DOCSLIB.ORG

In 1957 Brundage Once Again Stated That the IOC Could Do Nothing About

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
In 1957 Brundage Once Again Stated That the IOC Could Do Nothing About IOC Postgraduate Research Grant 2010 - Final Research Report Title: An Unwitting Target: The IOC, Exiled Athletes, and U.S. Government Covert Operations, 1950-1960 By Toby C. Rider, PhD Candidate, The University of Western Ontario Abstract: By the time the Cold War emerged after World War II, the Olympic Games had become the largest and most prestigious international athletic festival in the world. This also made it a perfect target for both the United States and the Soviet Union to use as a medium for propaganda and psychological warfare. In this study, I will demonstrate how a refugee organization called the Hungarian National Sports Federation (HNSF) lobbied the International Olympic Committee (IOC) throughout the 1950s, and demanded a change to the Olympic Charter which would accommodate the participation of exiled athletes at the Games. What the IOC did not know, and what the HNSF did not tell them, was that the Hungarian group received funding indirectly through the U.S. government. The efforts of the HNSF were very much political, and stand as yet another example of how both superpowers used culture as a means to fight the Cold War, even encroaching on the Olympics. Unfortunately for the HNSF, the IOC did not succumb to the pressure. The leaders of the IOC continually repelled the efforts to change the Olympic Charter, even though they unwittingly provided a platform for the HNSF to create anti-communist propaganda. Key Words: Cold War, propaganda, psychological warfare, exiled athletes, state-private network 1 Final Research Report An Unwitting Target: The IOC, Exiled Athletes, and U.S. Government Covert Operations, 1950-1960 By Toby C. Rider Introduction When one of countless letters crossed Avery Brundage’s office desk in Chicago early in 1950, he opened it and surveyed the contents. It was from a Count Anthony Szápáry, and politely informed Brundage of the Hungarian National Sports Federation (HNSF). The letter explained that the organization sought to aid Hungarian athletes who fled the Iron Curtain, and help them to compete in international competition. Perhaps more significantly, Szápáry added: “Our Federation is in the service of anti-communist propaganda and our main purpose is to gain the free, democratic world for the fight against communism.” 1 Szápáry’s letter had arrived at a well chosen desk. At the time he received the correspondence, Brundage was possibly the most powerful man in the U.S. sporting administration, President of the United States Olympic Committee and Vice- President of the International Olympic Committee (IOC). This made him a potentially important ally. One more fact adds to the significance of this letter. Szápáry also told Brundage that the HNSF was at the service of the National Committee for a Free Europe Inc., but he did not mention that this organization was secretly funded and directed by the highest authorities of the U.S. government’s intelligence establishment. Nor did Szápáry 1 Count Antal (Anthony) Szápáry to Avery Brundage, 17 January 1950, Avery Brundage Collection, 1908- 75 (hereafter cited as ABC), Box 132, Reel 73, International Centre for Olympic Studies Archives (hereafter cited as ICOSA), the University of Western Ontario, London, Canada. 2 mention that the HNSF drew support and funding through the very same government conduit. When the Olympic Movement emerged from its self imposed hiatus after World War II, there was much that its leaders needed to do. Business could not simply resume as normal. After all, there were representatives in the International Olympic Committee who advocated, or even collaborated with, the fascist axis powers. For the IOC members from countries overrun and decimated by Hitler’s forces, having to face a Nazi sympathizer within meetings of the IOC was, understandably, a sensitive matter. Other persisting problems had to be faced. The issue of professionalism had not disappeared like so many grand buildings across Europe during the war; while political interference within National Olympic Committees remained nettlesome. Above all else, however, an immediate challenge for the leaders of the IOC remained war. As we know, the atomic bombs dropped consecutively on Japan in 1945 ended the Second World War almost at a stroke. But barely had the process of reconstructing