis summary wages, not better wages. Moreover, union members found it diffi- wages, not better wages. Moreover, National Labor Union Copyright 2005 by SparkNotes LLC. SparkNotes 2005 by Copyright any Haymarket Square Bombing Andrew Carnegie eventually sent troops to end the strike. , however, survived the depression. Originally a secret society in survived the depression. Originally a secret , however, skilled urban craftsmen Labor leader who helped organize Pullman Strike; later became socialist leader and Labor leader who helped organize Pullman presidential candidate of Labor (AFL) in Union leader; founded American Federation National Labor Union forms National Labor Union Knights of Labor forms nationwide Railroad workers strike Haymarket Square bombing of Labor forms American Federation d’Alene, Idaho Miners strike in Coeur Homestead Strike occurs Pullman Strike occurs to subdue the protest. The laborers, however, won a surprising victory after a bloody standoff. Presi- won to subdue the protest. The laborers, however, Benjamin Harrison Knights of Labor The National Labor Union existed for only six years. When the The National Labor Union existed for only Agency dent protested wage cuts at one of police refused to end the strike, Carnegie hired The Homestead Strike Several major labor strikes occurred in the early The were put on hold; Americans needed The Knights of Labor and unskilled laborers in picked up where the National Labor Union had left off. The union united skilled allowed blacks and the countryside and cities in one group. Unlike the National Labor Union, the Knights long hours and low women among its ranks. Although they did win a series of strikes in their fight against such a diverse group of wages, they generally had difficulty bargaining collectively because they represented with the anarchists workers. The Knights did not exist for very long: when members were falsely associated who were responsible for the thereafter. The first large-scale U.S. union was the Eugene V. Debs Eugene V. Samuel Gompers The National Labor Union company heads when companies could easily hire thousands of cult to engage in collective bargaining with immigrant “scabs,” or strikebreakers. 1892 1894 Key People 1866 1869 1877 1886 to join the were not allowed Blacks and women, however, unskilled laborers, farmers, and factory workers. it generally was not affiliated with any particular political party, union. Though the National Labor Union for shorter workdays, higher wages, and better working condi- supported any candidate who would fight tions. The Labor Movement: 1866–1894 1866–1894 Movement: The Labor Events SPARKARKNOTES WWW.SPARKNOTES.COM founded Pullman (AFL) quietly percent, labor orga- percent, labor 30 Samuel Gompers Pullman workers refused to work, Pullman refused to work, Pullman workers American Federation of Labor American Federation 000 , 150 20 made a decision similar to Harrison’s to end the to similar to Harrison’s made a decision summary & analysis summary Copyright 2005 by SparkNotes LLC. SparkNotes 2005 by Copyright Grover Cleveland Grover Cleveland organized a massive strike. Over a massive strike. Over organized , seeking better wages, working conditions, shorter working days, and the creation of all- working conditions, shorter working days, , seeking better wages, 1886 , reelected president , reelected in Chicago. When Pullman, a railroad car company, cut employees’ wages by cut employees’ railroad car company, When Pullman, a in Chicago. Eugene V. Debs Eugene V. 1894 the union in union workplaces for its members. Unlike the National Labor Union and the Knights of Labor, the AFL rep- Union and the Knights of Labor, its members. Unlike the National Labor union workplaces for the AFL survived this limitation, however, white male craftsmen in the cities. Despite resented only skilled the most powerful labor unions in the new century. the Gilded Age and would become one of The American Federation of Labor Federation The American labor unions, the years for America’s During these turbulent unions. for several dozen independent labor coordinating efforts grew in power, The Pullman Strike The Pullman In Strike nizer cars were destroyed, and train service was cut off from Chicago to California. Cleveland sent federal troops to to California. Cleveland sent federal troops and train service was cut off from Chicago cars were destroyed, Debs. had them arrest its ringleader, break up the strike and SPARKARKNOTES WWW.SPARKNOTES.COM . southern and 1882 increased America’s increased America’s to lobby for immigration restrictions; immigration . to assist poor Chicago immigrants percent of Americans lived in urbanized percent of Americans lived in urbanized 40 ruling 1889 middle class 21 and a . Many young people left the countryside in search of new won- . Many young people left the countryside Plessy v. Ferguson Plessy v. summary & analysis summary 1860 Copyright 2005 by SparkNotes LLC. SparkNotes 2005 by Copyright American Protective Association consumerism percent in 20 in the post–Civil War era. Nearly in the post–Civil War cities President of Tuskegee Institute, the first major black industrial college; believed that Institute, the first major black President of Tuskegee Social activist; founded Hull House in Alexander Graham Bell invents telephone Alexander Graham lightbulb Thomas Edison invents Institute of Tuskegee becomes president Washington Booker T. Exclusion Act Congress passes Chinese Hull House in Chicago Jane Addams founds Street Settlement in New York founds Henry Lillian Wald Supreme Court issues equal economic and social rights for African Black historian and sociologist; lobbied for Americans for blacks economic equality would bring equal rights , such as Italy, Greece, Poland, Russia, Croatia, and Czechoslovakia. This new group of immi- Greece, Poland, Russia, Croatia, and , such as Italy, —Americans descended primarily from Irish and German immigrants (but not exclusively —Americans descended primarily from Irish and German immigrants (but not exclusively , as opposed to 1900 nativists Many would not be those groups)—claimed that the newly arriving southern and eastern European immigrants unable to learn these immigrants as illiterate and poor, They saw able to assimilate into American society. Protestants also disliked Many of America’s English and with little experience living in a democratic society. Many Anglo-Saxon the fact that many of the new immigrants were Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, or Jewish. and take over their once- Americans worried that eastern and southern Europeans would “outbreed” them “pure” race. Many nativists joined the Nativism areas by for the time, with skyscrapers, electric trolleys, department ders: cities were at the height of modernization telephones, and electric lamps. Industrialization and the rush to stores, bridges, bicycles, indoor plumbing, the cities led to the development of Mass Immigration to urban areas, a new wave of In addition to this major shift from rural of regions especially in major cities. Immigrants came from war-torn population significantly, eastern Europe made the journey to the grants was poorer and less educated than the Irish and German immigrants who had more than a million immigrants were century, By the early twentieth United States earlier in the century. a living, working as entering eastern U.S. cities on a yearly basis. Many immigrants could barely make unskilled laborers in factories or packinghouses for low wages. entry in Congress conceded and eventually barred criminals and the extremely destitute from Urbanization as millions of from an agricultural to an urban, industrial society, The Gilded Age saw the United States shift Americans flocked to Jane Addams 1893 1896 Key People 1876 1879 1881 1882 1889 Bois E. B. Du W. Washington Booker T. Gilded Age Society: 1870–1900 Age Society: Gilded Events SPARKARKNOTES WWW.SPARKNOTES.COM s 1960 Hull in New W. E. B. Du W. facilities for continued to press for equal in Alabama, rather than press for “separate but equal” immigrants—a group that had worked group that had immigrants—a movement Henry Street Settlement House

. 1943 , a college-educated woman who founded , a college-educated woman who founded Chinese civil rights Tuskegee Institute Tuskegee to open the decision. In doing so, the court condemned blacks to decision. In doing so, the court condemned 22 , completely banning Chinese immigration to the United immigration to the banning Chinese , completely Jane Addams 1882 summary & analysis summary Lillian Wald in Copyright 2005 by SparkNotes LLC. SparkNotes 2005 by Copyright Plessy v. Ferguson Plessy v. , president of the all-black buildings, often with entire families living together in tiny one-room apartments entire families living together in tiny one-room buildings, often with Chinese Exclusion Act Chinese Exclusion tenement in one of Chicago’s poorest neighborhoods. Hull House provided counseling, day-care ser- in one of Chicago’s . The combined success of these settlement houses prompted other reformers to open similar . The combined success of these settlement 1889 1893 , the Supreme Court upheld the policy of segregation by legalizing , the Supreme Court upheld the policy of Booker T. Washington Booker T. in , on the other hand, ridiculed Washington’s beliefs and argued that blacks should fight for immediate— , on the other hand, ridiculed Washington’s Despite the ruling, African-American leaders of the Despite the ruling, African-American leaders The success of Hull House prompted Nativists in the United States reserved special hatred for special hatred the United States reserved Nativists in 1896 more than another half century of second-class citizenship. more than another half century of second-class blacks and whites in the landmark rights. In Black Civil Rights Jane Addams and Hull House Jane Addams and living and working conditions in Amer- emerged as a result of these worsening A social reform movement Foremost among the reformers was cities. ica’s Urban Slums city of slums in U.S. cities. These new millions of poor immigrants led to the formation The sudden influx of dwellers lived in poorly venti- were filthy, generally Tenements with other families on the floor. and sharing a single bathroom rats and disease. making them a hospitable environment for lated, and poorly lit, House local immigrants. vices, and adult education classes to help they could chal- encouraged blacks to become economically self-sufficient so that immediate social equality, The Harvard-educated black historian and sociologist lenge whites on social issues in the future. Bois and Du Bois encapsulated This dispute between Washington and overdue—social and economic equality. the end of the nineteenth century and the question as to how blacks the divide in the civil rights movement at debate that lasted well into the civil rights movement of the could most effectively pursue equality—a and continues today. States. Congress did pass the act, and it remained in place until and it remained in did pass the act, States. Congress countless hours of labor at low wages, especially on railroad construction in the West. Unions pressed Con- Unions pressed in the West. railroad construction wages, especially on of labor at low countless hours the gress to pass in York used populations. In time, women like Addams and Wald houses in other eastern cities with large immigrant labor laws. suffrage, temperance, civil rights, and improved their positions of power to fight for women’s SPARKARKNOTES WWW.SPARKNOTES.COM

