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ENVIRONMENT

Waste Management at Airports

ECO AIRPORT TOOLKIT OUTLINE 1. INTRODUCTION 5 ENVIRONMENT 2. DEFINITION OF 5 3. TYPES OF WASTE 6 3.1 (MSW) 6 3.2 CONSTRUCTION AND DEMOLITION DEBRIS (CDD) 6 3.3 WASTE FROM AIRCRAFT FLIGHTS (DEPLANED WASTE) 6 3.4 INTERNATIONAL WASTE 6 3.5 COMPOSTABLE AND 7 3.6 HAZARDOUS AND 7 3.7 LAVATORY WASTE 7 4. PRINCIPLES 7 4.1 WASTE HIERARCHY 7 4.2 WASTE AVOIDANCE 8 4.3 WASTE REDUCTION 8 4.5 WASTE 8 4.6 WASTE TO ENERGY 9 4.7 WASTE DISPOSAL 9 5 WASTE MANAGEMENT APPROACH - GOALS, ORGANIZATION AND RESPONSIBILITIES 10 5.1 WASTE AUDIT 10 Waste Management at Airports 5.2 WASTE MANAGEMENT AND REDUCTION PLAN 10 5.3 IMPLEMENTATION 11 5.4 MONITORING AND EVALUATION 11 5.5 METRICS 12 ECO AIRPORT TOOLKIT 5.6 RISKS AND OPPORTUNITIES 12 6 IMPLEMENTING A WASTE MANAGEMENT PROGRAM 12 6.1 STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT AND EDUCATION (COMMUNICATIONS) 12 6.2 WASTE SURVEYS, AUDITS, STATISTICS WITH PROPER METRICS 13 6.3 WASTE INFRASTRUCTURE WITH SIGNAGE (COLORS, ICONS, TERMS) 16 6.4 ECONOMICS: INTRODUCTION OF “POLLUTER-PAYS-PRINCIPLE” 16 7. WASTE RECYCLING: DEVELOPMENT AND DESCRIPTION OF THE PROCESS 16 7.1 MSW RECYCLING 16 7.2 CDD RECYCLING 17 7.3 ORGANIC WASTE: DESCRIPTION OF VARIOUS PROCESSING ROUTES 18 8. RESIDUAL WASTE (WHAT’S LEFT?) 18 8.1 AND 19 9. 19 10. REFERENCES 22

International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) 999 Robert-Bourassa Boulevard, Montréal, Québec H3C 5H7, Canada tions. ICAO liablefor damagesarisingfrom, willnotbe butinnoway limited to, theuseofinformationprovided inthee-publica makes norepresentations whatsoever any about otherreferences and websites thatyou mayaccess through thesepublications. references to otherorganizations, orpublications products, services donotconstitute endorsementorapproval by ICAO, ICAO ICAO therightto discontinue, reserves thispublication changeormodify atany timewithoutnotice. Linksto otherwebsites or Nothing herein shallconstitute considered orbe orawaiver to alimitationupon be oftheprivilegesandimmunities ofICAO. ofICAO.expression ofany opinionwhatsoever onthepart The designations employed andthepresentation ofmaterial onany mapand/orMaterials contained herein donotimplythe the accuracy orcompleteness oftheinformation. believes theinformationposted onpublication iscorrect, andattempts to keep theinformationcurrent, ICAO notwarrant does sible inany way fordamagesarisingoutoftheusethesepublications. And, although ICAO relies onreputable sources and been made has to ensure the accuracy and effort veracity of the information inevery this publicationWhile , ICAO is not respon reliedand shouldnotbe inthatregard. upon This publication isprovided asgeneral informationonlyandisnotintended to provide legaladvice specific forany individual - - eng/1321050654899/1323826743862 http://www.inspection.gc.ca/animals/terrestrial-animals/imports/policies/general/2002-17/ 2 1 their annexes to ornational theConvention. laws ofparties defining rules for waste that are explosive, flammable, toxic, corrosive or considered hazardous by in Canada.” including thingsthat are forfeited orvoluntarily surrendered by international travelers arriving International WasteInternational Directive defines waste asany“waste removed from aircrafts … ment for operators international mustfollow waste andairport them.For example, theCanadian tional,’ andisithazardous waste? States have often theirown regulation definingspecific treat For theaviation industry, concern, two otherconsiderations 1)isthewaste are ofprimary ‘interna ing what to dowithit. by-products aviation ofthemodern system have are waste whendecid andthechoices airports ofthisdocument focusesThe majority ontheextent to which thematerials, substances, and man healthandtheenvironment againsttheadverse effectswhichmay result from such ”. wastes: that practices ensure that these wastes “are managed in a manner which will protect hu what canbeconsidered asanenvironmentally soundmanagement ofhazardous wastes orother disposed of or are required to be disposed of by the provisions of national law. also defines It Disposal defines wastes as whichare“substances disposedoforare orobjects intended to be The BaselConvention ontheControl of Transboundary Movements ofHazardous Wastes