all the devastation begun, than the Soviet Union and the United States, formerly allies, embarked on a war upon each other. The Cold War, as it was coined, was not primarily a military conflict. In fact, Soviet troops never stood toe to toe on the battlefield against American, even though proxy wars were fought, most notably in Korea and Vietnam. The Cold War was essentially a war of persuasion, where each superpower attempted to gain the allegiance of nations across the globe using more obscure weapons such as propaganda and psychological warfare. Simply put, the Soviet Union wanted a world where communism was the only political ideology; whereas the U.S. craved the antitheses, the spread of capitalism and democracy. 3 In order to sell their particular political ideology, both superpowers used a range of methods, including culture. Musicians, artists, authors, and dancers were used as a way to project ideological messages, to prove, as it were, that one system was more vibrant than the other. Even sports had a role in this battle. Athletes were used as diplomats, sent around the world to open up channels in foreign policy, while victory at international sports events were viewed as nothing less than a victory for a political system. It stands to reason that the Olympics could not be insulated from such a war. Indeed, by the time of the Cold War, the Olympic Games had become the largest and most prestigious international athletic festival in the world. This made the Games a natural target for the U.S. and Soviet Union to use as a vehicle in what many scholars have called the ‘cultural Cold War.’ For some time now, it has been accepted that the Soviet Union and its European satellites looked upon the Olympic Games as the most important international sporting festival. It has been well argued that Soviet sports officials prepared athletes for specific events on the Olympic program, as they knew that victory at the Olympics served as powerful propaganda.2 Other scholars have revealed how Soviet IOC members used the International Olympic Committee as an avenue to leverage a political agenda, by raising issues that suited the mood in the Kremlin.3 A far less conclusive picture has been assembled in this respect for the American Olympic experience. In the case of the early years of the Cold War, research on the use of the Games by the U.S. government as a 2 James Riordan has written the most extensive amount on this subject. See especially James Riordan, Sport in Soviet Society (London: Cambridge University Press, 1977). 3 See for example, Allen Guttmann, The Games Must Go On: Avery Brundage and the Olympic Movement (New York: Columbia University Press, 1984), 136-38 4 Cold War weapon has halted.4 The question warrants a second look. After all, the U.S. government’s clandestine arm, the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), managed to wrap its almost never ending tentacles around all other conceivable forms of culture during the Cold War. In an effort to promote American ideals and to denigrate those of Soviet style communism, few stones were left unturned. The CIA secretly funded the publication of hundreds of books, tours of musicians, orchestras, ballet troupes and poets; organized cultural congresses and symposia across the world; invested millions in American artists and abstract expressionism; covertly created and funded intellectual journals across the globe, and worked closely with Hollywood to make films that projected a ghastly vision of communism.5 All these covert initiatives have been studied and analyzed since they were revealed by the American media in the late 1960s. But one cultural form has yet to be tied to the CIA or U.S. covert operations: sport. We know relatively little about the use of sport for Cold War imperatives by the U.S. government. There was no state controlled Soviet style sports system in the U.S., so that avenue of enquiry is closed. Any attempts to use government money for the U.S. Olympic team in the 1950s were voted down in Congress on account of the traditional separation of the state from sport. In a wider political context, some work has been done on the diplomatic use of athletes by the U.S. State Department as ambassadors of “good will,” but this program was small and not directed at the Olympic Games in any coordinated manner.6 4 The first and only person to investigate the subject in real depth was Thomas M. Domer, “Sport in Cold War America, 1953-1963: The Diplomatic and Political Use of Sport in the Eisenhower and Kennedy Administrations,” (Unpublished PhD Dissertation: Marquette University, 1976). 