moved people, grain, had roamed the Great bison 1877 remained. transcontinental lines . Under the act, any individual settler paying 000 , 1 1862 of 23 The Significance of the Frontier in American History The Significance of the Frontier in American , only about essay 1885 transformed the industrial cities of the West during the late transformed the industrial cities of the West summary & analysis summary 1893 Homestead Act s The Significance of the Frontier in American History The Significance of the Frontier in American Copyright 2005 by SparkNotes LLC. SparkNotes 2005 by Copyright 1880 million bison west of the Mississippi. The railroads, however, destroyed million bison west of the Mississippi. The railroads, however, railroads 20 s and 1870 Historian whose Nez Percé chief in the Pacific Northwest; opposed white expansion westward and Nez Percé chief in the Pacific Northwest; forces in relocation to reservations; captured by U.S. U.S. Census Bureau declares frontier closed Knee Battle of Wounded Populist Party forms publishes Turner Congress passes Homestead Act Congress passes Homestead Sand Creek Massacre National Grange forms railroad is completed First transcontinental Territory occur in Dakota Sioux Wars Battle of Little Bighorn Nez Percé War Farmers’ Alliance forms Congress passes Dawes Severalty Act American settlement of the Southwest in Apache chief who led a rebellion against white the Custer at the Battle of Little Bighorn in Sioux chief who helped defeat General George 1876 extraordinary impact on U.S. social, argued that western settlement had had an political, and economic development s. Railroads made travel easier, cheaper, and safer. The long and safer. cheaper, s. Railroads made travel easier, Railroads also transformed the western landscape. For millennia, millions of the bison’s natural environment, and worse, transported sport hunters to the region. Americans slaughtered natural environment, and worse, transported the bison’s so many bison in their trek westward that by cattle, ore, and equipment back and forth across the vast expanses of the Midwest, over the Rocky Mountains, cattle, ore, and equipment back and forth across the vast expanses of the Midwest, Sierra Nevada, and to the fertile valleys of California and Oregon. by the end of the Civil Plains of the Midwest, providing food and clothing for Native American tribes. Even there were still as many as War, Americans continued to move westward even during the turmoil of the Civil War. After the war ended, sev- Americans continued to move westward even during the turmoil of the Civil War. enticed by cheap eral million Americans immigrated to the regions beyond eastern Kansas and Nebraska, federal land that Congress offered in the The Homestead Act More than any other single factor, More than any other single factor, Railroads and the West 1800 Key People Chief Joseph 1890 1891 1893 1876 1877 1885 1887 1862 1864 1867 1869 1875 Geronimo Sitting Bull Frederick Jackson Turner The West: 1860–1900 1860–1900 The West: Events SPARKARKNOTES WWW.SPARKNOTES.COM

in res- in the in the Wars

Populist Party Sioux , fought bravely to pro- George Armstrong Custer , during the army’s attempt , during the army’s subsistence farmers of his troops fell at the hands of of his troops fell at the 1890 s and then the Geronimo 264 in , General 1870 1876 in the , when all tribe, led by s. In 1870 . The Dawes Act outlawed tribal ownership of land . The Dawes Act outlawed tribal ownership Apache tribe in the Pacific Northwest when the tribe’s leader, when the tribe’s tribe in the Pacific Northwest , Union troops killed several hundred Indian women , Union troops killed 24 1887 s and had disastrous effects on poor in 1864 Battle of Wounded Knee Battle of Wounded Greenback Party 1860 1893 Nez Percé summary & analysis summary acres of free land in the West, as long as his family “improved” the as his family “improved” as long land in the West, acres of free in Colorado. The U.S. Army also fought the in Colorado. The U.S. Battle of Little Bighorn Copyright 2005 by SparkNotes LLC. SparkNotes 2005 by Copyright 160 —a Native American movement that called for a return to traditional —a Native American movement that called Dawes Severalty Act to fight for their livelihood. The Grange managed to win some key victories in to fight for their livelihood. The Grange Sand Creek Massacre and his warriors. The Sioux’s victory was short-lived, however, as the tribe was defeated a as the tribe was victory was short-lived, however, Sioux’s and his warriors. The -acre homesteads into the hands of individual Indians and their families with the promise of -acre homesteads into the hands of individual , refused to relinquish the Nez Percé’s lands to white settlers. They were eventually defeated and lands to white settlers. They were the Nez Percé’s , refused to relinquish 160 Ghost Dance Movement National Grange on the poorest land in the Dakotas, New Mexico, and Oklahoma to make room for the increasing on the poorest land in the Dakotas, New s. Sitting Bull 1890 In addition, the U.S. Army fought the In addition, the U.S. several midwestern legislatures, supporting the The Grange of High protective tariffs and the Depression farmers, often deeply in debt, were unable to afford the unregu- Midwest and South. Many of these cash crop to the cities. As a result, over a million impoverished farmers orga- lated railroad fares to send their products nized the the The Dawes Severalty Act The Dawes Severalty the U.S. government tried to herd native populations onto After defeating these Native American forces, As white settlers pushed farther westward and repeatedly drove Native Americans from their lands, clashes Native Americans from their lands, clashes farther westward and repeatedly drove As white settlers pushed became inevitable. In between tribes and settlers ervations who wanted to “acclimatize” Native Americans to white number of white settlers. Pressured by reformers culture, Congress passed the and forced Native Americans into white culture as quickly as possible. As future citizenship. The goal was to assimilate in stripping tribes of their land and failed to incorporate Native it turned out, the Dawes Act succeeded only Americans into U.S. society. a small filing fee could stake a claim to fee could stake a claim a small filing Wars The Indian land by farming it and living on it. it and living on land by farming and children at the Black Hills of the Dakota Territory during the Territory Black Hills of the Dakota tect their homelands but were eventually defeated and relocated to Oklahoma and rural areas of the South. tect their homelands but were eventually at the Hundreds of Native Americans also died to end the in society. ways of life and challenged white dominance made his infamous last stand during the made his infamous last Chief year later. Chief Joseph the the New Mexico Territory, resettled in Kansas. In SPARKARKNOTES WWW.SPARKNOTES.COM

, the 1896 Ben- by loaning the . Populists nomi- James Weaver 1892 1895 a quasi-political party that a , a very high tariff that par- Populist Party McKinley Tariff

Farmers’ Alliance— for president and campaigned on a platform of 1890 25 . The Populists did surprisingly well, managing to million 60 summary & analysis summary James B. Weaver James B. Weaver John Bidwell Copyright 2005 by SparkNotes LLC. SparkNotes 2005 by Copyright rolled around, the , respectively. In addition to the Populist candidate In addition to the Populist candidate , respectively. congressional elections. , the Republican and Democratic parties renominated candidates 1893

1892 th U.S. president; only president elected to two nonconsecutive terms th U.S. president; only president elected to 1890 24 1892 primarily in response to the 1896 nominated after giving famous “Cross of Gold” speech 1900 nd and th U.S. president; ran on pro–gold-standard platform against William Jennings platform against William th U.S. president; ran on pro–gold-standard Democratic congressman from Nebraska; won party’s nomination for president in won party’s Democratic congressman from Nebraska; s—merged with other liberal Democrats to form the Congress passes Dingley Tariff Congress passes Gold Standard Act 22 Farmers’ Alliance forms Populist Party forms elected president again Grover Cleveland is Depression of D.C. Army” marches on Washington, “Coxey’s Tariff Congress passes the Wilson-Gorman in Chicago Debs organizes Pullman Strike Eugene V. Morgan bails out U.S. government J. P. Jennings Bryan delivers “Cross of Gold” speech William McKinley is elected president William 25 Bryan in 1896 campaign manager in the elections of Ohio businessman and McKinley’s Wealthy and candidate in officer; Populist Party presidential Former Civil War bankruptcy in banker who saved U.S. government from Wealthy more than $ Treasury Grover Cleveland 1880 and Prohibition Party Populist movement arose By the time the elections of jamin Harrison fledgling For the presidential election of The Election of 1892 The Rise of the Populists The markets but were forced ticularly hurt western and southern farmers who sold their harvests on unprotected out of the protest the tariff, these farmers helped vote Republicans to buy expensive manufactured goods. To House of Representatives in the 1897 1900 Key People Grover Cleveland 1895 1896 1885 1891 1892 1893 1894 McKinley William Jennings Bryan William Mark Hanna James B. Weaver Morgan J. P. formed in the late nated former Greenback Party member The Rise and Fall of Populism: 1892–1896 1892–1896 of Populism: and Fall The Rise Events unlimited, cheap silver money pegged at a rate of sixteen ounces of silver to one ounce of gold. Populists also unlimited, cheap silver money pegged at a rate of sixteen ounces of silver to one ounce a graduated income tax, campaigned for government ownership of all railroad and telephone companies, shorter workdays, direct election of U.S. senators, one-term limits for presidents, immigration restrictions, and a referendum. SPARKARKNOTES WWW.SPARKNOTES.COM , in con- William William reached McKinley Depression “Coxey’s Army” “Coxey’s “Cross of Gold” speech financed most of the campaign Sherman Silver Purchase Act

