DOCSLIB.ORG

Rad 226A/Bioe 226A Winter 2018-2019 in Vivo MR: Spin Physics and Spectroscopy

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Rad 226A/Bioe 226A Winter 2018-2019 in Vivo MR: Spin Physics and Spectroscopy Rad 226a/BioE 226a Winter 2018-2019 In Vivo MR: Spin Physics and Spectroscopy Daniel Spielman, Ph.D., Dept. of Radiology ! Lucas Center for MR Spectroscopy and Imaging! (corner of Welch Rd and Pasteur Dr)! office: Lucas Center PS-061, phone: x3-8697 email: [email protected]! 1 Limitations of Non-interacting Classical Model • Relaxation – Tissue T1, T2, and T1ρ – Anisotropic tissues • Nuclei other than 1H • Chemical exchange effects • Molecules more complicated than water Does it matter that water has two 1H nuclei? O H H 2 Image Contrast • Clinical MRI primarily images water. Why do different tissues exhibit different MRI contrast? Are difference solely due to water content? Proton Density T1 T2 T1ρ map Post-GD T1 CEST SWI 3 Lecture #1! Introduction • Topics – Administrative details – Course Overview and Motivation – Some interesting in vivo MR phenomena • Handouts and Reading Assignments – Biographies: Rabi, Purcell, Bloch 4 Course Administration • Lectures – Tues, Thurs 3:00-4:20 pm, Lucas Learning Center P-069 – 3 units • TA – ?? • Office Hours – To be determined, Office: Lucas Center PS061 – or by arrangement with instructor (email: [email protected]) • Web site – http://web.stanford.edu/class/rad226a/ – Lecture notes, homework assignments, other handouts (pdf files) 5 Course Materials • Recommended Texts – F. van de Ven, Multidimensional NMR in Liquids, Wiley- VCH, New York, 1995. – R. de Graaf, In Vivo NMR Spectroscopy, 2nd Edition, Wiley & Sons, Chichester, UK, 2007 • Additional references (not required, but very useful!) MRI • D. Nishimura, Principles of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, EE369b notes Physics • M. Levitt, Spin Dynamics, Wiley, Chichester. UK, 2001 QM • D. Miller, Quantum Mechanics for Scientists and Engineers, Cambridge Univ. Press, 2008. Physics • C. Slichter, Principles of Magnetic Resonance, Springer, Berlin, 1996. 6 Assignments and Grading • Weekly problem sets (90%) • Class participation (10%) • No Midterm or Final 7 Overview • Main Themes: – Classical vector model of MRI/MRS doesn’t fully explain many important in vivo processes, particularly those involving interactions among spins. – Nuclear-nuclear interactions – Nuclear-electron interactions – We’ll discuss the physics and engineering principles of these phenomena with examples from current research topics and clinical applications. • Prerequisites – EE369b or familiarity with MRI (i.e. Rf pulses, gradients, pulse sequence diagrams, k-space) – Working knowledge of linear algebra 8 Roadmap POF Density Matrix Double quantum coherence? Quantum J-coupling? Mechanics PolarizationPolarization and Math transfer?transfer? MR Physics MRPhysics Bloch equations, k-space, selective excitation, … (EE369b) large break (prerequisites) Intuition Have you tried using the full density matrix? Topics 1. Introduction and Review (2 weeks) 5. 1H MRS (1.5 weeks) 2. Quantum mechanics for NMR (2 week) 6. Decoupling (stealth lead-in to relaxation theory) (1 week) 3. Density Matrix (1 week) 4. Product Operator Formulism (1.5 weeks) 9 Spectroscopy • In general, spectroscopy is the study of materials via interactions with electromagnetic fields EM radiation Spectroscopy NMR and Molecular Spies 1022 γ-rays While molecules are too small to observe 1020 Mössbauer x-rays energy of directly, magnetic nuclei make ideal probes: 18 chemical bonds 10 • Very sensitive to the local magnetic fields ultraviolet 1016 electronic • Interact extremely weakly with their visible 1014 environment permitting virtually infrared vibrational thermal 1012 energy @37C perturbation-free measurements microwave 1010 rotational • Spatially localized 108 NMR RF Note: These differ by several orders of magnitude! 