andtheir defines waste, ingeneral,tionary as “Unwanted orunusedmaterial, substances and by-products” management, includingenvironmentally around theglobe. soundperformance The Oxford dic a common understanding of thedifferent practices, regulations andlevels of waste ofmaturity However, inreality there isnosingledefinitionof to waste,combine especiallyifoneistrying dealing withthedifferent requirements ofthesedifferent typesof waste. nance aircraft activities, andground vehicles operations, offices, andsoon,as wellas construction of handling the waste, which could come from aircraft (domestic/international), tenants, mainte and that needsto begiven aproper treatment. Waste management, therefore, willbetheprocess used” products/materials/substances that happento site beproduced and/orarrive at theairport For waste willbeconsidered ofthise-publication, asany thepurpose of type “unwanted orun 2. minimize waste. ular environmentally practices, friendly andthe new concept of circular economy, which can also addressed. will provide site, It the basics of waste management including in partic at the airport thise-publication In “Waste at Management Airports” general andapproaches principles willbe operator to influence itsstakeholders. oftheairport theability and may impact from operator place to also vary rangements place (e.g. with the airport contracts, responsibilities) operator’sgets caninfluence anairport waste management policy. Additionally, stakeholder’s ar tional/local regulation, drivers and realities. For instance, with waste tar a municipality reduction are localentities.Airports Waste are therefore management at airports generally reliant onna authorities, customers andthesurrounding at community large. airport impact thermore, waste management implementation successful hasthepotential airport to positively moremake themanagement economic ofwaste andbetter for at airports the environment. Fur ment presents practices many challenges. There isawiderange that ofsustainablepractices can mustmanagewaste, andimplementing efficient airport andEvery cost-effective waste manage 1. INTRODUCTION Canadian International Waste Directive Oxford Dictionary. Online, available at: OF WASTEDEFINITION 2 The Basel Conventiontype of international dealswithaspecific waste –hazardous, https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/waste 1 ------.

5 Waste Management at Airports 6 ECO AIRPORT TOOLKIT 5 ibid Administration 30,2014. September 4 C&D, CDW, CRD, etc 3 waste originates from countries withdifferent policiesand regulations, thererisk ofintroduction isa flights, butalsocanincludethe waste from the thatterminals international flights service. When Special attention hasto bemadefor international waste. This isgenerally waste from international 3.4 tomay more besubject rigorous disposalmethods. tering process, boxes, includingcompactor –which (bags),foodandbondedcarts carts, waste carts waste includes “galley waste” ofthede-ca by collected caterers –materials airline typically aspart aircraft. Almost 20%ofanairport’s total MSWcomes from deplanedwaste flights. after Waste from (deplanedwaste)type ofMSWthat airplanes is isaspecific removed from passenger 3.3 al, stone, asphalt, rock, gravel, andsand, roofing plastic, carpet, materials, pipe, andothers. drywall, CDD may include such materials as concrete,airport. wood, materi metals, soil, and masonry bricks come from landclearing, excavation, anddemolitionat the or–asthenameimpliesconstruction (CDD). Debris andDemolition isConstruction CDDcan Another ofwaste common type at airports 3.2 comes sources from four asfollows: primary ers, plasticbottlesandcontainers, bags, paperproducts, packaging andcardboard. MSW Airport day items that are usedanddiscarded, suchasaluminumandsteel cans, glassbottlesandcontain have Thisof waste the is most the choicetype that in managing.airports MSW is made up of every 3.1 environmental impacts when considered outinbeneficial ways, andcarried operations canimprove andminimize airport have choicesports inhow treatment, to managecollection, storage, anddisposal. Those choices, compostable waste; ; andindustrial waste. andlavatory For MSWandCDD, air (CDD); Debris andDemolition from aircraft flights (deplaned waste); (MSW); operations encounter ofwaste, practice, varioustypes In airport Solid including:Municipal Waste 3. Consequently, itisnotdiscussed indetailthispaper. “required by law wastes,” andthere are specificprocedures for handlinganddisposalofthis waste. challenging somedefinitionsdiscussedabove.Generally, hazardous waste of fallsinto thecategory minimize waste andgive them abusiness model where they would be treated ina different fashion, ticular environmentally practices, friendly andthenewconcept ofcircular economy whichcanalso This publication willprovide site, thebasicsofwaste includinginpar management at theairport 4. 