men for Washington, D.C., to men for Washington, million from Wall Street financier million from Wall , barely managed to keep the U.S. 60 500 1890 1893 Mark Hanna of Ohio, sponsor of the controversial set out with million mark. Had this trend continued, there million mark. Had this thus became less a race between Bryan and McKinley 26 100 1896 Jacob S. Coxey summary & analysis summary William McKinley William Copyright 2005 by SparkNotes LLC. SparkNotes 2005 by Copyright , which would have crashed the economy completely and ruined the the economy completely and ruined , which would have crashed million left in the Treasury. The federal government thus was forced to million left in the Treasury. sinking below the $ 41 and Cleveland’s repeal of the Sherman Silver Purchase Act empowered the Populist and Cleveland’s , could not have come at a more desperate time for the federal government. On top of at a more desperate time for the federal , could not have come gold standard gold reserve 1893 1873 , who at the nominating convention delivered his now-famous , wealthy Ohio businessman to put the U.S. economy back on solid ground. to put the U.S. economy back on solid ground. 1894 , Cleveland had virtually no chance of being elected for a third term. His presidency had been marred , Cleveland had virtually no chance of being hit just months after he took the oath of office. This depression, the worst the country had seen since he took the oath of office. This depression, hit just months after , on a pro-business platform. Wealthy Ohio businessman , on a pro-business platform. Wealthy 1896 Ironically, Bryan’s “Cross of Gold” speech, though seen as one of the finest rally cries in U.S. history, ended “Cross of Gold” speech, though seen as one of the finest rally cries in U.S. history, Bryan’s Ironically, 1893 McKinley Buys the White House The Republican Party nominated Senator petition the federal government for cheap money and debt-relief programs. When petition the federal government for cheap the men were arrested for trespassing on the lawn. the Capitol building, however, Speech Bryan and the “Cross of Gold” By the Depression of by a multitude of crises: he had failed to squelch federal forces, at a stable level, angered middle-class constituents by ending the Pullman Strike with Treasury As a result, Democrats instead nominated and not kept his promise to reduce the tariff significantly. Jennings Bryan answer [the Repub- will demnation of the gold standard. In the speech, Bryan passionately proclaimed, “We shall not press down upon the brow of labor this licans’] demands for a gold standard by saying to them: ‘You Democrats ran on a Popu- crown of thorns; you shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold!’” Because the the two parties joined in supporting Bryan. list-inspired platform, campaigning for free silver, Tariff expert politicking won McKinley the Hanna’s and convinced his colleagues in the East to support McKinley. through the South and Midwest. whirlwind speaking tour presidency despite Bryan’s money and inflation, up creating many opponents of the free silver cause. Conservatives, fearing cheap flocked to the McKinley camp. The election of Coxey’s Army Coxey’s The Depression of to the Populist Party in the hopes of winning free silver and movement, as disillusioned Democrats flocked economic conditions also encouraged the creation of reform move- more power for the people. The depressed ments. In J. P. Morgan’s Loan Morgan’s J. P. repealed the prevent any more gold from being used up, Cleveland To Cleveland’s second term was much more dynamic than his relatively uneventful first term, as the more dynamic than his relatively uneventful second term was much Cleveland’s of the Depression of have in circulation. The United States would enough gold to back the paper currency would not have been then had to go off the financial credibility abroad. country’s receive over a million popular votes and twenty-two electoral votes. The unpopular McKinley Tariff ruined Tariff unpopular McKinley electoral votes. The and twenty-two a million popular votes receive over the first and only presi- improbably becoming was reelected, reelection, so Cleveland chance for Harrison’s terms. two inconsecutive dent to serve of 1893 The Depression for gold in a convoluted wily investors traded silver was already nearly empty, Treasury the fact that the U.S. scheme that sent the much to the chagrin of Populist-leaning Democrats. But the act’s repeal had little positive effect, and by the repeal had little positive effect, But the act’s much to the chagrin of Populist-leaning Democrats. following year there was only $ look elsewhere for help. In a transaction that perhaps perfectly encapsulates the great power and wealth of big look elsewhere for help. In a transaction that borrowed more than $ business in the Gilded Age, President Cleveland J. P. Morgan J. P. SPARKARKNOTES WWW.SPARKNOTES.COM , to set Gold Standard Act Dingley Tariff when he signed the 1900 , McKinley also signed the , McKinley also signed was one of the most important elections of the was one of the most 1897 1896 27 summary & analysis summary Copyright 2005 by SparkNotes LLC. SparkNotes 2005 by Copyright percent. marked the last time in which a major candidate tried to win by appeal- marked the last time in which a major candidate 45 essentially marked the end of the Populist movement, for the Populist Party end of the Populist movement, for the essentially marked the 1896 1896 million into McKinley’s campaign, making it the largest campaign fund for a presidential candi- fund for a presidential it the largest campaign campaign, making McKinley’s million into 15 In retrospect, historians believe that the election of In retrospect, historians The Bryan campaign of The Bryan campaign McKinley ultimately killed the Populists’ dream of free silver in killed the Populists’ dream of free silver McKinley ultimately than a contest between those for Bryan and those against him. Wealthy businessmen in the East invested in the East businessmen against him. Wealthy Bryan and those between those for than a contest about $ Populism The Failure of date in history. Some Democrats quite reasonably claimed that McKinley had “bought” the White House. McKinley had “bought” claimed that Democrats quite reasonably Some date in history. stabilizing the value of the dollar to one ounce of gold. In stabilizing the value overall tariff rates at approximately overall tariff rates at which conserva- victory ushered in a new age in American politics in ing to agricultural interests. McKinley’s the White House for the majority of the next thirty-six years. tives dominated: Republicans would control effectively became a part of the Democratic Party by throwing its support behind Bryan. In addition, in light effectively became a part of the Democratic defeat, the election of of Bryan’s nineteenth century and certainly the most significant election since the Civil War. McKinley’s win repre- McKinley’s since the Civil War. certainly the most significant election nineteenth century and and South. Populism interests in the West middle-class Americans over agrarian sented a victory for urban inflation alienated even the poorest appeal for free silver and the cities, and Bryan’s never really spread into who depended on a stable dollar to survive. Americans in the cities, SPARKARKNOTES WWW.SPARKNOTES.COM

, 250 Frederick . Just ninety Cuba Dupuy de Lôme letter such as the famous newspaper- !” and clamored for war. . In the letter, Spanish ambassador Enrique . In the letter, Maine “yellow journalists” 1898 28 , who printed sensationalized stories about the events. In in Havana Harbor a week later, which killed more than which killed more in Havana Harbor a week later, summary & analysis summary Maine Copyright 2005 by SparkNotes LLC. SparkNotes 2005 by Copyright Joseph Pulitzer USS explodes in Havana Harbor explodes in Havana and Cases decided

Maine Prominent “yellow journalist” who published sensational stories about atrocities in Prominent “yellow journalist” who published th U.S. president; asked Congress to declare war on Spain because he feared public th U.S. president; asked Congress to declare Cuba, inciting American public opinion against Spain Cuba, inciting American public opinion against naval attack on the Spanish fleet in Manila Navy commander who launched a surprise in several hours without losing a single just hours after war began; defeated the Spanish man forces defeat Spain in the Philippines but Philippine freedom fighter; helped American later turned against the United States Congress passes Platt Amendment 25 opinion would turn against him of war; resigned and organized “Rough Assistant secretary of the Navy at outbreak in Cuba Riders” volunteer unit to fight the Spanish Anti-Imperialist League forms Anti-Imperialist League USS begins Spanish-American War Hawaii United States annexes Amendment Congress passes Teller Philippines at Manila Bay Admiral Dewey seizes Insurrection Aguinaldo leads Filipino Act Congress passes Foraker McKinley is reelected Insular entered the White House just as the nation was nearing a crisis with entered the White House just as the nation to Cuba with the order, “You furnish the pictures, and I’ll furnish the war!” hoping to boost sales “You to Cuba with the order, s, falling sugar prices led Cuban farmers to rebel against their Spanish overlords in a bloody revolu- s, falling sugar prices led Cuban farmers William Randolph Hearst William 1890 Americans became aware of the situation in Cuba via miles south of Florida, Cuba was still under Spanish control despite past American efforts to wrest it away. In Spanish control despite past American efforts to wrest it away. miles south of Florida, Cuba was still under the revolutionaries, includ- tion. Spanish forces tried to crack down on the insurrection by herding all suspected ing children, into internment camps. men Remington with exclusive coverage of the conflict. which was intercepted and published in newspapers in the ship, despite U.S. servicemen. American investigators concluded erroneously that a mine had destroyed boiler room. Although history proved Spain the ship’s insistence that there had been an accident in Spain’s correct, Americans rallied under the cry “Remember the competition for readership, each man tried to outdo the other. Hearst, for example, sent painter competition for readership, each man tried to outdo the other. The USS Maine the Already agitated by the articles of yellow journalists, Americans were outraged by George Dewey Emilio Aguinaldo The Crisis in Cuba McKinley William public outrage, though, Dupuy de Lôme derided McKinley as a dimwitted politician. Inciting even greater was the mysterious explosion of the Key People McKinley William Theodore Roosevelt Randolph Hearst William 1900 1901 1898 1899 The Spanish-American War: 1898–1901 1898–1901 War: The Spanish-American Events SPARKARKNOTES WWW.SPARKNOTES.COM . . 1900 1917 1900 , and on the Platt Teller Teller outside the city Hawaii Puerto Rico and its prominent mem- San Juan Hill regular and volunteer troops. 000 ; Congress consented on the ; Congress , , an ardent expansionist, ordered , an ardent expansionist, 20 in Asia. Dewey defeated the Spanish in Asia. Dewey defeated 1898 million. The United States did eventu- , but not before including the 20 1902 with over Philippines , under the command of Lt. Colonel Theodore , under the command of Lt. Colonel Theodore Anti-Imperialist League Cuba Theodore Roosevelt 29 led a revolt on land. Although Britain did not participate led a revolt on land. Although Britain did that people in newly acquired foreign lands did not have Rough Riders summary & analysis summary Copyright 2005 by SparkNotes LLC. SparkNotes 2005 by Copyright was quick and decisive and crumbled the Spanish Empire. Acting and crumbled the Spanish Empire. Acting was quick and decisive Insular Cases Emilio Aguinaldo to seize the Spanish-controlled to seize the Spanish-controlled that formally ended the war, Spain granted the United States Cuba, that formally ended the war, Spanish-American War Spanish-American War George Dewey in the Cuban constitution, establishing a permanent U.S. military base at Guantánamo Bay. in the Cuban constitution, establishing a , which promised Cuba independence once the Spaniards had been driven out. independence once the Spaniards had , which promised Cuba that granted Puerto Ricans limited self-government and eventually full U.S. citizenship by that granted Puerto Ricans limited self-government and eventually full U.S. citizenship , and McKinley graciously agreed to buy the Philippines for $ , and McKinley graciously agreed to buy the Treaty of Paris Treaty , the Supreme Court ruled in the Second was the problem of what to do with all the new people in the territories America had taken over. In had taken over. Second was the problem of what to do with all the new people in the territories America vocal McKinley had to contend with the new, Finally, Guam Postwar Headaches than it cured. First, McKinley was faced with an insurrection when The war gave McKinley more headaches several years of jungle Emilio Aguinaldo turned against American forces in the annexed Philippines. It took into American warfare before the insurrection was put down, but even then, Filipinos resisted assimilation culture. 1901 The Treaty of Paris The Treaty In the The Rough Riders meanwhile, prepared for an invasion of The U.S. Army, upheld the the same constitutional rights as Americans living in the United States. Congress nonetheless McKinley thus requested a declaration of war from Congress in April of war from thus requested a declaration McKinley The Philippines The resulting Assistant Secretary of the Navy against direct orders, the The most famous of the volunteers were Cuba in Amendment and withdrew from ally honor the Teller Amendment Foraker Act policies and the incorporation of new “unassimila- expansionist bership. The league challenged McKinley’s ble” peoples into the United States. War Preparations and the Teller Amendment and the Teller Preparations War to strong pub- if he failed to respond Spain, he feared that to go to war with McKinley did not want Although win the election of platform would and his “free silver” Jennings Bryan William for the war, lic opinion Roosevelt, who had left his civilian job to fight the “splendid little war.” As the Rough Riders’ name implied, As the Rough Riders’ fight the “splendid little war.” Roosevelt, who had left his civilian job to acquaintan- aristocratic cowboys mixed with some of Roosevelt’s they were an assortment of ex-convicts and lead the charge and take the famous ces. Roosevelt and the Rough Riders helped grounds that the Cuban people needed to be liberated. To justify this cause, Congress passed the justify this cause, people needed to be liberated. To grounds that the Cuban Amendment Commodore man. Congress then annexed on Manila Bay without losing a single fleet in a surprise attack the and Asia. While Dewey fought needed a refueling station between San Francisco pretext that the navy Spanish at sea, Filipino insurgent powers from defending Spain. in the fighting, it did help prevent other European of Santiago. Cuba eventually fell, prompting Spain to retreat. of Santiago. Cuba eventually fell, prompting SPARKARKNOTES WWW.SPARKNOTES.COM to Japan and the . U.S. policymakers, First Open Door Note spheres of influence but assassinated just months after inauguration in but assassinated just months after inauguration 1900 30 , boldly sent the , the Chinese could only sit back and watch as Japan, Rus- 1895 of summary & analysis summary John Hay Copyright 2005 by SparkNotes LLC. SparkNotes 2005 by Copyright