5 For a remarkable examination of this see Frances Stoner Saunders, Who Paid the Piper? The CIA and the Cultural Cold War (Great Britain: Granta Books, 1999). 6 Roy Clumpner, “Federal Involvement In Sport To Promote American Interest Or Foreign Policy Objectives, 1950 – 1973,” in Sport and International Relations, eds. B. Lowe, D.B. Kanin, A. Strenk (Illinois: Stipes Publishing Company, 1978), 400-52; Thomas M. Domer, “Sport in Cold War America, 1953-1963: The Diplomatic and Political Use of Sport in the Eisenhower and Kennedy Administrations;” 5 The dominant discourse on Cold War politics and propaganda at the Olympic Games regarding the two superpowers has, thus, been mainly directed at the Soviet Union or communist countries. It is my intention to redress this trend in regard to the early years of the Cold War (1950-1960).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Fighting for Acceptance
    FIGHTING FOR ACCEPTANCE: SIGFRID EDSTR0M AND AVERY BRUNDAGE: THEIR EFFORTS TO SHAPE AND CONTROL WOMEN'S PARTICIPATION IN THE OLYMPIC GAMES Carly Adams* In the twenty-first century, women train for and compete in grueling and physically taxing sports that were once considered appropriate for men only. Such participation was considered inappropriate by the Modern Olympic Games founder Pierre de Cou- bertin and his aristocratic colleagues who were fiercely opposed to the sight of straining, sweaty, muscular women participating in arduous physical activities. The Olympic Games, as Coubertin's personal venture, supported by traditional upper-class male sport leaders, were established to celebrate and embrace the physical accomplishments of men, not women. Reflecting Victorian notions of his time, sport to Coubertin was an arena for the development of human sporting bodies, and the traditional masculine virtues of strength and moral character. Like any other organization, these Games had leadership that mapped out specific goals and rules, with their intentions and values manifested through the creation of governing policies. There has long been a struggle for control over, and acceptance of, women's sports within the modern Olympic movement. Women have been active in sport since the 19th century; they even competed unofficially at the Olympic Games in golf and tennis as early as 1900. However, from the onset, women's participation has been an uphill battle characterized by restrictions, modera- tion, and exclusion. Since the establishment of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) in 1894, women sport leaders have been challenging the anachronistic ideas of the IOC, fighting for their right to participate in this traditionally male preserve.
    [Show full text]
  • Avery Brundage
    Historical Archives Olympic Studies Centre Avery Brundage Fonds list Overview of the content of the archives concerning his biography, mandates and activities from 1908 to 1989 14 April 2011 © 2011 / International Olympic Committee (IOC) / BACHRACH, Fabian Fonds list Reference: CH CIO-AH A-P05 Dates: 1908-1989 Level of description: Fonds Extent and medium: 1.51 l.m. Text documents and microfilms. Name of creator International Olympic Committee (IOC). Administrative / Biographical history Avery Brundage was born in 1887 in Detroit, Michigan (USA). He came from a modest family, of which the father, Charles Brundage, was a stonemason. His secondary education took place at the Crane Manual Training School in Chicago. He then went on to the University of Illinois, where he obtained a diploma in civil engineering in 1909. As well as being an outstanding student, Brundage was also an accomplished athlete. A follower of athletics, he practised several sports throughout his studies and alongside his various professional activities. In 1912, his passion for athletics led him to the Olympic Games (OG) in Stockholm, where he represented the United States in the pentathlon and decathlon events, finishing in sixth and 16th place respectively. Furthermore, two years later, he obtained the title of American national champion in “all-around”, a discipline similar to decathlon, but where the events take place on a single day. He went on to win this competition twice again, in 1916 and 1918. The fame he gained through this throughout the American sports world was not unconnected to his later involvement in the Olympic Movement. Brundage added professional success to his sporting success.