106 Hz Energy 10 NMR: A Short History Discovery of NMR NMR in Condensed Matter r1937 1945 ˆ B = B0z µ z r θ µ θ = 54.7!, I = 1 , m = 1 2 2 1 " 3 µ = γ , µ = γ z 2 ! 2 ! E. Purcell € I.I. Rabi F. Bloch € Nobel Prize Physics Nobel Prize Physics 1952 1944 11 NMR: A Short History Determining 3D structures of FT-NMR, 2D Spectroscopy biological macromolecules 1966-1970s 1980s 1D Spectrum 2D Spectrum 3D Spectrum R. Ernst K. Wüthrich Nobel Prize Chemistry Nobel Prize Chemistry 12 1991 2002 NMR in the Chemistry Laboratory • Types of NMR spectroscopy experiments most relevant for – High resolution studies of liquids in vivo studies – Solid state NMR (e.g. magic angle spinning) – Studies of substances (or nuclei) with broad resonance lines • Types of Questions – What is it? – What is the structure? bonding connectivity spatial connectivity molecular conformation – What are the dynamics? 13 In Vivo MRS/MRI pure liquid tissue crystalline solid • Complex mixture of stuff – P. Lauterbur P. Mansfield water, lipids, metabolites, etc • Physiological processes • Types of Questions – Where is it? Nobel Prize: Medicine 2003 – How much? – What are the dynamics? relaxation times chemical processes 14 MRI • Standard analysis based on a water signal made up of many independent (non-interacting) nuclei + phenomenological T1 and T2 relaxation times. • Leads to very powerful approaches (e.g. k-space) that adequately explain the bulk of MRI techniques and applications. 15 Limitations of Non-interacting Classical Model • Relaxation – Tissue T1, T2, and T1ρ – Anisotropic tissues • Nuclei other than 1H • Chemical exchange effects • Molecules more complicated than water Does it matter that water has two 1H nuclei? O H H 16 Example: Temperature effects Hydrogen NMR Spectrum bonds Liquid water peak water T effects? ppm 1 Which is the correct model for the effect of temperature? “Chemical shift “T model” “Two-pools model” 2 model” T= 37º C T = 38º C T = 39º C T= 39º C T= 39º C Protons w/o T = 38º C hydrogen T = 38º C bonds T = 37º C Protons w/ hydrogen T = 37º C bonds ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm 17 Example: Water, water, water 2 • Consider a mixture with 5% D2O and 95% H2O (D = H) O O O 1 1 1 1 O O H H H H 1 1 1 1 O H H H H 1 1 O O H H 2H 1H 1 1 2H 1H H H O O O 1 2 O 1 1 O H H 1 1 H H 2 2 H H 1H 1H H H Why is T1, D << T1, H? What about T2, D vs T2, H? What if the solution in injected in vivo? 17 16 • Consider a mixture with 5% H2 O and 95% H2 O 17 16O 16 16 O 16O O O 16O H H 16 H H 16O 16O H H H H 17O H H H H O H H H H H H H H 16 Why is the proton T2 for this mixture < T2 for a pure H2 O sample? What about T ? 1 18 Example: Tendon Imaging • T2 of tendons is strongly dependent on the angular o orientation with respect to B0: magic angle = 54.7 o Tendon parallel to B0 Tendon angle = 55 B0 B0 acute Achilles tendon rupture: 3D GRE, TR/TE=21/7 ms What about T1? 19 Example: Fast Spin Echo T2 • Why is fat bright on FSE images? Conventional Spin Echo Fast Spin Echo TR/TE=2500/80 ms TR/TE=2500/80 ms, ETL = 8 20 Example: γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) x 300 How? • Why? GABA 1H Brain Spectrum (with suppression of everything GABA/glutamate are the major except GABA) excitatory/inhibitory GABA neurotransmitters in the human brain, and are of particular interest for conditions such as autism, for ? ? ? which an excitatory/inhibitory x 3000 imbalance is hypothesized. 