3. 2. 1. INTERNATIONAL WASTE WASTE FLIGHTS FROM AIRCRAFT (DEPLANED WASTE) CONSTRUCTION ANDDEMOLITIONDEBRIS(CDD) MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE (MSW) Adapted from: Guidance on Airport Recycling,Adapted , from: and Waste Guidance onAirport Plans. Reduction Memofrom theFederal Aviation Note: there are various ways ofreferring to construction anddemolitionwaste, aswell asdiffering acronyms: CDD, OF WASTETYPES Cargo waste –from cargo operations wasteAirline –from offices; andairline and airplanes Tenant waste –from terminal retail andconcessions; Terminal waste administrative –from publicareas offices; andairport 3

5 Deplaned Deplaned ------4 7 6 Ibid be given to minimize the generation of waste at the this decisionhierarchy, thefirst consideration should mate goal of eliminating waste going to .By reuse; to recycle; andfinally, to disposewiththeulti waste management choices: to avoid; to reduce; to –what constitutesty thebestoverall environmental hierarchy, that shows –inorder ofdecreasing priori The ACI Policy Handbookprovides awaste decision 4.1 sending to landfills.” value from remaining waste withtheultimate goalof waste generation and, where possible, extracting shouldpromote thecultureports ofavoiding solid forprinciples waste management at airports; “Air ommended Practices Handbook Council International’sAirport (ACI) Policy and Rec CIPLES 4. Caution mustbetakento ensure that releases waste oflavatory donotoccur pathogens andcanpresent to risks theenvironment andhumanhealthifnothandledproperly. wasteLavatory isconsidered ofwaste asaspecial type andcontains chemicalsandpotential enteric 3.7 does notaddress hazardous waste andindustrial management. lated by state law, andrequire specialtreatment, storage, anddisposal, andtherefore thisdocument ground vehicle maintenance, andabandonedaircraft. ofwastesThese types tend to becloselyregu and repair engine including painting testand metalwork, cell operations, de/anti-icing operations, such asaircraft andground vehicle washing andcleaning, fuelingoperations, aircraft maintenance ofwasteThese consist types products ofoils, solvents, andotherchemicalwaste from activities 3.6 MSW, have althoughtheseoften different treatment optionsthanMSW. now developing othercreative meansofdisposal. ofwastesThese types canalsobecategorized as ated by landscapemaintenance. oforganicThese wastes types are canbecomposted, butairports also generate –trees, shrubs, andgrass clippings, leaves, andsimilarvegetation gener sumed, orwaste generated food during preparation landscapingactivities isoneofthese. Airport generate wasteAirports that isbiodegradable. Food waste from terminals: food that isnotcon 3.5 sent for disposal. cases international waste isincinerated arranges for and on-site, itto bepackaged ortheairport generally handleandprocess internationalports waste separately from otherwaste many types. In Although international waste to similarinmaterial MSW, isoften quarantined type waste (QW). air of plant pests, diseases, andothercontaminants. For thesereasons, thiswaste issometimescalled WASTE HIERARCHY LAVATORY WASTE ANDINDUSTRIAL HAZARDOUS WASTE COMPOSTABLE ANDBIODEGRADABLE WASTE ACI, ACI Policy andRecommended Practices (8thedition)2016 Handbook WASTE MANAGEMENT PRIN 7 provides guiding - - - - - from United NationsEnvironment Programme (UNEP) Figure 1.Illustration ofanexample ofWaste Hierarchy 6 . - - - -