    [Show full text]
  • Avery Brundage – the Man Who Would Be King
    Avery Brundage – The Man Who Would Be King By Anthony J. Wall Avery Brundage hardworking newspaper boy who made good.1 A strong wearing the man and exceptional athlete, Brundage was also blessed US Olympic uniform with sharp intelligence and became an athlete­scholar in 1912. At the in the classic mold. Garnering an engineering degree at Stockholm Olympics the University of Illinois, he went on to represent the USA he came sixth in the in the pentathlon and decathlon in the 1912 Olympics, pentathlon, but after competing against the legendary Jim Thorpe.2 the disqualification Brundage was not only smart and athletic, but was of Jim Thorpe he also a striver. He pursued wealth throughout his life. moved up a place. Contrary to the standards to which he later would hold In the decathlon he Olympic athletes, the young Brundage actively sought was so disappointed to parlay his athletic achievements into wealth. Using by his performances his notoriety as an Olympic athlete to gain financing,3 that he did not start Brundage built a respectable fortune in the rough­and– in the final event the tumble Chicago construction industry during the boom 1500 m. As a result years of the 1920s.4 He solidified his new­found wealth he was not ranked. and social status by marrying a wealthy Chicago socialite, Elizabeth Dunlap, in 1927. Capitalizing on his Olympic, Photo: Avery Brundage Collection business and social achievements, in 1929 he secured the prestigious presidency of the American Olympic Committee (AOC).5 As quickly as Brundage’s construction business grew in the boom years of the Twenties, it just as quickly went bust with the Great Crash of 1929.
    [Show full text]
  • 78-5890 MECHIKOFF, Robert Alan, 1949- the POLITICALIZATION of the XXI OLYMPIAD
    78-5890 MECHIKOFF, Robert Alan, 1949- THE POLITICALIZATION OF THE XXI OLYMPIAD. The Ohio State University, Ph.D., 1977 Education, physical University Microfilms International,Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 © Copyright by Robert Alan Mechikoff 1977 THE POLITICALIZATION OF THE XXI OLYMPIAD DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Robert Alan Mechikoff, B.A., M.A. The Ohio State University 1977 Reading Committee Approved By Seymour Kleinman, Ph.D. Barbara Nelson, Ph.D. Lewis Hess, Ph.D. / Adviser / Schoc/l of Health, Physical Education, and Recreation This study is dedicated to Angela and Kelly Mechikoff; Alex and Aileen Mechikoff; Frank, Theresa, and Anthony Riforgiate; and Bob and Rosemary Steinbauer. Without their help, understanding and encouragement, the completion of this dissertation would not be possible. VITA November 7, 1949........... Born— Whittier, California 1971......................... B.A. , California State University, Long Beach, Long Beach California 1972-1974....................Teacher, Whittier Union High School District, Whittier, California 1975......................... M.A. , California State University, Long Beach, Long Beach, California 1975-197 6 ....................Research Assistant, School of Health, Physical Education, and Recreation, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1976-197 7....................Instructor, Department of Physical Education, University of Minnesota, Duluth, Duluth, Minnesota FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Physical Education Studies in Philosophy of Sport and Physical Education. Professor Seymour Kleinman Studies in History of Sport and Physical Education. Professor Bruce L. Bennett Studies in Administration of Physical Education. Professor Lewis A. Hess TABLE OF CONTENTS Page DEDICATION................................................. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.......................................... iii VITA........................................................ iv Chapter I.
    [Show full text]
  • The United States and the 1936 Berlin Olympic Games
    The Japanese Journal of American Studies, No. 20 (2009) Architects of a Masquerade Peace: The United States and the 1936 Berlin Olympic Games Sayuri GUTHRIE-SHIMIZU* Among international social movements that have endured into the present, few have more intimately associated themselves with peace and human soli- darity than the Olympics Games. Since their resurrection by French aristocrat Pierre de Coubertin in 1896, the Olympics have become entrenched in popu- lar imagination as a symbol of world peace and international brotherhood. Despite—or because of—this composite symbolism, the Olympic Games have been exploited to render their metaphoric power to other, often blatantly political, causes.1 Scholars and observers of the modern Olympics generally agree that dur- ing the movement’s fi rst half century, the Berlin Olympics of 1936 was the most egregious case of political manipulation and propagandizing committed by a host country. It was held in the immediate aftermath of the German re- militarization of the Rhineland, one of the opening gambits of Nazi military expansionism, which threatened the tenuous—and fl awed—post–World War I peace in Europe. The Nazis’ spectacular success in hosting the festival of peace increased the regime’s popularity at home and enhanced its prestige abroad. Because of the perverse irony of this achievement, the 1936 Berlin Olympic Games have been more intensely studied than others.2 From the beginning of the modern Games, held in Athens in 1896, the United States has been a crucial non-European player in the international Copyright © 2009 Sayuri Guthrie-Shimizu. All rights reserved. This work may be used, with this notice included, for noncommercial purposes.