21 Example: Brain tumors 52 y.o male: MRI #1 - rule out stroke, MRI #2 - tumor? choline choline NAA creatine creatine NAA TE = 144 ms TE = 144 ms post-contrast T1 9 y.o male: non-enhancing lesion in left hippocampus NAA choline choline creatine creatine NAA TE = 144 ms TE = 144 ms 22 post-contrast T1 Next lecture: ! Review of Classical MR 23 Biography: Isidor Isaac Rabi (born July 29, 1898, Rymanów, Austria-Hungary [now in Poland]—died Jan. 11, l988, New York, N.Y., U.S.) American physicist who was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1944 for his invention (in 1937) of the atomic and molecular beam magnetic resonance method of observing atomic spectra. Rabi's parents settled in New York City in 1899. After earning a bachelor's degree in chemistry at Cornell University in 1919, Rabi switched to physics and received his Ph.D. from Columbia University in 1927. He did postgraduate work in Europe and then joined the faculty of Columbia University in 1929, becoming professor of physics in 1937. From 1940 to 1945 Rabi was a leader of the group of scientists at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, who helped in the development of radar. He was a member of the General Advisory Committee of the Atomic Energy Commission from 1946 to 1956 and succeeded J. Robert Oppenheimer as its chairman from 1952 to 1956. He originated the concept of the CERN international laboratory for high-energy physics in Geneva, Switz., and he was one of the founders of the Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, N.Y. He also built up one of the world's finest physics departments at Columbia University, one which was to produce several Nobel Prize–winning physicists. Rabi's most important scientific work was his development (in the 1930s) of a method for measuring the magnetic properties of atoms, atomic nuclei, and molecules. The method is based on measuring the spin of the protons in the atom's core, a phenomenon known as nuclear magnetic moments. With the application of his magnetic resonance method, several mechanical and magnetic properties, as well as the shape, of an atomic nucleus can be deduced. The precise measurements yielded by this method made possible such subsequent applications as the atomic clock, the maser, and the laser, as well as the nuclear magnetic resonance imaging used in diagnostic medicine. Rabi's method provided the central technique for virtually all molecular and atomic beam experimentation.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Fotonica Ed Elettronica Quantistica
    Fotonica ed elettronica quantistica http://www.dsf.unica.it/~fotonica/teaching/fotonica.html Fotonica ed elettronica quantistica Quantum optics - Quantization of electromagnetic field - Statistics of light, photon counting and noise; - HBT and correlation; g1 e g2 coherence; antibunching; single photons - Squeezing - Quantum cryptography - Quantum computer, entanglement and teleportation Light-matter Interaction - Two-level atom - Laser physics - Spectroscopy - Electronics and photonics at the nanometer scale - Cold atoms - Photodetectors - Solar cells http://www.dsf.unica.it/~fotonica/teaching/fotonica.html Energy Temperature LHC at CERN, Higgs, SUSY, ??? TeV 15 q q particle accelerators 10 K q GeV proton rest mass - quarks 1012K MeV electron rest mass / gamma rays 109K keV Nuclear Fusion, x rays, Sun center 106K Atoms ionize - visible light eV Sun surface fundamental components components fundamental room temperature 103K meV Liquid He, superconductors, space 1K dilution refrigerators, quantum Hall µeV laser-cooled atoms 10-3K neV Bose-Einstein condensates 10-6K peV low T record 480 picokelvin 10-9K -12 complexity, organization organization complexity, 10 K Nobel Prizes in Physics 2010 - Andre Geims, Konstantin Novoselov 2009 - Charles K. Kao, Willard S. Boyle, George E. Smith 2007 - Albert Fert, Peter Gruenberg 2005 - Roy J. Glauber, John L. Hall, Theodor W. Hänsch 2001 - Eric A. Cornell, Wolfgang Ketterle, Carl E. Wieman 1997 - Steven Chu, Claude Cohen-Tannoudji, William D. Phillips 1989 - Norman F. Ramsey, Hans G. Dehmelt, Wolfgang Paul 1981 - Nicolaas Bloembergen, Arthur L. Schawlow, Kai M. Siegbahn 1966 - Alfred Kastler 1964 - Charles H. Townes, Nicolay G. Basov, Aleksandr M. Prokhorov 1944 - Isidor Isaac Rabi 1930 - Venkata Raman 1921 - Albert Einstein 1907 - Albert A.