th U.S. president; reelected in adopted aggressive assassination; th U.S. president; took office after McKinley’s Sino-Japanese War Sino-Japanese War Roosevelt sends Great White Fleet on world tour Roosevelt sends Great White Fleet on world Agreement” with Japan Roosevelt strikes “Gentlemen’s Agreement Root-Takahira Panama Canal is completed 25 1901 secretary of state; drafted Open Door Notes requesting that President McKinley’s territorial status world powers respect free trade in Asia and China’s 26 Hemisphere foreign policy and asserted American influence and power in the Western United States invades Dominican Republic War Roosevelt negotiates peace to end Russo-Japanese public schools San Francisco bans Japanese students from Algeciras Conference United States invades Cuba John Hay writes First Open Door Note John Hay writes First to suppress Boxer Rebellion U.S. sends troops to China Door Note Hay drafts Second Open McKinley is reelected Theodore Roosevelt becomes president McKinley is assassinated; Hay-Pauncefote Treaty treaty Colombia rejects canal revolt against Colombia U.S. backs Panamanian Treaty Hay–Bunau-Varilla Monroe Doctrine Roosevelt issues Roosevelt Corollary to the Roosevelt is elected president Construction on Panama Canal begins , McKinley’s secretary of state, , McKinley’s . After losing the 1899 In sia, and the Europeans carved their ancient country into separate to stop the feeding afraid that Americans would be left without any lucrative Chinese markets, scrambled frenzy. The British backed the European powers, requesting that they respect Chinese territory and free trade. replied that they could not commit on the Open Door Russia, and Japan agreement, but France, Germany, Note until all the other nations had agreed on it. China and the Open Door Notes States was presented with yet another problem— the United In the aftermath of the Spanish-American War, China Key People McKinley William John Hay Theodore Roosevelt 1907 1908 1914 1905 1906 1902 1903 1904 1899 1900 1901 Roosevelt’s Big Stick Diplomacy: 1899–1908 1899–1908 Stick Diplomacy: Big Roosevelt’s Events SPARKARKNOTES WWW.SPARKNOTES.COM , 1900 Second , which relinquished began the following U.S. policy statement 1823 , Roosevelt struck a deal with soon became synonymous with by an anarchist while visiting the Panama Canal Panama (the famous to spread throughout China. In China. In to spread throughout assassinated Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty Hay–Bunau-Varilla Big Stick Diplomacy 31 Boxer Movement Monroe Doctrine , overtook the provincial capital while U.S. Navy ships pre- summary & analysis summary 1903 Copyright 2005 by SparkNotes LLC. SparkNotes 2005 by Copyright . After the diplomats had been rescued, Secretary Hay issued the had been rescued, Secretary Hay issued . After the diplomats . 1914 turned out not to be much of a contest. Republicans renominated McKinley, who was McKinley, much of a contest. Republicans renominated turned out not to be Boxer Rebellion to request that the other powers respect China’s territorial status, because he feared they territorial status, because powers respect China’s to request that the other 1900 French, British, German, Russian, Japanese, and American soldiers joined forces to rescue the diplo- Russian, Japanese, and American soldiers French, British, German, The rebels quickly consented and, in Roosevelt and Bryan traveled throughout the country and played to the crowds in two whirlwind cam- Roosevelt and Bryan traveled throughout only months into his second term, McKinley was However, 000 , year and was completed in ownership of the canal lands to the United States. Construction on the rebels who were dissatisfied with Colombian rule, offering them independence and American protection in rebels who were dissatisfied with Colombian rule, offering them independence and exchange for land to build the canal. inde- Panama’s vented Colombian troops from marching into Panama. Roosevelt immediately recognized pendence and sent Secretary of State John Hay to sign the action was prompted Hemisphere affairs). Roosevelt’s that warned European powers to stay out of Western defaulted on loans and several European nations sent and the Dominican Republic both when Venezuela warships to collect the debts by force. The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine Roosevelt further angered Latin Big Stick diplomacy. The Panama Canal was only the first step in Roosevelt’s Americans by adding his own interpretation to the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo, New York. He died a week later, and Vice President Roosevelt was President Roosevelt and Vice He died a week later, York. Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo, New sworn in as president. often took advantage of smaller and weaker nations. imperialism and aggressiveness, as his policy The Panama Canal isthmus and link first goals was to construct a canal through the narrow Central American One of Roosevelt’s province, northernmost the Pacific and Atlantic oceans. In Colombia’s Big Stick Diplomacy or wait around for the action to start, immediately set to Roosevelt, not one to shy away from responsibility to fight. Roosevelt believed that the United States should always be prepared work. Unlike his predecessor, and “Speak softly and carry a big stick, and you will go far,” He applied his favorite proverb to the country: so-called Roosevelt’s bolstered the U.S. Army and Navy. popular because he had kept America prosperous and expanded the country as a result of the Spanish-Amer- kept America prosperous and expanded popular because he had new run- also chose former Rough Rider Theodore Roosevelt to be McKinley’s The Republicans ican War. platform, but to their Jennings Bryan on an anti-expansionism ning mate. Democrats again chose William for his loss in insisted once again on pushing for free silver—a stand that was partly responsible Bryan dismay, the previous election. the election with chances again, and McKinley won kill Bryan’s paigns. In the end, free silver did in fact twice as many electoral votes. almost a million more popular votes and The Election of 1900 and McKinley’s Assassination 1900 and McKinley’s The Election of The election of The Boxer Rebellion The Boxer “fairly” or not, it was conducted regardless of whether being divided up, over their country Chinese outrage called the a new nationalistic movement prompted would try to take revenge on the Chinese for the uprising. would try to take revenge hoping to cast out all foreigners, the Boxer army invaded Beijing, believing that they would be divinely pro- that they would Beijing, believing the Boxer army invaded out all foreigners, hoping to cast Nearly hostage and waited patiently in the city. took a number of foreign diplomats tected from bullets. They 20 mats and end the Open Door Note SPARKARKNOTES WWW.SPARKNOTES.COM

, Roosevelt medi- 1905 . Although these efforts . Although these efforts , Japanese and American , he announced his own , he announced 1908 1904 San Francisco Board of Education San Francisco Board Russo-Japanese War stopped in Tokyo in stopped in Tokyo 32 , in which both countries agreed to respect the Open Door pol- , in which both countries agreed to respect , declaring that the United States would collect and distribute the would collect and that the United States , declaring summary & analysis summary Great White Fleet Copyright 2005 by SparkNotes LLC. SparkNotes 2005 by Copyright . stating that the San Francisco Board of Education would retract the ban stating that the San Francisco Board of Education 1906 1907 in , in a show meant to demonstrate American prowess, Roosevelt sent sixteen U.S. battle- , in a show meant to demonstrate American Root-Takahira Agreement Root-Takahira 1907 In December Roosevelt, afraid that the European aggressors would use the outstanding debt as an excuse to reassert debt as an excuse use the outstanding aggressors would afraid that the European Roosevelt, officials signed the territorial integrity in the Pacific. icy in China and each other’s Relations with Japan Relations with the Roosevelt years. In United States and Japan soured during Relations between the in to popular anti-Japanese senti- public schools, giving from enrolling in the city’s banned Japanese students move, which led Roosevelt to make a D.C., loudly protested the in Washington, ments. Japanese diplomats Agreement” “Gentlemen’s to the United States. as long as Japan reduced the number of immigrants ships on a tour of the world. When the colonial influence in Latin America, did not want to take any chances. In to take any chances. did not want in Latin America, colonial influence Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine Corollary to the Monroe Roosevelt in Latin Amer- could intervene only the United States effect stating that to European powers—in debts owed and to Cuba to debt repayment Republic to enforce troops to the Dominican Roosevelt then sent ican affairs. forces in suppress revolutionary the Russians and the Japanese to end the ated a dispute between negotiating table unhappy and blamed Prize for Peace, both powers left the won Roosevelt the Nobel when the to Japan were strained further Ties Roosevelt for their losses. SPARKARKNOTES WWW.SPARKNOTES.COM , s “The 1900 Meat McClure’s 1908 published a series of articles titled 33 ’s graphic description of the meatpacking industry in his graphic description of the meatpacking industry ’s Lincoln Steffens The Shame of the Cities The Jungle the same year, hoping to clean up the industry and protect hoping to clean up the industry and the same year, summary & analysis summary awakened middle-class Americans to the plight of the urban poor Copyright 2005 by SparkNotes LLC. SparkNotes 2005 by Copyright . Likewise, Upton Sinclair case Jacob Riis , . Muckrakers had an unprecedented impact on public opinion and even on the 1890 th U.S. president; handpicked successor to Roosevelt in th U.S. president; handpicked successor to th U.S. president; launched a collection of progressive domestic policies known as the th U.S. president; launched a collection of so deeply disgusted President Roosevelt and Congress that they passed the 27 Muller v. Oregon Muller v. is elected president Taft 26 Square Deal governor and one of the most prominent progressives in the early Wisconsin Anthracite Strike Act Congress passes Newlands Act Congress passes Elkins Lincoln Steffens publishes Forest Service Roosevelt creates U.S. decision Northern Securities forms of the World Industrial Workers Roosevelt is elected president Upton Sinclair publishes Meat Inspection Act, and Hepburn Act Congress passes Pure Food and Drug Act, “Roosevelt Panic” hits that further exposed big-business corruption. Pure Food and Drug Act and Cosmopolitan believed that unregulated capitalism and the urban boom required stronger government super- believed that unregulated capitalism and How the Other Half Lives The Jungle , and novel Unlike the Populist movement, which rose from America’s minority groups, Progressives came primarily minority groups, Progressives came from America’s Unlike the Populist movement, which rose The Muckrakers dubbed “muckrakers.” At the forefront of the reform movement were turn-of-the-century exposé writers like These writers published the dirt on corporate and social injustices in books and magazines Inspection Act Shame of the Cities” The Progressive Movement between gov- many Americans felt the need to change the relationship By the dawn of the twentieth century, social and political problems. Like the Populists before them, ernment and society and address the growing Progressives 1908 Key People Theodore Roosevelt Robert La Follette from special Progressives wanted to regain control of the government vision and intervention. Specifically, women, blacks, further protecting the rights of organized labor, interests like the railroads and trusts, while and consumers in general. and Democratic parties. As from the middle class and constituted a majority of Americans in the Republican a result, reform dominated the first decade of the new century. American consumers. In in his book 1906 1907 1902 1903 1904 Taft Howard William Collier’s president and Congress. For example, 1906 Roosevelt and the Progressives: 1901–1908 1901–1908 Progressives: and the Roosevelt Events SPARKARKNOTES WWW.SPARKNOTES.COM ,