    [Show full text]
  • Avery Brundage and the IOC's Dilemma of South Africa's Olympic Participation, 1956-1968
    Western University Scholarship@Western Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository 5-19-2015 12:00 AM Voices of Discontent: Avery Brundage and the IOC's Dilemma of South Africa's Olympic Participation, 1956-1968 Michael Capobianco The University of Western Ontario Supervisor Dr. Michael Heine The University of Western Ontario Graduate Program in Kinesiology A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree in Doctor of Philosophy © Michael Capobianco 2015 Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd Recommended Citation Capobianco, Michael, "Voices of Discontent: Avery Brundage and the IOC's Dilemma of South Africa's Olympic Participation, 1956-1968" (2015). Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository. 2876. https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd/2876 This Dissertation/Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by Scholarship@Western. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository by an authorized administrator of Scholarship@Western. For more information, please contact [email protected]. VOICES OF DISCONTENT: AVERY BRUNDAGE AND THE IOC’S DILEMMA OF SOUTH AFRICA’S OLYMPIC PARTICIPATION, 1956-1968 (Thesis format: Monograph) by Michael Silvio Capobianco Graduate Program in Kinesiology A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy The School of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies The University of Western Ontario London, Ontario, Canada © Michael Silvio Capobianco 2015 Abstract Avery Brundage became President of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) in 1952, ready to lead the IOC according to the vision of its modern founder, Pierre de Coubertin. One of the IOC’s challenges during Brundage’s tenure as President involved the participation of South Africa in the Olympic Movement and Olympic Games.
    [Show full text]
  • Olympic Charter 1966
    THE OLYMPIC GAMES CITIUS - ALTIUS - FORTIUS 1966 INTERNATIONAL OLYMPIC COMMITTEE CAMPAGNE MON-REPOS LAUSANNE SWITZERLAND THE OLYMPIC GAMES FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES RULES AND REGULATIONS RULES OF ELIGIBILITY GENERAL INFORMATION CITIUS - ALTIUS - FORTIUS The most important thing in the Olympic Games is not to win but to take part, just as the most important thing in life is not the triumph but the struggle. The esse?itial thing is not to have conquered but to have fought well. PIERRE DE COUBERTIN Founder of the Modern Olympic Games President of the International Olympic Committee IS9f>-l92.'> INDEX Articles Page FIRST PART I. 1-8 Fundamental principles II II. Rules and Regulations of the International Olympic Committee 9 Objects and Powers 13 10 Membership 13 12-17 Organization 14 18 Meetings 16 20 Postal Vote 16 21 Subscription and contributions 17 22 Headquarters 17 23 Supreme Authority 17 III. 24-25 National Olympic Committees 18 IV. General Rules of the Olympic Games 26 Definition of an Amateur 21 27 Necessary Conditions for wearing the colours of a Country 21 28 Age Limit 22 29 Participation of Women 22 30 Program 22 31 Fine Arts 23 5 32 Demonstrations 23 33 Olympic Winter Games 23 34 Entries 24 35 Number of Entries 25 36 Travelling Expenses 25 37 Housing 26 38 Team Officials 26 39 Technical Delegates 27 40 Technical Officials and Juries 27 41 Final Court of Appeal 28 42 Penalties in case of Fraud 28 43 Prizes 28 44 Roll of Honour 29 45 Explanatory Brochures 30 46 International Sport Federations 30 47 Attaches 31 48 Reserved Seats 31 49 Publicity 32 50 Alterations of Rules and Official Text 33 V.