    [Show full text]
  • Edward Mills Purcell (1912–1997)
    ARTICLE-IN-A-BOX Edward Mills Purcell (1912–1997) Edward Purcell grew up in a small town in the state of Illinois, USA. The telephone equipment which his father worked with professionally was an early inspiration. His first degree was thus in electrical engineering, from Purdue University in 1933. But it was in this period that he realized his true calling – physics. After a year in Germany – almost mandatory then for a young American interested in physics! – he enrolled in Harvard for a physics degree. His thesis quickly led to working on the Harvard cyclotron, building a feedback system to keep the radio frequency tuned to the right value for maximum acceleration. The story of how the Manhattan project brought together many of the best physicists to build the atom bomb has been told many times. Not so well-known but equally fascinating is the story of radar, first in Britain and then in the US. The MIT radiation laboratory was charged with developing better and better radar for use against enemy aircraft, which meant going to shorter and shorter wavelengths and detecting progressively weaker signals. This seems to have been a crucial formative period in Purcell’s life. His coauthors on the magnetic resonance paper, Torrey and Pound, were both from this lab. I I Rabi, the physicist who won the 1944 Nobel Prize for measuring nuclear magnetic moments by resonance methods in molecular beams, was the head of the lab and a major influence on Purcell. Interestingly, Felix Bloch (see article on p.956 in this issue) was at the nearby Radio Research lab but it appears that the two did not interact much.
    [Show full text]
  • I. I. Rabi Papers [Finding Aid]. Library of Congress. [PDF Rendered Tue Apr
    I. I. Rabi Papers A Finding Aid to the Collection in the Library of Congress Manuscript Division, Library of Congress Washington, D.C. 1992 Revised 2010 March Contact information: http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/mss.contact Additional search options available at: http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/eadmss.ms998009 LC Online Catalog record: http://lccn.loc.gov/mm89076467 Prepared by Joseph Sullivan with the assistance of Kathleen A. Kelly and John R. Monagle Collection Summary Title: I. I. Rabi Papers Span Dates: 1899-1989 Bulk Dates: (bulk 1945-1968) ID No.: MSS76467 Creator: Rabi, I. I. (Isador Isaac), 1898- Extent: 41,500 items ; 105 cartons plus 1 oversize plus 4 classified ; 42 linear feet Language: Collection material in English Location: Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. Summary: Physicist and educator. The collection documents Rabi's research in physics, particularly in the fields of radar and nuclear energy, leading to the development of lasers, atomic clocks, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and to his 1944 Nobel Prize in physics; his work as a consultant to the atomic bomb project at Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory and as an advisor on science policy to the United States government, the United Nations, and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization during and after World War II; and his studies, research, and professorships in physics chiefly at Columbia University and also at Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Selected Search Terms The following terms have been used to index the description of this collection in the Library's online catalog. They are grouped by name of person or organization, by subject or location, and by occupation and listed alphabetically therein.
    [Show full text]
  • Appendix E Nobel Prizes in Nuclear Science
    Nuclear Science—A Guide to the Nuclear Science Wall Chart ©2018 Contemporary Physics Education Project (CPEP) Appendix E Nobel Prizes in Nuclear Science Many Nobel Prizes have been awarded for nuclear research and instrumentation. The field has spun off: particle physics, nuclear astrophysics, nuclear power reactors, nuclear medicine, and nuclear weapons. Understanding how the nucleus works and applying that knowledge to technology has been one of the most significant accomplishments of twentieth century scientific research. Each prize was awarded for physics unless otherwise noted. Name(s) Discovery Year Henri Becquerel, Pierre Discovered spontaneous radioactivity 1903 Curie, and Marie Curie Ernest Rutherford Work on the disintegration of the elements and 1908 chemistry of radioactive elements (chem) Marie Curie Discovery of radium and polonium 1911 (chem) Frederick Soddy Work on chemistry of radioactive substances 1921 including the origin and nature of radioactive (chem) isotopes Francis Aston Discovery of isotopes in many non-radioactive 1922 elements, also enunciated the whole-number rule of (chem) atomic masses Charles Wilson Development of the cloud chamber for detecting 1927 charged particles Harold Urey Discovery of heavy hydrogen (deuterium) 1934 (chem) Frederic Joliot and Synthesis of several new radioactive elements 1935 Irene Joliot-Curie (chem) James Chadwick Discovery of the neutron 1935 Carl David Anderson Discovery of the positron 1936 Enrico Fermi New radioactive elements produced by neutron 1938 irradiation Ernest Lawrence
    [Show full text]
  • Fantasy & Science Fiction V030n04