7 Waste Management at Airports 8 ECO AIRPORT TOOLKIT cling Programs. by theNatural Resources Areport Council. Defense 11 outlined above. Different versions ofthehierarchy havebeen adopted by different countries, although they are all broadly similar tothat able at: 10 9 Ibid :32008L0098 8 large source ofsavings in terms of materials and cost, but requires careful planning to realize those an effective whichwillpose processcosts as recycling well. by theairport, CDD canbea recycling and CDD. MSWrecycling canoffer cost savings, but requires development andimplementation of There that correspond are ofrecycling found ofwaste to two types thetwo types at –MSW airports is reduced andenergy and materials are recaptured. of MSW generatedlargest singlecategory by industry the airline ly 75 percent isrecyclable or compostable, ofthe waste stream withpaper being the at airports A common way to reduce theamount ofwaste isto establisharecycling program. Approximate 4.5 reducing miningofaluminumore. or ofrecovered materials alsoreduces thedemandfor newmaterials, for example quire waste minimization suchasuseofspecificmaterials, activities, cleaners, orpaints. The reuse may reuse andrepurpose materialsAirports by usingcontractual requirements withtenants to re to processenergy necessary it. might contribute to reducing theamounts ofwaste emissionsand alsodecreases transportation recycling. All processing ofwaste requires andenergy, effort that but anyby extension, activity may includemore economical useofmaterials, to whilesomemayanotherprocess divert suchas and to waste cost Reducing savings. can contribute efforts reduction to Some airport 4.3 implemented before asubstance becomes waste. EC policies on waste management (see figure 1). Waste avoidance refers to the measures to be Waste avoidance shouldbeat thetop ofany waste management hierarchy, asitisintheACI and 4.2 possible to reduce isto waste principle try to theminimalextent understands that themostimportant Waste hierarchy candiffer intheirnomenclature, however isachieved themainobjective ifone protection that would require correlating needsoftechnical feasibility, andenvironmental economic viability from suchhierarchytimes itcould bejustified to depart inorder to address specific waste streams constitutes the best overall environmental option in waste legislation and policy”, however some posal options: prevention;legislation and dis and policy preparing recycling; other recovery; for re-use; order ofwaste apriority prevention alsodescribes EU Directive (2008/98/EC) andmanagement waste.from airport waste, andthepotential thefeasibility ofwaste for recycling at generation theairport, ofrevenue andadditionally, forairport, cost savings includeopportunities through improved management of 4.4

8 . The directive recognizes that “waste hierarchy generally lays order down ofwhat apriority http://cwm.unitar.org/national-profiles/publications/cw/wm/UNEP_UNITAR_NWMS_English.pdf WASTE RECYCLING WASTE REDUCTION WASTE AVOIDANCE Hershkowitz, Hoover, Allen andDarby 2006,Trash Can CleanUpTheir Recy Landings: How andAirports Airlines UNEP (2011).Towards aGreen Economy: Pathways Eradication. to andPoverty SustainableDevelopment Avail E.U Directive (2008/98/EC). AvailableE.U Directive (2008/98/EC). online at: WASTE REUSE 10 . 9 . http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX 11 . With recycling, residual waste ------Aviation Administration, 2013, page18. 12 are engaged in the process of ‘waste-to-energy’ recapture through incineration or other processes. waste that cannotbehandledinotherways.airport somecasesthelandfill utilitiesthemselves In time ofthiswriting, thisisnot always feasible. The landfillorincinerator are thechoice often for reducing andreusing materials aimto minimize waste andrecapture materials andenergy, at the Ultimately, waste mustbedisposedof. someairport While waste management decisionssuchas 4.7 for energy andinthat way reduces thetotal emissions. carbon ergy compared to conventional (fossil fuel)sources by offsetting theneed for conventional sources conversion ofnon-recyclable waste materials into energy generates arelatively cleansource ofen such as:combustion (incineration), ,gasification andlandfillgas recovery. The sion of waste to energy can be in the form of heat, electricity, or fuel through several processes of fuelthat canbeusedto supplyenergy. This process as isknown “waste to energy”. The conver Waste recovery embraces theconversion ofnon-recyclable waste materials into more usefulkinds 4.6 benefits: within the community, thus contributing benefits locally. CDD canhaverecycling the following tenance, and repairs. of