    [Show full text]
  • Page 84 TITLE 36—PATRIOTIC SOCIETIES and OBSERVANCES
    § 371 TITLE 36—PATRIOTIC SOCIETIES AND OBSERVANCES Page 84 Sec. Cleveland, Ohio; Robert C. Greenwade, (b) Replacement of incumbent national Blackwell, Oklahoma; Charles Gevecker, St. governing body. Louis, Missouri; Roscoe C. Torrance, Seattle, (c) Arbitration of Corporation deter- minations. Washington; Louis G. Wilke, Denver, Colorado; 396. Jurisdiction of restricted amateur athletic Doctor Barry J. Barrodale, Houma, Louisiana; competitions; national governing body Larry Houston, Los Angeles, California; C. W. sanction for international amateur athletic Striet, Junior, Birmingham, Alabama; Norton competitions. G. Pritchett, Charlottesville, Virginia; Dernell Every, New York City, New York; Vaughn S. CHAPTER REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS Blanchard, Detroit, Michigan; Major General This chapter is referred to in section 384 of this title; Guy V. Henry, Chevy Chase, Maryland; George title 18 section 2320. Edwards, Columbia, Missouri; John J. Fox, SUBCHAPTER I—CORPORATION Larchmont, New York; Harold R. Gilbert, State College, Pennsylvania; Frank Small, Bayside, § 371. Corporation created; principal offices; Long Island, New York; Colonel John T. Cole, meetings Bell Haven, Alexandria, Virginia; Miguel de Capriles, Pleasantville, New York; Alexis The following persons, to wit: Thompson, New York City, New York; Henry M. Avery Brundage, New York City, New York; Beatty, Cleveland, Ohio; Roy E. Moore, New Kenneth L. Wilson, Chicago, Illinois; Asa S. York City, New York; Mrs. Roberta Bonniwell, Bushnell, Princeton, New Jersey; Owen V. Van Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Harry Hainsworth, Camp, Chicago, Illinois; Gustavus T. Kirby, Bed- Buffalo, New York; Major General William C. ford Hills, New York; John T. McGovern, New Rose, Washington, District of Columbia; Major York City, New York; J. Lyman Bingham, Chi- General M.
    [Show full text]
  • Sport Diplomacy During the Apartheid Era in South Africa with the Olympic Movement in the Centre Of
    Sport diplomacy during the apartheid era in South Africa with the Olympic Movement in the centre of web: Three sport political approaches of the IOC Presidents Brundage, Lord Killanin and Samaranch towards the apartheid politics in South Africa Tim Sperber Olympic Studies Centre, German Sport University Cologne (Germany) Abstract This research was conducted as part of a master’s degree thesis at the German Sport University in Cologne aiming to uncover sport diplomacy during the era of apartheid in South Africa with the Olympic Movement in the centre of web. A historical research was carried out to analyse various relations and their influence on the decision makers of the Olympic Movement from the early 1960s until the reintegration to the Olympic Summer Games 1992 in Barcelona. Focusing on the three International Olympic Committee (IOC) Presidents Brundage, Lord Killanin and Samaranch, one can clearly examine different approaches towards sport politics. While Brundage was rather successful in separating sport and politics, Lord Killanin did not have choice to cope with the emerging influence of international actors. Samaranch clearly used the political framework of the United Nations (UN) for his means and implemented the IOC Commission Apartheid and Olympism, which was the first step of a sporting reintegration of South Africa. Keywords Olympism, Apartheid, South Africa, Sport Politics, Sport Diplomacy, IOC Presidents. Sperber, T. (2020). Sport diplomacy during the apartheid era in South Africa with the Olympic Movement in the centre of web: Three sport political approaches of the IOC Presidents Brundage, Lord Killanin and Samaranch towards the apartheid politics in South Africa .