of 1902 to in the 1908 direct forest Northern , Congress dams -pound giant 1906 350 Hiram Johnson “Square Deal” , a . Fearing that Americans of Wisconsin, of Wisconsin, , he had promised not to run again. 1904 , to punish railroad companies that issued William Howard Taft William 1903 in Robert La Follette , or the right to directly propose legislation them- , or the right to directly yet again on an anti-imperialist, progressive platform. 34 environmental conservation Elkins Act , the Supreme Court upheld Roosevelt’s suit in the , the Supreme Court upheld Roosevelt’s initiative 1904 summary & analysis summary electoral votes. . Fearing a coal shortage in the industrial eastern United States, the . Fearing a coal shortage in the industrial , which sold federal lands in the West to fund irrigation projects. , which sold federal lands in the West Copyright 2005 by SparkNotes LLC. SparkNotes 2005 by Copyright of New York worked tirelessly to punish grafters, break up uncom- worked tirelessly of New York 150 to eliminate bribes and reduce the power of political machines. Many the power of political bribes and reduce to eliminate , Roosevelt remained just as popular at the end of his second term as he 1907 William Jennings Bryan Jennings William Newlands Act secret ballot

to strengthen the Interstate Commerce Commission and give it more power to con- to strengthen the Interstate Commerce Commission Anthracite Strike

, allowing Americans to vote directly for or against specific laws; and the power to to vote directly for or against specific laws; , allowing Americans 1902 , forcing the giant railroad company to disband. Roosevelt subsequently filed similar suits , forcing the giant railroad company to disband. 1902 and the ruling, which awarded some federal protection for female workers in factories. ruling, which awarded some federal protection also entered the race on the Socialist Party ticket. In the end, Taft easily defeated Bryan by also entered the race on the Socialist Party ticket. In the end, Taft Charles Evans Hughes Hepburn Act referendum and ore-rich land. He also convinced Congress to fund the construction of several dozen and ore-rich land. He also convinced Congress to fund the construction of several corrupt elected officials. Progressive governors like corrupt elected officials. Roosevelt began by launching a campaign to tackle monopolistic trusts that hurt consumers. In Roosevelt began by launching a campaign the Roosevelt also persuaded Congress to pass Eugene V. Debs Eugene V. more than a million popular votes and were on track to use up the country’s natural resources, he set aside several hundred million acres of natural resources, were on track to use up the country’s reserves and to pass the West Square Deal. Mean- of a man who Roosevelt believed would continue fighting for progressivism and the while, Democrats nominated Despite a brief financial panic in reelection in after winning was at the beginning of his first. However, trol the railroads. During this era of reform, Roosevelt also pushed for The Election of 1908 under the auspices of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act, he filed a lawsuit against James J. Hill’s and J. P. Morgan’s and J. P. he filed a lawsuit against James J. Hill’s Act, under the auspices of the Sherman Anti-Trust In Northern Securities Railroad Company. further the reform cause, in who accepted them. To uncompetitive rebates and the merchants passed the workers negotiate a settlement involving wages and work hours. president offered to help mine owners and place them Roosevelt threatened to seize the mines and however, When mine owners refused to negotiate, time a U.S. president had ever sided with strikers against indus- under the control of federal troops—the first The Supreme Court likewise sided with labor interests in its trialists and forced them to compromise. Oregon Muller v. Conservation Instead, he decided to endorse his vice president and close friend, Labor Protection friend to organized labor when he supported striking Pennsylvania Roosevelt also earned the reputation of a coal miners in the The Square Deal and Trust-Busting The Square Deal to give Americans a himself, Roosevelt decided to use his powers An ardent Progressive primary elections voters the power of states passed laws granting regulating big business, helping organized He focused his domestic efforts on protect the public interest. natural resources. already-dwindling consumers, and conserving the nation’s protecting labor, Securities decision beef trust, the sugar trust, and the harvester trust. against dozens of other trusts, including the Progressives in State Governments Progressives and politi- to challenge industrial Progressives also began federal government, to operating in the In addition in their fight for and states succeeded in many cities levels. Voters at the state and local cal corruption selves; the recall California, and and regulate public utilities. petitive monopolies, SPARKARKNOTES WWW.SPARKNOTES.COM Will- trust-bust- like Honduras, Theodore “Dollar Standard Oil Com- reached the presi- , the Supreme Court finally by running against Taft on by running against Taft 1911 1912 Latin American countries Payne-Aldrich Tariff . , Taft signed the bill anyway and then hailed it as the , Taft to dissolve John D. Rockefeller’s to dissolve John D. Rockefeller’s 1901 35 , where he offered to purchase and develop the Manchu- , where he offered to purchase and develop 1909 summary & analysis summary Manchuria Copyright 2005 by SparkNotes LLC. SparkNotes 2005 by Copyright . The lawsuit infuriated Taft’s predecessor and political ally predecessor and political ally . The lawsuit infuriated Taft’s Sherman Anti-Trust Act Sherman Anti-Trust th U.S. president; alienated himself from fellow Republicans by supporting Payne- th U.S. president; alienated himself from 27 Congress passes Payne-Aldrich Tariff Congress passes Payne-Aldrich uprising City garment worker New York Affair Ballinger-Pinchot fire Shirtwaist Company Triangle case Standard Oil anti-trust anti-trust case U.S. Steel Corporation Party and Roosevelt split Republican Taft is elected president Wilson Woodrow and other non-progressive policies Aldrich Tariff in Former U.S. president; split Republican Party Progressive Party ticket preferred to use money as leverage. Taft believed that he could convince smaller, develop- that he could convince smaller, believed preferred to use money as leverage. Taft as pundits dubbed it, not only made allies but also made money for American investors. as pundits dubbed it, not only made allies ” , U.S. Steel Corporation , who had helped form the company back in for “unreasonably” stifling its competition. Later that year, Taft famously filed a lawsuit against J.P. famously filed a lawsuit against J.P. Taft for “unreasonably” stifling its competition. Later that year, his top priority. Amazingly, he filed ninety lawsuits against monopolistic trusts in just four years—more Amazingly, his top priority. Taft put his new policy to the test in Taft rian Railway to prevent Russia and Japan from seizing control of it and colonizing the region. However, both from seizing control of it and colonizing the region. However, rian Railway to prevent Russia and Japan to the United States, and the deal quickly fell through. The United powers refused to hand the railway over investment into unstable States also dumped millions of dollars of The Payne-Aldrich Tariff the protective would keep his campaign promise to reduce Many Progressive Republicans hoped that Taft the party did not have enough political clout to prevent conservatives within tariff. Although he tried, Taft from repeatedly amending a bill for a lower tariff. By the time the iam Howard Taft investing American dollars in their economies. ing nations to support the United States by Diplomacy but eventually had to send occupation troops to protect their Nicaragua, Cuba, and the Dominican Republic “Dollar Diplomacy” failed. investments. In short, Taft’s More Trust-Busting himself to domestic matters, making devoted Taft After these unsuccessful attempts at diplomacy, ing than twice as many as Roosevelt had filed in a little less than eight years. In used the previously neglected pany Morgan’s Roosevelt products that the overall dent, conservatives had made so many amendments to keep tariffs high on certain tariff rate had remained practically unchanged. In a traitor. and called Taft best bill Republicans had ever passed. Outraged, Progressives denounced the tariff Taft’s Dollar Diplomacy Taft’s “Big Stick” diplomacy to bend weaker nations to his will, Whereas Theodore Roosevelt had employed 1912 Key People Taft Howard William 1909 1910 1911 Theodore Roosevelt The Taft Presidency: 1909–1912 1909–1912 Presidency: The Taft Events SPARKARKNOTES WWW.SPARKNOTES.COM Pro- , the Eugene V. Eugene V. Woodrow Woodrow Gifford Pinchot thus blackened Taft’s public image and public image and thus blackened Taft’s 36 , so that he himself could run against Taft on a third-party run against Taft , so that he himself could summary & analysis summary . The Democrats, meanwhile, nominated Progressive . The Democrats, meanwhile, Copyright 2005 by SparkNotes LLC. SparkNotes 2005 by Copyright Ballinger-Pinchot Affair Ballinger-Pinchot

