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11 September and Its Aftermath 11 September and Its Aftermath Copyright © 2004 Frank Cass & Co. Ltd Books of Related Interest Constructing Post-Soviet Geopolitics in Estonia Pami Aalto, University of Tampere From Geopolitics to Global Politics: A French Connection Jacques Lévy, Reims University (ed.) Geopolitics at the End of the Twentieth Century: The Changing World Political Map Nurit Kliot, Haifa University and David Newman, Ben Gurion University of the Negev (eds) The Changing Geopolitics of Eastern Europe Andrew H.Dawson and Rick Fawn, University of St Andrews (eds) Boundaries, Territory and Postmodernity David Newman, Ben Gurion University of the Negev (ed.) The Marshall Plan Today: Model and Metaphor John Agnew and J.Nicholas Entrikin, University of California, Los Angeles (eds) Geopolitics and Strategic History, 1871±2050 Colin S.Gray, University of Reading and Geoffrey Sloan, Britannia royal Naval College Globalisation and the Future of Terrorism: Patterns and Prediction Brynjar Lia and Annika S.Hansen, Norwegian Defence Research Establishment Copyright © 2004 Frank Cass & Co. Ltd 11 SEPTEMBER AND ITS AFTERMATH THE GEOPOLITICS OF TERROR Editor STANLEY D.BRUNN FRANK CASS LONDON • PORTLAND, OR Copyright © 2004 Frank Cass & Co. Ltd First Published in 2004 in Great Britain by FRANK CASS PUBLISHERS Crown House, 47 Chase Side, Southgate London, N14 5BP This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005. “To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.” and in the United States of America by FRANK CASS PUBLISHERS c/o ISBS, Suite 300, 920 NE 58th Avenue, Portland, Oregon, 97213-3786 Copyright © 2004 Frank Cass & Co. Ltd Website: www.frankcass.com British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data 11 September and its aftermath: the geopolitics of terror. —(Cass studies in geopolitics; no. 7) 1. World politics—21st century 2. September 11 Terrorist Attacks, 2001 3. Terrorism 4. International relations 5. Geopolitics 6. United States—Foreign relations—21st century I. Brunn, Stanley D. II. Eleven September and its aftermath 909.8’3 ISBN 0-203-64660-6 Master e-book ISBN ISBN 0-203-67842-7 (Adobe eReader Format) ISBN 0714655724 (Print Edition) ISBN 0-7146-5572-4 (cloth) ISBN 0-7146-8454-6 (paper) Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data 11 September and its aftermath: the geopolitics of terror/editor Stanley D.Brunn. p. cm. “First appeared as a special issue of Geopolitics, ISSN 1465-0045, vol. 8, no. 3 (autumn 2003).” Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-7146-5572-4 (alk. paper)—ISBN 0-7146-8454-6 (pbk.: alk. paper) 1. September 11 Terrorist Attacks, 2001. 2. World politics—21st century. 3. Geopolitics. I. Title: Eleventh September and its Copyright © 2004 Frank Cass & Co. Ltd aftermath. II. Brunn, Stanley D. III. Geopolitics. HV6432.7.A15 2003 973.931–dc22 2003015184 This group of studies first appeared as a special issue of Geopolitics, ISSN 1465-0045, Vol.8, No.3 (Autumn 2003) published by Frank Cass and Co. Ltd. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored or introduced into a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form, or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Copyright © 2004 Frank Cass & Co. Ltd Contents Foreword David Newman 11 September and Its Aftermath: Introduction Stanley D.Brunn The Meaning of 11 September and the Emerging Postinternational World Richard W.Mansbach American Hegemony after 11 September: Allies, Rivals and Contradictions James Anderson Calling 911: Geopolitics, Security and America’s New War Simon Dalby The Naming of ‘Terrorism’ and Evil ‘Outlaws’: Geopolitical Place- Making After 11 September Mat Coleman Strategic Troping in Sri Lanka: September Eleventh and the Consolidation of Political Position Margo Kleinfeld Environmental Terrorism: A Critique Shannon O’Lear Tabloid Realism and the Revival of American Security Culture François Debrix 11 September and Popular Geopolitics: A Study of Websites Run for and by Dutch Moroccans Virginie Mamadouh Editorials and Geopolitical Explanations for 11 September Jonathan Taylor and Chris Jasparo Reading Geopolitics Beyond the State: Organisational Discourse in Response to 11 September Carl T.Dahlman and Stanley D.Brunn Copyright © 2004 Frank Cass & Co. Ltd Abstracts Notes on Contributors Copyright © 2004 Frank Cass & Co. Ltd Foreword 11 September 2001 is a date which is engraved in the memories of anyone who lived through that day and who watched the events unfolding in New York City and Washington DC. 11 September is a date which changed the way in which the international community goes about its business. Since 11 September, security has become the foremost concern throughout the world, with the fear of terrorist attacks uppermost in the minds of states, governments and their citizens. The events of 11 Setember had a profound impact for the geopolitical restructuring of the world. The United States asserted its hegemony, declared the existence of an ‘axis of