these materials Some can be reused on-site, while others may have a reuse rocks andgravel, wood, andpiping, generated demolition, renovation, construction, during main is recycling of materialseration such as concrete for airports and asphalt pavements, masonry, different brings projects construction CDD fromconsiderations airport thanMSW. Akey consid 4.5.2 will result inabetter process. to develop aprocesscoordinate oftheairport that sector works best. Strong withevery leadership to besuccessful, willbeessential. management support willhaveThe personleadingtheeffort to andshippingtherecycled materials tofor destinations. thecorrect sorting For arecycling effort staff, placement to ofspecial recyclables,collect andprocedurescontainers throughout theairport MSWcanoffer economic andoperational airport savings.It willlikely Recycling require training of 4.5.1 savings.

• • • • WASTE DISPOSAL WASTE ENERGY TO From prepared by theU.S.Federal Recycling, Report ASynthesis Reuseand Waste Document. atAirports: Reduction CDD RECYCLING MSW RECYCLING ing – Reduces trafficSocial in thesurrounding through community reduced off-site haul installation andmaintenance. operations. Less to airport timeandlabormayducing impacts beneededfor hauling, Operational –Streamlines thequantification andorganization ofmaterials on-site, re duces off-site hauling, airemissionsandfuelburn. anddecreases transportation or producing new materials. of extracting tal impacts The reuse of materials on-site re Environmental –Reduces theamount ofmaterials sent to landfillsandtheenvironmen that benefitslocaleconomies.ment andeconomic activity costs, andavoiding purchasing newmaterials. recycling Construction creates employ Economic –Provides cost savings from reduced material hauling, disposalfees, andfuel 12 . ------

9 Waste Management at Airports 10 ECO AIRPORT TOOLKIT setting, ingeneral practice, ofthe waste itshouldinclude goalsandobjectives management, list essential. and its Although the contents depending on the airport and scope of the plan will vary lished by top management and in accordance with the national/regional framework regulatory is wastedesigned avoidance, for airport reuse reduction, andrecycling. estab Having aclearpolicy Using thewaste audit, orotherinformation onwaste aplanshouldbe patterns withinyour airport, 5.2 faces are uniqueandhighlydependent onitsgeographicaleach airport andsocialcondition. operations andapplicable requireregulations,knowledge ofairport asthesituations specific that of everydayuse and distribution items throughout the facilities and grounds. This would however gram. Awaste auditcanreveal as well alotaboutthepatterns ofpeople inthefacility astheir waste particular, management plan.In suchinformation iscrucialto developing arecycling pro ment firststep over indeveloping outawaste or time.auditisanimportant refining a Carrying for recycling, reuse, andwaste andhelpevaluate reduction, theeffectiveness of waste manage where theyendup. The auditshouldalsospecifyamounts ofwaste andidentify newopportunities wastes, whereA waste ofairport theycome auditisastudythat characterizes thetypes from and 5.1 clear roles andresponsibilities ofstakeholdersinvolved aswell asshare overall objectives. management isimperative and ensureagement. theircommitment, It to define engageairport economic, environmental, man ofwaste andoperational inthebroader aspects context ofairport mizing theamount ofreused andrecycled items from waste, butalsotheconsideration ofsocial, overallMinimizing waste throughout airports’ operation and value chain entails not only maxi TION ANDRESPONSIBILITIES 5 WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN ANDREDUCTION WASTE AUDIT WASTE MANAGEMENT APPROACH -GOALS, ORGANIZA Monitoring Evaluation and Implementation Definition Management Waste Plan Waste Audit ------13 clude butare notbelimited to: used, whenappropriate to waste management. The foundation ofamonitoring system could in the approach takenby theorganization to monitor andevaluate operations. That shouldalsobe operatormon elements used in other areas could help identifying of responsibility of the airport consistent andcompliant to otherrequirements applicable to the organization. Identifying com Although theprocedure according may vary to thelevel ofdetails, shouldremain