1912 1910 Bull Moose Party ’s decision to sell public wilderness lands in Alaska and the Rocky Mountains to lands in Alaska and the Rocky Mountains decision to sell public wilderness ’s , or to tackle trusts and the high tariff. Once again, former labor organizer to tackle trusts and the high tariff. Once electoral votes to Roosevelt’s eighty-eight and Taft’s eight. In a surprisingly strong showing, the eight. In a surprisingly eighty-eight and Taft’s electoral votes to Roosevelt’s New Freedom 435 Richard Ballinger , who was a southerner by birth but had moved north to become the president of Princeton University , who was a southerner by birth but had moved entered the race as the Socialist Party nominee. In the end, the Roosevelt-Taft feud split the Republican Party and gave Wilson an easy win. Wilson an easy Party and gave Wilson feud split the Republican In the end, the Roosevelt-Taft head of the forestry division in the Department of Agriculture, for insubordination. Pinchot, a progressive, a Pinchot, for insubordination. the Department of Agriculture, forestry division in head of the the opposing Secretary of by Taft had angered a popular conservationist, of Roosevelt, and personal friend Interior within his own party. earned him many enemies Debs received nearly a million popular votes. Socialist candidate, Debs, managed to win corporate developers. Taft refused to reinstate Pinchot even after Roosevelt and several prominent Republi- to reinstate Pinchot even after Roosevelt refused Taft corporate developers. behalf. The cans appealed on his Outraged by Taft’s actions, Roosevelt, proclaiming that he was as “strong as a bull moose,” founded the proclaiming that he was as “strong as a bull actions, Roosevelt, Outraged by Taft’s The Bull Moose Party and Election of 1912 The Bull Moose Party gressive Republican election of ticket in the presidential Wilson he championed a progressive package Wilson The proper and respectable governor of New Jersey. and, later, called the The Ballinger-Pinchot Affair The Ballinger-Pinchot when he fired Roosevelt) his friend Teddy his supporters (and further alienated Taft SPARKARKNOTES WWW.SPARKNOTES.COM 1916 Federal , another agenda. In Federal , he received 1912 percent. Congress compen- , which drastically reduced New Freedom 25 Sixteenth Amendment coup ousted revolutionary leader 1914 Underwood Tariff , Wilson and Congress passed the , Wilson 1913 37 percent to an average rate of 40 summary & analysis summary . Copyright 2005 by SparkNotes LLC. SparkNotes 2005 by Copyright 1913 won the vast majority of electoral votes in the election of won the vast majority of electoral votes in by pushing Congress to pass the th U.S. president; outlined New Freedom domestic policies to lower protective tariff th U.S. president; outlined New Freedom Victoriano Huerta Victoriano the United States and Mexico in order Mexican rebel who tried to provoke war between Carranza from power to oust Venustiano band of Mexican rebels into Mexico in to pursue Villa’s General sent by Wilson 28 and tame big business General who took power in Mexico after Sixteenth and Seventeenth Amendments are ratified Sixteenth and Seventeenth Reserve Act and Underwood Tariff Congress passes Federal Panama Canal is completed Commission Act, establishes Federal Trade Anti-Trust Congress passes Clayton Mexico Cruz, Vera United States occupies Act Seaman’s Congress passes La Follette Haiti United States invades Act, Federal Farm Loan Act, Compensation Congress passes Workingmen’s Act, and Jones Act Act, Adamson Warehouse attacks New Mexico Pancho Villa United States invades Dominican Republic Islands United States buys Virgin 1913 had the final say in decisions affecting all branches, including setting interest rates and issuing had the final say in decisions affecting all branches, including setting interest rates Woodrow Wilson Wilson Woodrow to create a decentralized national bank comprising twelve regional branches. Collectively, all the to create a decentralized national bank comprising twelve regional branches. Collectively, percent of the popular vote, ostensibly leaving him with little mandate. Despite this handicap, Wilson him with little mandate. Despite this handicap, Wilson percent of the popular vote, ostensibly leaving 41 Wilson began in Wilson Reserve Act the new branch. However, private banks in each region owned and operated that respective region’s Reserve Board national finances and credit and helped the financial sys- This new banking system helped stabilize currency. tem survive two world wars and the Great Depression. Banking Reform which despite industrialization and the population boom had took on the banking industry, Next, Wilson In remained essentially unchanged since the Civil War. Pancho Villa Pancho Villa John J. Pershing Even though the banking sys- reduced the tariff, passed more anti-trust legislation, and reformed just four years, Wilson tem. duties on foreign goods from an average rate of The New Freedom Key People Wilson Woodrow Carranza Venustiano 1916 1917 1913 1914 1915 only domestic goals on his progressive managed to accomplish every one of his major sated for the loss of revenue by creating a national income tax under the major progressive achievement of Wilsonian Progressivism: 1913–1916 1913–1916 Progressivism: Wilsonian Events SPARKARKNOTES WWW.SPARKNOTES.COM Vera Vera Pan- Federal La Follette Clayton , replaced him. John J. Pershing . , took a small band of men . Villa also hoped to start a . Villa 1916 1916 Venustiano Carranza Venustiano Pancho Villa . Even though Wilson refused to bow to . Even though Wilson 1913 in , Wilson ordered the navy to seize the port of , Wilson , which made the Philippines an official U.S. territory , which made the Philippines an official U.S. 1914 38 , Americans won the right to elect U.S. senators directly. , Americans won the to help support temporarily disabled federal employees to help support temporarily gave farmers access to easy credit. That same year, Congress to easy credit. That same year, gave farmers access 1913 Jones Act in 1916 summary & analysis summary Victoriano Huerta Victoriano of Copyright 2005 by SparkNotes LLC. SparkNotes 2005 by Copyright , he signed the 1916 Warehouse Act Warehouse . Unlike the Sherman Anti-Trust Act, the Clayton Anti-Trust Act actually gave law- Act actually Clayton Anti-Trust Act, the Sherman Anti-Trust . Unlike the to establish an eight-hour workday for all employees on interstate railroads. With the railroads. With workday for all employees on interstate to establish an eight-hour , for example, protected sailors’ rights and wages on merchant ships, while the sailors’ rights and wages on merchant , for example, protected 1914 Seventeenth Amendment Seventeenth Amendment 1915 Workingmen’s Compensation Act Workingmen’s and the in of to Panama. In Adamson Act , Mexico. . Congress passed a wide variety of other progressive legislation during Wilson’s first term. The during Wilson’s variety of other progressive legislation Congress passed a wide but another revolutionary, crumbled later that year, regime Huerta’s also passed the Farm Loan Act and the ratification of the Seaman’s Act Seaman’s when However, claim to power. he also refused to acknowledge Huerta’s public pressure and declare war, sailors in Mexican officials illegally arrested American Wilson’s greatest foreign policy challenge came from south of the border, after revolutionaries killed Mexico’s after revolutionaries killed Mexico’s south of the border, greatest foreign policy challenge came from Wilson’s president and replaced him with General and promised Filipinos independence once they established a stable government. Wilson did, however, send did, however, they established a stable government. Wilson and promised Filipinos independence once Islands from Denmark in and Cuba and purchased the U.S. Virgin troops to Haiti, the Dominican Republic, 1917 Conflict with Mexico Wilson’s Foreign Policy Wilson’s Dollar Diplomacy in Stick Diplomacy and Taft’s Big flatly rejected Roosevelt’s In foreign affairs, Wilson relations. He immediately withdrew federal support for favor of a more moralistic approach to international Congress to give increased (but not complete) control of the American investors abroad and pressured Anti-Trust Act Anti-Trust and their legalized labor unions Furthermore, it corporations. power to punish monopolistic makers the right to strike peacefully. ama Canal Cruz Cruz, yet another rebel, In retaliation for the U.S. incursion at Vera a small town in New Mexico in and killed sixteen Americans while raiding Other Progressive Legislation Other Progressive Congress to pass the by convincing on trusts, most notably to crack down also continued Wilson war between his enemy Carranza and the United States. Under Wilson’s orders, General United States. Under Wilson’s war between his enemy Carranza and the forces in Mexico and crushed Villa’s and several thousand army regulars invaded SPARKARKNOTES WWW.SPARKNOTES.COM , the 1900 strength- 1906 . 1904 and the Hepburn Act of 1903 39 was the most critical election of the post–Civil War was the most critical election of the post–Civil War 1896 Copyright 2005 by SparkNotes LLC. , for example, Congress created the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC), 1887 was one of the most critical elections of the nineteenth century. William McKinley’s vic- McKinley’s William was one of the most critical elections of the nineteenth century. 1896 years. Do you agree with this assessment? How did the election change American politics? years. Do you agree with this assessment? How did the election change American politics? After the Civil War, rail tycoons such as Cornelius Vanderbilt capitalized on the conversion of their iron capitalized rail tycoons such as Cornelius Vanderbilt After the Civil War, transforma- to the more than any other single factor, Railroads transported people, too, and contributed, and econom- they exerted more and more influence on local politics As railroad companies grew in power, the federal govern- Even though Populism eventually faded, cries for railroad reform did not, prompting Railroads thus transformed American society, politics, and economy unlike any other invention during politics, Railroads thus transformed American society,

Always use specific historical examples to support your arguments. Always use specific historical Study Questions 1. era? War politics, and economy in the post–Civil change American society, How did railroads during the Gilded and economically politically, transformed the United States socially, Railroads completely the speedy transportation of raw they facilitated of the new industrialized economy, Age. Literally the engine peo- raw materials, these “iron horses” carried goods from coast to coast. In addition to materials and finished they exerted increasing influ- As the railroads grew in power, ple west to settle the heartland and the frontier. prompting Congress and reform-minded presidents to pass ence on local and state governments, eventually laws to regulate the new industry. more track for only a fraction of the cost. As a result, by tracks to steel, which allowed them to lay a million miles of railroad track. In turn, steel magnates such as United States boasted almost a quarter of demand for steel and responded by producing more. As con- Andrew Carnegie benefited from the increased it became cheaper and faster to ship raw materials, manufac- solidation and innovation streamlined costs, by steamship. tured goods, foodstuffs, and oil via rail than than a million Americans had moved westward in the Although more tion and development of the West. half of the trains brought millions more throughout the latter War, days of “manifest destiny” before the Civil to settle Montana, Railways made it physically and economically feasible for Americans nineteenth century. and Oklahoma in Idaho, Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado, North and South Dakota, Nebraska, Wyoming, population of native grassland bison testified to the negative large numbers. At the same time, the decimated of the Midwest. consequences of this drastic transformation the public by charging outrageous rates, distributing uncompeti- ics. Unscrupulous “robber barons” extorted bribes and kickbacks, and discriminating against small tive rebates to preferred customers, accepting emerged in small farming communities throughout the Mid- shippers. Public discontent with the railways form the backbone of the populist movement. Populists, like the west—a discontent that ultimately helped all lines. wanted to curb railroad corruption by nationalizing socialists of the early twentieth century, ment to take action. In Study Questions & Essay Topics & Essay Questions Study unfair rebates and which supervised railroad companies that operated in more than one state by outlawing ordering companies to publish fares up front. The Elkins Act of ened the ICC by restraining railroad companies further. In addition, the Supreme Court ordered the dissolu- ened the ICC by restraining railroad companies further. Northern Securities Railway in Morgan’s and J. P. tion of James Hill’s Ultimately, and Midwest. the Gilded Age. They allowed big business to prosper and people to settle the West the backbone of the public reaction against the railroad barons’ uncompetitive business practices formed reform-minded Populist and Progressive movements around the turn of the century. 2. Many historians believe that the election of The election of end to the Populist movement, ensured financial stability that Jennings Bryan brought an tory over William lasted for nearly forty helped industrialization, and ushered in a new era of Republican conservatism that