evil’ and set out to combat terror throughout the world. The western world became convinced that a true clash of civilizations was taking place between Christianity and Islam, and that the only solution was to fight fundamentalism with the powerful military might at its disposal. For its part, the Islamic world saw itself as being misunderstood, arguing, in turn, that it was time for the West to wake up to the realities of those who shared different cultural beliefs if it truly wanted to avoid further conflict in the future. This book offers fresh insights into some of the geopolitical implications of 11 September. Political geographers from throughout the world add their voice to that which has already been heard by political scientists and scholars on International Relations. They examine the way in which the global map is undergoing a process of change and restructuring, a process which has brought about an even greater American hegemony than ever before in world affairs. Many of the chapters deal with the way in which representations and images of geopolitical change and stereotyping have been framed through the prism of 11 September, especially through the pages of popular media and websites. The importance of understanding place and space, both at the international but also at the local, levels provides a major focus for the book. The events of 11 September are shown to have had as profound an impact on ethnic groups living in urban neighbourhoods as it has upon the wider global communities, with studies of Holland and Sri Lanka showing the geographic diversity of this impact. This collection of original essays complements the growing literature in the renaissant study of Geopolitics. It also offers new insights into the events of 11 September, focusing on the impact of these events on the ways in which our global, Copyright © 2004 Frank Cass & Co. Ltd national and even local spaces are experiencing contemporary processes of social and cultural formation. David Newman June 2003 Copyright © 2004 Frank Cass & Co. Ltd Introduction STANLEY D.BRUNN 11 September 2001 at 8:48 AM (Eastern Standard Time) will be a memorable moment in the minds of many citizens of the planet, whether they lived in New York City, suburban Europe, rural Central Asia or insular South Pacific. The events of that day are forever imprinted on young and old, women and men, the powerful and powerless, the able and disabled, the working and retired, those who were at home or were in transit, America’s friends and foes, those who govern and those governed. Those morning minutes in the eastern United States occurred at different times of the day and night elsewhere in the world. While some were awakening to the day, others were traveling to work or coming home from work, while still others were in hospitals, visiting friends, shopping or sleeping. There were residents of New York who witnessed these destructive events firsthand. Hundreds of thousands of others saw the second attack on the World Trade Center, and its collapse, on television, and millions of others heard about these events immediately, soon thereafter, or throughout the day. The events of that Tuesday, which were reported repeatedly on thousands of radio stations and shown on national and international television networks, were relayed to homes, farms, mines, industries, offices, airports, schools and government offices many times that day and in the days following. In short, 11 September has become part of ‘a global memory’, a date and time when almost everyone precisely knew where she/he was and what she/he was doing. Because of this event ‘we all became New Yorkers’, as more than one commentator stated about the collective sympathy for those affected. Many Americans had friends and relatives or friends of friends who knew someone who was killed in the Trade Center Towers or the Pentagon or who lost their lives in the crash in rural Southeast Pennsylvania or as a result of rescue efforts. That this event contributed to a global memory and membership in a universal community has also meant that in the days, weeks and months following the emotions surrounding the tragedy attained global proportions as well. The responses to the events of 11 September and the provision of meaning to ‘what happened and why’ remain of great concern to members of many scholarly communities. Scholars by their very nature seek answers to questions, that is, they seek to interpret and analyze ‘what happened and why’ through their own disciplinary lenses, models, theories and paradigms, but also through some new Copyright © 2004 Frank Cass & Co. Ltd interdisciplinary or transdisciplinary perspectives. Since the events of that September day touched the lives, livelihoods, economies and social and political institutions of so many peoples and places inside and outside the United States, it is understandable that many questions about the specific targets and the persons responsible became the subject of inquiry and discussion.
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