    THE MA GAZINE Of Fantasy and JACK VANCE Science Fiction ISAAC ASIMOV J.T. MCINTOS NOVELETS We Can Remember It For You Wholesale Philip k. dick 4 The Sorcerer Pharesm JACK VANCE 79 SHORT STORIES Appoggiatura A. M, MARPLE 25 But Soft, What Light . CAROL EMSHWILLER 41 The Sudden Silence J. T. MCINTOSH 45 The Face Is Familiar GILBERT THOMAS 64 The Space Twins JAMES PULLEY 75 Bordered In Black LARRY NIVEN 112 FEATURES Cartoon GAHAN WILSON 24 Books JUDITH MERRIL 31 Injected Memory THEODORE L. THOMAS 62 Verse: The Octopus DORIS PITKIN BUCK 63 Science: The Nobelmen of Science ISAAC ASIMOV 101 F&SF Marketplace 129 Cover by Jack Gaughan (illustrating "The Sorcerer Pharesm”) Joseph W. Ferman, publishek Edward L. Ferman, editor Ted White, assistant editor Isaac Asimov, science editor Judith Merril, book editor Robert P. Mills, consulting editor Dale Beardale, aRCULATiON manager The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction, Volume 30, No. 4, Whole No. 179, Apr. 1966. Published monthly by Mercury Press, Inc., at 504 o copy. Annual subscription $5.00; $5.50 in Canada and the Pan American Union, $6.00 in all other countries. Publication office, 10 Ferry Street, Concord, N. H. 03302. Editorial and general mail should be sent to 347 East 53rd St., New York, N. Y. 10022. Second Class postage paid at Concord, N. H. Printed in U.S.A. © 1966 by Mercury Press, Inc. All rights including translations into other languages, reserved. Submissions must be accompanied by stamped, self-addressed envelopes: the Publisher assumes no responsibility for return of unsolicited manuscripts.
    [Show full text]
  • JUAN MANUEL 2016 NOBEL PEACE PRIZE RECIPIENT Culture Friendship Justice
    Friendship Volume 135, № 1 Character Culture JUAN MANUEL SANTOS 2016 NOBEL PEACE PRIZE RECIPIENT Justice LETTER FROM THE PRESIDENT Dear Brothers, It is an honor and a privilege as your president to have the challenges us and, perhaps, makes us question our own opportunity to share my message with you in each edition strongly held beliefs. But it also serves to open our minds of the Quarterly. I generally try to align my comments and our hearts to our fellow neighbor. It has to start with specific items highlighted in each publication. This with a desire to listen, to understand, and to be tolerant time, however, I want to return to the theme “living our of different points of view and a desire to be reasonable, Principles,” which I touched upon in a previous article. As patient and respectful.” you may recall, I attempted to outline and describe how Kelly concludes that it is the diversity of Southwest’s utilization of the Four Founding Principles could help people and “treating others like you would want to be undergraduates make good decisions and build better treated” that has made the organization successful. In a men. It occurred to me that the application of our values similar way, Stephen Covey’s widely read “Seven Habits of to undergraduates only is too limiting. These Principles are Highly Effective People” takes a “values-based” approach to indeed critical for each of us at this particularly turbulent organizational success. time in our society. For DU to be a successful organization, we too, must As I was flying back recently from the Delta Upsilon be able to work effectively with our varied constituents: International Fraternity Board of Directors meeting in undergraduates, parents, alumni, higher education Arizona, I glanced through the February 2017 edition professionals, etc.
    [Show full text]
  • Driving-Induced Resonance Narrowing in a Strongly Coupled Cavity-Qubit
    Driving-induced resonance narrowing in a strongly coupled cavity-qubit system Eyal Buks,1, ∗ Paul Brookes,2, ∗ Eran Ginossar,3 Chunqing Deng,4, 5 Jean-Luc F. X. Orgiazzi,4 Martin Otto,4 and Adrian Lupascu4 1Andrew and Erna Viterbi Department of Electrical Engineering, Technion, Haifa 32000 Israel 2Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom 3Advanced Technology Institute and Department of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, United Kingdom 4Institute for Quantum Computing, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1 5Current address: Alibaba Quantum Laboratory, Alibaba Group, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, P.R.China (Dated: August 4, 2020) We study a system consisting of a superconducting flux qubit strongly coupled to a microwave cavity. Externally applied qubit driving is employed in order to manipulate the spectrum of dressed states. We observe resonance narrowing in the region where the splitting between the two dressed fundamental resonances is tuned to zero. The narrowing in this region of overlapping resonances can be exploited for long-time storage of quantum states. In addition, we measure the response to strong cavity mode driving, and find a qualitative deviation between the experimental results and the predictions of a semiclassical model. On the other hand, good agreement is obtained using theoretical predictions obtained by numerically integrating the master equation governing the system’s dynamics. The observed response demonstrates a process of a coherent cancellation of two meta-stable dressed states. I. INTRODUCTION [11, 12]. Closely related processes occur in atomic systems ex- The spectral response of a variety of both classical hibiting electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) and quantum systems near an isolated resonance is of- [13, 14].