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, transmitted, or distributed in any form or by any means, el means, any by or form any in distributed or transmitted, reproduced, be may publication this of part No reserved. rights All ectronic or mechanical, including including mechanical, or ectronic SPARKARKNOTES WWW.SPARKNOTES.COM . 1933 marked . McKin- and 1896 1896 1897 s. During these years, approximately a million 1920 40 s and 1880 Copyright 2005 by SparkNotes LLC. SparkNotes 2005 by Copyright study questions & essay topics questions & essay study also demonstrated the growing importance of money in American politics. With also demonstrated the growing importance 1896 million, McKinley had more money to spend on his campaign than any of his predecessors. He million, McKinley had more money to spend 15 revolution have on politics, the economy, and society? revolution have on politics, the economy, William Jennings Bryan’s decision to incorporate much of the Populist Party platform into the Demo- Populist Party platform much of the decision to incorporate Bryan’s Jennings William longer constituted the bulk of the failed to realize that farmers no both Populists and Democrats However, The urban explosion contributed significantly to the rise of powerful political machines that became syn- The urban explosion contributed significantly to the rise of powerful political machines presidential candidates The shift in population from the countryside to the cities also changed the way The election of southern and eastern Europeans to flee their homelands in Civil wars and persecution prompted many Just as significantly, McKinley’s victory ushered in a period in American politics dominated by Republican victory ushered in a period in McKinley’s Just as significantly, The economy benefited greatly from the influx of immigrants and farmhands to the cities. Factory owners The economy benefited greatly from the influx of immigrants and farmhands to the years. In addition, the election demonstrated the importance of money in national politics and the support of national politics and of money in demonstrated the importance the election years. In addition, urban voters. was Bryan’s Particularly important Populist movement. put an end to the platform effectively cratic Party off their debts. and Midwest pay farmers in the South to help impoverished free silver call for inflationary candi- rather than try to win with a third party to unite with Bryan and the Democrats Populist leaders chose Popu- for winning that particular election, the Bryan represented the best choice date of their own. Although ultimately pushed many farmers them of their own platform and support of him deprived list Party’s recovered and eventually dissolved The Populist Party never the Democratic Party. permanently in line with completely. the a predominantly agrarian country since Even though the United States had been American population. bal- of the Gilded Age shifted the population the industrialization and immigration American Revolution, urban residents, who relied on steady appeal for inflationary silver worried Bryan’s ance toward the cities. the election of Consequently, issue ultimately cost him the election. wages, and the free silver immigrants from Italy, Greece, Russia, Poland, and other countries arrived in eastern U.S. cities every year. In other countries arrived in eastern U.S. cities every year. Greece, Russia, Poland, and immigrants from Italy, to the cities to escape addition to the influx of immigrants, millions of country-dwelling Americans moved poverty. City accumulated in New York “Boss” Tweed onymous with the Gilded Age. Political bosses like William In exchange for their power and wealth by preying on insecure immigrants living in the cities’ poorest slums. even physical protection. votes, bosses promised to provide social services, new public projects, and sometimes and came to dominate These political machines grew incredibly powerful well into the twentieth century Grant and Truman local politics and even influence national politics. Nearly every U.S. president between could trace their roots back to local and state party machines. Jennings Bryan in victory over William McKinley’s campaigned, as demonstrated by William the last time a presidential candidate from a major party tried to win by appealing to agricultural interests. the last time a presidential candidate from and a “full on the other hand, appealed to American city dwellers, promising economic stability McKinley, money policies, which kept big business booming and the econ- dinner pail” for every American. His sound States become the greatest industrialized nation in the world. omy growing, ultimately helped the United attitude toward the economy helped the American economy grow Their fiscal conservatism and laissez-faire even further. 3. consequences did this urban What were the causes of urbanization during the Gilded Age? What of Americans moving from farms to the cities, caused an urban Rapid immigration, along with the explosion of cities gave rise to powerful political machines, stimulated the boom during the Gilded Age. The growth and gave birth to an American middle class. economy, the search of better lives in America between more than $ to donate to who successfully convinced business tycoons manager, also had Mark Hanna, his wily campaign prompting in part because of his ability to spend more money, the campaign. McKinley won the election of “buying” his presidency. many Democrats to accuse the former senator the White House for all but eight years between conservatism. In fact, Republicans controlled ley was able to secure the urban vote, which led him to victory, whereas Bryan wrongly assumed that the ley was able to secure the urban vote, which led him to victory, countryside. majority of the voting public was still in America’s to make a new start in especially benefited from immigrants from southern and eastern Europe, who, eager to unionize. The availabil- America, often worked inhumane hours for meager wages and rarely threatened SPARKARKNOTES WWW.SPARKNOTES.COM and why did they disappear soon after s in eastern cities thus completely trans- s in eastern cities thus 1920 1890s, 1890s, and s and 1880 1880s 1880s 41 Copyright 2005 by SparkNotes LLC. SparkNotes 2005 by Copyright study questions & essay topics questions & essay study Ballinger-Pinchot Affair Ballinger-Pinchot Payne-Aldrich Tariff muckrakers Underwood Tariff Square Deal Progressive Party that? The urban explosion, furthermore, contributed to the growth of a distinctive American middle class. Not American middle growth of a distinctive contributed to the explosion, furthermore, The urban in population between the The veritable explosion Suggested Essay Topics 1. Why did the Populists gain so much power in the formed American politics, society, and the economy. Politicians began campaigning harder in cities run by Politicians began campaigning and the economy. society, formed American politics, a distinctive American middle class emerged labor fueled economic growth, and political machines, cheap spearhead the progressive movement. that would eventually 2. New Freedom. Square Deal with Wilson’s Roosevelt’s Compare and contrast 3. What were the causes and consequences of Progressivism? 4. in the early twentieth century: Describe how three of the following shaped American politics ity of such cheap labor contributed to the economic boom during the Gilded Age and throughout the early Age and throughout boom during the Gilded to the economic cheap labor contributed ity of such century. twentieth mod- and enjoy the afford to live comfortably of Americans could a growing number poor either, rich but not reform move- women led to the number of middle-class life. The increasing of Gilded Age ern conveniences poverty and right other social Many of these women strove to eliminate century. ment of the late nineteenth and other women Addams, Lillian Wald, prostitution, and gambling. Jane wrongs, such as drinking, This improve their lives in the New World. houses in urban slums to help immigrants founded settlement movement that dominated American served as the roots of the broader Progressive early reform movement of the century. politics after the turn SPARKARKNOTES WWW.SPARKNOTES.COM 42 except Copyright 2005 by SparkNotes LLC. 1894 case Review & Resources & Review Wabash Congress passed the Pendleton Act after Congress passed the A. The Commission eliminate the spoils system? How did the Civil Service A.B. exams to all applicants for federal jobs By administering competitive C. only applicants who were not in the same political party as the president By hiring D. personally know By hiring only applicants whom the president did not By reducing the number of available civil service jobs D.C., in the hopes of winning marched on Washington, Army Coxey’s A.B.for women Equal political rights C. coinage of silver Free D. Equal economic rights for blacks The right to unionize Populists campaigned for all of the following A.B. Free silver C. railroads Nationalized D. Social security A graduated income tax The Pullman Strike of A.B. the United States Halted trains throughout C. Debs a national figure Eugene V. Made D. Ended only after federal troops subdued the strikers All of the above by Some big businessmen such as Andrew Carnegie vertically integrated their corporations A.B. Eliminating middlemen to control every aspect of production C. a single product Buying out all competing firms to monopolize D. Inflating the price of their own stock Issuing uncompetitive rebates John D. Rockefeller of Standard Oil practiced horizontal integration by A.B. Eliminating middlemen to control every aspect of production C. a single product Buying out all competing firms to monopolize D. Inflating the price of his own stock Issuing uncompetitive rebates B.C. Knee The Battle of Wounded D. The Battle of Little Big Horn The assassination of President Garfield