theprinciples ator to properly assessprogress towards meetingthetargets inthe Waste strategy. Management A comprehensive monitoring andevaluation system shouldbeimplemented, oper for theairport 5.4 its management system anddailyoperation. dures are to bemadepublicandto besufficient motivator foremployees toadoptthestandard in problems of waste management. The benefitsof implementing the waste management proce establish effective meansof consultation between theinterested various over common parties occupying premises in joint ownership with or employing workers from other organizations must nications, butothermeansto reach outto localcommunities shouldalsobeconsidered. Airports stakeholders.internal andexternal website canbeusedasavehicleThe for airport suchcommu tion program, incoordination withanimplementation communication strategy, addressing both Staff, tenants and passenger education campaigns the implementa should be included during to sub-contract. get involved whileothermay need withallelements ofseparation, andtransportation, collection regional characteristics. For instance, insomeregions, to directly itmay becheaperfor theairport elements to definethebestimplementation accordinglocal/ practices important to theairport ing theseeconomic instruments to implement acost-effective waste management approach are accordingly. Identifying economic incentives for reducing, reusing and recycling waste, andus the area undertheircontrol. shouldbereviewedThis policy periodically, andprotocol adapted stakeholders,coordination as they may be responsible with all airport for implementation within can influence itsimplementation. ofa corporate strategyThis shouldbepart that shouldinclude The successful implementation of a Waste Plan Management depends on different that aspects 5.3 plan. Annex 1 Plans to foster engagement with employees, managers, and contractors can also be included in the plan. sustainability as acomponent ofanairport and Transportation. development, ofaMasterPlan for or This planmay airport beincludedaspart should remain theprinciples consistent,the size of the airport, for example: Separation, Collection standard proceduresairports andoperations. Althoughaccording thelevel ofdetailsmay vary to The Waste implementation Management process anddocumented shouldbedescribed withinthe implemented, anditscurrent ofthefacility waste andthedescription processes. wasteof essential stakeholders, strategies reduction ofwaste characteristics at theairport, to be

• • • • • MONITORING ANDEVALUATION IMPLEMENTATION Annexes to thispublication available will be soon. KPIs shouldbeableto be amended, ifnotaccurate Easily Identifiable Key Indicators (KPIs) Performance The foundation oftheevaluation could include, butare notbelimited to: dataCollect where required for assessingprogress toward meetingtargets Consistently waste measure data andreport 13 provides a sample outline for an airport Recycling and provides Recycling asampleoutline forWaste anairport Plan. Reduction ------11 Waste Management at Airports 12 ECO AIRPORT TOOLKIT 16 15 14 willfosterSuch communication motivation activity ofrelevant stakeholders, andalsodemonstrate may publishhighlights,stakeholders. dataof theirachievements Airports andmetrics and efforts. All wasterequire efforts reduction good communications amongairport andoutreach efforts 6.1 6 waste management improvement program as coordinating withdifferent regarding and settinganobjective departments possible impacts, sessments are that significant canbeaddressed aspects by theorganization such through actions oftheairport. as Theeral system results andOpportunities andopportunities oftherisks ofRisks ofthe andOpportunities of theRisks Waste system Management isto becompiled withthegen ing thesuitability, adequacy, andeffectiveness ofthe WasteManagement System. The outcome assessment review ofreviewing shouldbeanintegral andbalanc andopportunities A risks part intheregion.activities providing abetterport, outreach to thecommunities andeven positively influencingsocial related including: reducing costs, increasing recycling rates, improving thesustainableimage oftheair Waste canalsointroduce Management that newpractices could provide several opportunities, rial, for example. compromise recycling rates, astheycaneasilybereduced ifrecycling