    [Show full text]
  • Applications in Solid-State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Physics
    On Fer and Floquet-Magnus Expansions: Applications in Solid-State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Physics Eugene Stephane Mananga The City University of New York New York University International Conference on Physics June 27-29, 2016 New Orleans, LA, USA OUTLINE A. Background of NMR: Solid-State NMR • Principal References B. Commonly Used Methods in Solid-State NMR • Floquet Theory • Average Hamiltonian Theory C. Alternative Expansion Approaches Used Methods in SS-NMR • Fer Expansion • Floquet-Magnus Expansion D. Applications of Fer and Floquet-Magnus expansion in SS-SNMR E. Applications of Fer and Floquet-Magnus expansion in Physics A. Background of NMR: Solid-State NMR • NMR is an extraordinary versatile technique which started in Physics In 1945 and has spread with great success to Chemistry, Biochemistry, Biology, and Medicine, finding applications also in Geophysics, Archeology, Pharmacy, etc... • Hardly any discipline has remained untouched by NMR. • It is practiced in scientific labs everywhere, and no doubt before long will be found on the moon. • NMR has proved useful in elucidating problems in all forms of matter. In this talk we consider applications of NMR to solid state: Solid-State NMR BRIEF HISTORY OF NMR • 1920's Physicists Have Great Success With Quantum Theory • 1921 Stern and Gerlach Carry out Atomic and Molecular Beam Experiments • 1925/27 Schrödinger/ Heisenberg/ Dirac Formulate The New Quantum Mechanics • 1936 Gorter Attempts Experiments Using The Resonance Property of Nuclear Spin • 1937 Rabi Predicts and Observes
    [Show full text]
  • Otto Stern Annalen 4.11.11
    (To be published by Annalen der Physik in December 2011) Otto Stern (1888-1969): The founding father of experimental atomic physics J. Peter Toennies,1 Horst Schmidt-Böcking,2 Bretislav Friedrich,3 Julian C.A. Lower2 1Max-Planck-Institut für Dynamik und Selbstorganisation Bunsenstrasse 10, 37073 Göttingen 2Institut für Kernphysik, Goethe Universität Frankfurt Max-von-Laue-Strasse 1, 60438 Frankfurt 3Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin Keywords History of Science, Atomic Physics, Quantum Physics, Stern- Gerlach experiment, molecular beams, space quantization, magnetic dipole moments of nucleons, diffraction of matter waves, Nobel Prizes, University of Zurich, University of Frankfurt, University of Rostock, University of Hamburg, Carnegie Institute. We review the work and life of Otto Stern who developed the molecular beam technique and with its aid laid the foundations of experimental atomic physics. Among the key results of his research are: the experimental test of the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution of molecular velocities (1920), experimental demonstration of space quantization of angular momentum (1922), diffraction of matter waves comprised of atoms and molecules by crystals (1931) and the determination of the magnetic dipole moments of the proton and deuteron (1933). 1 Introduction Short lists of the pioneers of quantum mechanics featured in textbooks and historical accounts alike typically include the names of Max Planck, Albert Einstein, Arnold Sommerfeld, Niels Bohr, Max von Laue, Werner Heisenberg, Erwin Schrödinger, Paul Dirac, Max Born, and Wolfgang Pauli on the theory side, and of Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, Ernest Rutherford, Arthur Compton, and James Franck on the experimental side. However, the records in the Archive of the Nobel Foundation as well as scientific correspondence, oral-history accounts and scientometric evidence suggest that at least one more name should be added to the list: that of the “experimenting theorist” Otto Stern.