Quiz 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

1886 43 review & resources Copyright 2005 by SparkNotes LLC. SparkNotes 2005 by Copyright 1873 skilled farms laborers social equality economic equality equality in the North A.B. Act Anti-Trust Sherman C. Act Interstate Commerce D. Pure Food and Drug Act Comstock Law act significant? Anti-Trust Why was the Sherman A.B. break up several unfair monopolies federal government used the act to The C. federal anti-trust legislation It was the first piece of D. first attempt to regulate interstate commerce It represented the federal government’s All of the above most transformed by at the end of the nineteenth century was The western frontier A.B. mechanical mower-reaper The C. Homestead Act The D. The Dawes Severalty Act Railroads of Labor were similar in that both represented The National Labor Union and the Knights A.B. Only skilled workers C. unskilled workers Only D. Both the skilled and unskilled Only urban laborers after Membership in the Knights of Labor dwindled A.B. The Pullman Strike C. Depression of The D. The Homestead Strike The Haymarket Square Bombing from the Knights of Labor in that The American Federation of Labor differed A. both skilled and unskilled laborers, whereas the AFL accepted only The Knights accepted B.C. AFL accepted only skilled laborers, whereas the Knights accepted only unskilled The accepted laborers both in cities and on The AFL accepted only farmers, whereas the Knights D. The AFL accepted skilled and unskilled laborers, whereas the Knights accepted only skilled of the nineteenth From what region did most new immigrants in the United States come at the end century? A.B. Germany and Ireland C. Latin America D. Asia Southern and eastern Europe equality in that E. B. Du Bois disagreed on the issue of racial and W. Washington Booker T. A. whereas Du Bois fought primarily for fought for social and economic equality, Washington B. fought for only whereas Washington equality, Du Bois fought for both social and economic C.D. only for social equality whereas Du Bois fought strove for economic equality, Washington fought for political Du Bois fought for political equality in the South, whereas Washington What act of Congress was prompted by the Supreme Court’s ruling in the Court’s by the Supreme Congress was prompted What act of 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 8. SPARKARKNOTES WWW.SPARKNOTES.COM ? 1893 in order to percent 30 44 1887 review & resources percent to prompted Congress to pass the prompted Congress 50 Copyright 2005 by SparkNotes LLC. SparkNotes 2005 by Copyright depleted the U.S. Treasury so much that the federal government had to depleted the U.S. Treasury The Jungle 1893 percent percent percent percent 30 40 50 60 Congress passed the Dawes Severalty Act in the Dawes Severalty Congress passed A.B.Native American culture Preserve C. on reservations Put Native Americans D. quickly as possible into white American culture as Force Native Americans to assimilate to Canada Encourage all Native Americans to move novel Upton Sinclair’s A.B. and Adamson Acts Warehouse C. Food and Drug acts Meat Inspection and Pure D. Foraker and Jones acts Newlands acts argue in Jackson Turner What did historian Frederick A.B.in the United States was “unassimilable” new wave of immigrants arriving The C. had had an enormous impact on American society and politics expansion Western D. The Spanish-American war was an unjust war inferior to men should not be allowed to vote because they were intellectually Women Why was President Garfield assassinated? A.B. President Arthur to be president Vice A crazed Stalwart wanted C. opposed civil service reform He had D. He had sent federal troops to end the Pullman Strike He had passed the McKinley Tariff The Pendleton Act was passed to A.B. Lower the tariff rate from C. more paper money to help poor farmers Print D. Control corrupt railroads Reform the spoils system raised the tariff rate to about The McKinley Tariff A. weak throughout the Gilded Age? Why was the Republican Party politically A.B. All the presidents were Democrats C. Stalwarts split the party The bitter feuding between Half-Breeds and D. South Republicans could not agree how to reform the post–Civil War Republicans were divided on the tariff issue The Depression of completely by transformed the railroad industry Cornelius Vanderbilt Tycoon A.B. Issuing unfair rebates C. Inventing the diesel locomotive D. Constructing the first transcontinental railroad Using steel tracks B. C. D. A.B. Give in to Populists’ demands and coin silver C. Print more paper money D. Street for a loan Ask Wall Levy the first national income tax 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. SPARKARKNOTES WWW.SPARKNOTES.COM s? 1870 s 1870 45 review & resources Copyright 2005 by SparkNotes LLC. SparkNotes 2005 by Copyright made jobs scarce case 1873 case case Northern Securities Wabash Wabash Gideon v. Wainwright Gideon v. Wade Roe v. working conditions Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas of Education of Topeka, Board Brown v. Ferguson Plessy v. Sanford Dred Scott v. Many middle-class Americans disliked labor unions in the late nineteenth century because disliked labor unions in the late Many middle-class Americans A.B. organized labor with socialists They falsely associated C. saw union members as ungrateful employees They D. They saw strikers as violent anarchists All of the above Union fade in the mid- Why did membership in the National Labor In which case did the Supreme Court rule that only the federal government could regulate interstate could regulate the federal government Court rule that only did the Supreme In which case trade? A.B. The C.D. The biggest industries? steel into one of the nation’s Which tycoon made A.B. Kelly William C. Cornelius Vanderbilt D. Andrew Carnegie All of the above A.B. the American Federation of Labor instead Most members joined C. Depression of The to bargain for wages, hours, and better need The economy boomed and workers didn’t D. like labor unions in the Americans didn’t The Sherman Anti-Trust Act was most often used to prosecute Act was most often used The Sherman Anti-Trust A.B. Monopolistic corporations C. unions Labor D. Civil rights organizations Railroads “separate but equal” public facilities for whites and In which case did the Supreme Court legalize blacks? A. The Many farmers in the Midwest hated the railroad companies because they A.B. Issued unfair rebates to larger agricultural shippers C. publish standard fares Didn’t D. Overcharged for even the shortest hauls All of the above B. C. D. Social Darwinists believed that A.B. people were rich because they had gotten lucky Wealthy C. people were the best people Wealthy D. The government should help eliminate poverty Everyone could become rich if they worked hard 27. 28. 25. 26. 29. 30. 32. 31. SPARKARKNOTES WWW.SPARKNOTES.COM except except s ? 1800 1892 46 review & resources Copyright 2005 by SparkNotes LLC. SparkNotes 2005 by Copyright 1893 possible War Cleveland’s second presidential term was plagued by all of the following crises term was plagued by all of the following second presidential Cleveland’s A.B. Pullman Strike The C. Army Coxey’s D. Ring scandal Tweed Depression of Gold” speech? men delivered the famous “Cross of Which of the following A.B. McKinley William C. Garfield James D. Washington Booker T. Jennings Bryan William when Congress and McKinley passed The Populists’ dream of free silver ended A.B. The Gold Standard Act C. Comstock Law The D. The Pendleton Act The McKinley Tariff Harrison lost the election of What was the primary reason Benjamin The Populist movement was born out of the movement was born The Populist A.B. Alliance Farmers’ C. Union National Labor D. Communist Party Nativist League A.B. He was a Half-Breed C. equal rights for blacks He supported D. He had signed the McKinley Tariff He had passed the Comstock Law sought to Members of the Ghost Dance Movement A.B. to traditional ways of life away white settlers and return Turn as differences with whites and assimilate into white American culture as quickly Resolve C.D. among whites Increase cultural awareness of Native American traditions Move all Native Americans to Canada stipulated that Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine effectively Roosevelt’s A.B. Hemisphere European powers could establish no new colonies in the Western C. in order to complete the Panama Canal The United States could seize any land it needed The United States would relinquish all claims to Cuba after winning the Spanish-American D. Only the United States could intervene in Latin American affairs All of the following inventions transformed American life in the late A.B. The lightbulb C. The automobile D. The skyscraper The telephone 34. 35. 36. 37. 33. 38. 39. 40. SPARKARKNOTES WWW.SPARKNOTES.COM ? 1912 ratio 1 : 3 : 5 except 47 review & resources Copyright 2005 by SparkNotes LLC. SparkNotes 2005 by Copyright decision Plessy v. Ferguson Plessy v. What was the main reason Woodrow Wilson won the election of won the election Wilson the main reason Woodrow What was A.B. The Farmers’ Alliance C. Grange The D. The McKinley Tariff The Populist movement Monroe Doctrine out of fear that Roosevelt announced his Corollary to the A.B. use unpaid debts to exert influence in Latin America European countries would C. territory would launch another raid on U.S. Villa Pancho D. Spain would kill more Cuban civilians would seize power in Mexico Huerta Victoriano Hull House strive to help? Whom did Jane Addams’s A.B. Urban immigrants C. blacks Urban D. Suffragettes Native Americans push for improved education for blacks? Washington T. As the head of which institution did Booker A.B. Howard University C. Emory University D. Institute The Tuskegee American University and Europe Open Door Notes requested that Japan John Hay’s A.B. Stay out of Latin American affairs C. territorial status and the principle of free trade Respect China’s Reduce their number of warships according to a A.B. policies supported his Progressive Americans C. Republican voters and Roosevelt divided Taft D. Germany in Mexico, and a growing Americans feared socialists, revolutionaries alienated too many voters had Taft wars? tribes did the United States fight which Native American With A.B. Percé Nez C. Sioux D. Apache All of the above affected African Americans most directly? Which of the following A.B. Pendleton Act The C. Comstock Law The D. The McKinley Tariff The Farmers were represented by all of the following D. Maintain the territorial status quo in Southeast Asia alienated progressive Republicans and voters by supporting the Taft A.B. Payne-Aldrich Tariff C. Underwood Tariff D. McKinley Tariff Dingley Tariff 41. 45. 46. 47. 48. 42. 43. 44. 49. SPARKARKNOTES WWW.SPARKNOTES.COM . . 1983 1990 . New Haven, . Ithaca, New . New York: . New York: 1898 – 1915 – 1860 1876 . New York: Hill and Wang, Hill and Wang, . New York: 1898 – . Wheeling, Illinois: Harlan Davidson, . 1877 1993 48 Progressivism . answer key The American West: A New Interpretive History The American West: . . review & resources . 2000 Copyright 2005 by SparkNotes LLC. SparkNotes 2005 by Copyright 1998 America in the Gilded Age: From the Death of Lincoln to the Rise of Theodore America in the Gilded Age: From the Death . Victorian America: Transformations in Everyday Life, America: Transformations Victorian

Richard L. McCormick John Mack Faragher Mack John American Populism: A Social History, American Populism: A Social History,

The New Empire: An Interpretation of American Expansion, The New Empire: An Interpretation of American . . , and , and 1992 . New York: New York University Press, New York . New York: Theodore Roosevelt’s Square Deal domestic agenda called for agenda called for Square Deal domestic Roosevelt’s Theodore A.B. trusts consumers from harmful Protecting C. labor Helping organized D. Conserving natural resources All of the above Perennial, York: Cornell University Press, Cornell York: Roosevelt University Press, Connecticut: Yale 1. d; 2. a; 3. b; 4. c; 5. d; 6. a; 7. b; 8. b; 9. b; 10. d; 11. c; 12. d; 13. a; 14. d; 15. b16. c; 17. b; 18. b; 19. 13. a; 14. d; 15. b16. c; 17. b; 18. b; 19. d; 6. a; 7. b; 8. b; 9. b; 10. d; 11. c; 12. d; 1. d; 2. a; 3. b; 4. c; 5. b; 30. c; 31. b; 32. d; 33. a; 34. c; 35. d; 23. c; 24. d; 25. c; 26. d; 27. d; 28. b; 29. a; 20. d; 21. c; 22. b; 46. a; 47. c; 48. b; 49. a; 50. d d; 40. b; 41. b; 42. d; 43. d; 44. c; 45. a; 36. a; 37. c; 38. a; 39. Link, Arthur S. Link, Arthur J. Schlereth, Thomas McMath, Robert C. Robert McMath, Hine, Robert V. Hine, Robert Suggestions for Further Reading Suggestions Sean Dennis Cashman, LaFeber, Walter LaFeber, 50.