    [Show full text]
  • Avery Brundage, Pan-American Games, and Entrenchment of the Olympic Movement in Latin America
    Western University Scholarship@Western Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository 12-4-2015 12:00 AM Avery Brundage, Pan-American Games, and Entrenchment of the Olympic Movement in Latin America Doiara Silva dos Santos The University of Western Ontario Supervisor Robert Knight Barney The University of Western Ontario Graduate Program in Kinesiology A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree in Doctor of Philosophy © Doiara Silva dos Santos 2015 Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd Part of the Kinesiology Commons Recommended Citation Silva dos Santos, Doiara, "Avery Brundage, Pan-American Games, and Entrenchment of the Olympic Movement in Latin America" (2015). Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository. 3370. https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd/3370 This Dissertation/Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by Scholarship@Western. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository by an authorized administrator of Scholarship@Western. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Avery Brundage, the Pan-American Games, and Entrenchment of the Olympic Movement in Latin America (Thesis format: Monograph) by Doiara Silva dos Santos Graduate Program in Kinesiology A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy The School of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies Western University London, Ontario, Canada © Doiara Silva dos Santos 2015 Abstract To become firmly established, the Pan-American Games depended on the efforts of particular individuals. With Avery Brundage's attention to the Pan-American Games as the center of this analysis, this study documented the main events leading up to the inauguration of the Pan-American Games as well as their development and significance to Latin American countries in the mid-twentieth century.
    [Show full text]
  • Avery Brundage Collection, 1908-1975. Herausgegeben
    REVIEWS 209 conjunction with the 1976 Olympics. My impression at the time was that the exhibition was unsatisfying; the artifacts were at once too few and too varied to convey but a faint taste of the early days of Canadian sport. They seemed dwarfed in their enormous cases and, I suspect, by the Olympian grandeur of those two glorious weeks of world- record performances. The same cannot be said for the catalogue. Although compiler Nancy Dunbar had the same artifacts to work with, she has laid them out with such reverence that even the smallest carved figurine seems to jump off the page. It is a beautiful book, with large colour photographs of carved wooden decoys and handmade fish hooks, of gaily decorated game boards, tops and Indian dancing masks, of lacrosse sticks, fencing foils, silver cups, embroidered beanies, and blanket coats decorated with prize ribbons. Taken together, they convey a sense of energy without frenzy, of a period when the love of the outdoors and the physical pleasures and social conventions of sport were far more important than the results posted on the scoreboard. That these were primarily the possessions of a small class that alone enjoyed the income and leisure to pursue sport matters little. The sense they convey of sport as primarily an outdoor activity both necessitated and made possible by the changing of the seasons, pursued with little thought of press clippings, playoff bonuses and conspicuous consumption, is one all men and women can appreciate. Dunbar's catalogue makes it easy to understand the romance of sport in this period; its images stand in such sharp contrast to the dominant images of our own.
    [Show full text]
  • Nigeria Olympic Committee
    INFORMATION TO USERS This was produced from a copy of a document sent to us for microfilming. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the material submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or notations which may appear on this reproduction. 1.The sign or “target” for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is “Missing Page(s)”. If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting through an image and duplicating adjacent pages to assure you of complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a round black mark it is an indication that the film inspector noticed either blurred copy because of movement during exposure, or duplicate copy. Unless we meant to delete copyrighted materials that should not have been filmed, you will find a good image of the page in the adjacent frame. 3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., is part of the material being photo­ graphed the photographer has followed a definite method in “sectioning” the material. It is customary to begin filming at the upper left hand comer of a large sheet and to continue from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. If necessary, sectioning is continued again—beginning below the first row and continuing on until complete. 4. For any illustrations that cannot be reproduced satisfactorily by xerography, photographic prints can be purchased at additional cost and tipped into your xerographic copy.
    [Show full text]