    [Show full text]
  • The Federal Government: a Nobel Profession
    The Federal Government: A Nobel Profession A Report on Pathbreaking Nobel Laureates in Government 1901 - 2002 INTRODUCTION The Nobel Prize is synonymous with greatness. A list of Nobel Prize winners offers a quick register of the world’s best and brightest, whose accomplishments in literature, economics, medicine, science and peace have enriched the lives of millions. Over the past century, 270 Americans have received the Nobel Prize for innovation and ingenuity. Approximately one-fourth of these distinguished individuals are, or were, federal employees. Their Nobel contributions have resulted in the eradication of polio, the mapping of the human genome, the harnessing of atomic energy, the achievement of peace between nations, and advances in medicine that not only prolong our lives, but “This report should serve improve their quality. as an inspiration and a During Public Employees Recognition Week (May 4-10, 2003), in an effort to recognize and honor the reminder to us all of the ideas and accomplishments of federal workers past and present, the Partnership for Public Service offers innovation and nobility of this report highlighting 50 American Nobel laureates the work civil servants do whose award-winning achievements occurred while they served in government or whose public service every day and its far- work had an impact on their career achievements. They were honored for their contributions in the fields reaching impact.” of Physiology or Medicine, Economic Sciences, and Physics and Chemistry. Also included are five Americans whose work merited the Peace Prize. Despite this legacy of accomplishment, too few Americans see the federal government as an incubator for innovation and discovery.
    [Show full text]
  • From the Executive Director Kathryn Sullivan to Receive Sigma Xi's Mcgovern Award
    May-June 2011 · Volume 20, Number 3 Kathryn Sullivan to From the Executive Director Receive Sigma Xi’s McGovern Award Annual Report In my report last year I challenged the membership to consider ormer astronaut the characteristics of successful associations. I suggested that we Kathryn D. emulate what successful associations do that others do not. This FSullivan, the first year as I reflect back on the previous fiscal year, I suggest that we need to go even further. U.S. woman to walk We have intangible assets that could, if converted to tangible outcomes, add to the in space, will receive value of active membership in Sigma Xi. I believe that standing up for high ethical Sigma Xi’s 2011 John standards, encouraging the earlier career scientist and networking with colleagues of diverse disciplines is still very relevant to our professional lives. Membership in Sigma P. McGovern Science Xi still represents recognition for scientific achievements, but the value comes from and Society Award. sharing with companions in zealous research. Since 1984, a highlight of Sigma Xi’s Stronger retention of members through better local programs would benefit the annual meeting has been the McGovern Society in many ways. It appears that we have continued to initiate new members in Lecture, which is made by the recipient of numbers similar to past years but retention has declined significantly. In addition, the the McGovern Medal. Recent recipients source of the new members is moving more and more to the “At-large” category and less and less through the Research/Doctoral chapters. have included oceanographer Sylvia Earle and Nobel laureates Norman Borlaug, Mario While Sigma Xi calls itself a “chapter-based” Society, we have found that only about half of our “active” members are affiliated with chapters in “good standing.” As long Molina and Roald Hoffmann.
    [Show full text]
  • FELIX BLOCH October 23, 1905-September 10, 1983
    NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES F E L I X B L O C H 1905—1983 A Biographical Memoir by RO BE R T H OFSTADTER Any opinions expressed in this memoir are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Academy of Sciences. Biographical Memoir COPYRIGHT 1994 NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES WASHINGTON D.C. FELIX BLOCH October 23, 1905-September 10, 1983 BY ROBERT HOFSTADTER ELIX BLOCH was a historic figure in the development of Fphysics in the twentieth century. He was one among the great innovators who first showed that quantum me- chanics was a valid instrument for understanding many physi- cal phenomena for which there had been no previous ex- planation. Among many contributions were his pioneering efforts in the quantum theory of metals and solids, which resulted in what are called "Bloch Waves" or "Bloch States" and, later, "Bloch Walls," which separate magnetic domains in ferromagnetic materials. His name is associated with the famous Bethe-Bloch formula, which describes the stopping of charged particles in matter. The theory of "Spin Waves" was also developed by Bloch. His early work on the mag- netic scattering of neutrons led to his famous experiment with Alvarez that determined the magnetic moment of the neutron. In carrying out this resonance experiment, Bloch realized that magnetic moments of nuclei in general could be measured by resonance methods. This idea led to the discovery of nuclear magnetic resonance, which Bloch origi- nally called nuclear induction. For this and the simulta- neous and independent work of E.
    [Show full text]