ismixed withorganic mate ofwildlifeattraction that could negatively thesafety ofoperations. impact Contamination canalso waste management system inplace to avoid sites andalsoto prevent contamination ofairport the Waste managementare risks related to contamination. For musthave instance, aproper airports be revised periodically. duce withconsiderations therisks given to cost, feasibility andframework. These elements should The assessment goaloftherisk process isto achieve acceptable that through would risk actions re 5.6 organizations to estimate thesecost-savings by defining waste removal costs asabaseline. ofto demonstrate canalsodependontheability turn cost-savings. EPA alsoprovides guidance for from volume to weight uses standard volume to weight conversion from factors Great Forest to assist with the conversion andcomposition ofwastetity generated. The United States (EPA) Agency landfill. (e.g. kg/tons of % ofdiversion).recycling; should beable The metrics to estimate the quan Common usedare metrics weight andrate ofdifferenttypes of waste generated from anddiverted ress over theyears andcompare results withothersimilarairports audience. Indicatorscanalsobeusedto prog benchmark andnon-expert results to bothexperts valueIndicators usingnumeric canfacilitate theinterpretation ofthestatus andcommunication of areMetrics usedto assesscurrent andtargets, situation, review policy andcommunicate results. 5.5 andis to be continually maintained.as identified by airports The proposed monitoring and evaluation system isto bebasedonseveral keyinformation sources,

STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT ANDEDUCATION (COMMUNICATIONS) RISKS ANDOPPORTUNITIES METRICS https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-03/documents/estimate.pdf https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-03/documents/conversions.pdf https://www.iges.or.jp/en/archive/wmr/pdf/activity20121213/1-3_Visu_WM.pdf IMPLEMENTING A WASTE MANAGEMENT PROGRAM 15 . Costs canalsobe usedasametric, since planningfor investment andre 16 . 14 . ------Guidance on Airport Recycling, Reuse, andWasteGuidance onAirport Plans (2014) Reduction from: FAA quitedocument a bit). Also used parts Recycling, Reuse and Waste (2013), .FAA at Airports Reduction Memo - 18 17 your waste stream, thegoalsofprogram, andtheresources available. of assessmentThe you of type the existing choose is knowledge based on the size of your airport, There approaches are awaste to conducting three assessment: primary A waste assessment willhelpyou answer thefollowing questions: alsoprovidesdata. It abaselineto measure progress inthefuture. awaste assessment. by Awaste performing assessment providesport qualitative andquantitative Before you develop arecycling plan,understandwhat waste isgenerated at andcollected your air 6.2 Essential Stakeholders to amore positive mediacoverage andpublicrelations withthesurrounding community. the airports’ commitment to and corporate sustainable business practices responsibility, leading

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • WASTE SURVEYS, AUDITS, STATISTICS WITH PROPER METRICS Content draws largely from: EPA Program Recycling (2009) (I like and Implementing an Airport Developing this https://www.faa.gov/airports/resources/publications/reports/environmental/media/RecyclingSynthesis2013.pdf Waste Sort Facility Walk-Through Records Examination recycling andlabor(inequipment dollarsandworker time)? What are thewaste-related costs for trash andrecycling containers, hauling, disposal tomers, concessions, etc)? How offices, muchwaste isgenerated cus (airlines, airport by eacharea oftheairport What ofwaste type isgenerated ineacharea oftheairport? What recyclable material isgenerated? generateWhat waste? areas oftheairport City orCountyCity solidwaste management. waste services, haulers,rial contractors andconstruction anditstenants,Contractors janito includingaircraft cleaningandservice, oftheairport facilities Maintenance operations andsupport authorities, governmentEmployees offices, ofairport businessagencies, etc. employeesAirline (includingground crew, cabincleaningcrew, catering); kitchens, flight that andotherindustries operate at the airport) Tenants suchasbusinesses, airlines, andconcessions (includingtaxi,hotel, rental cars, drop offareas, restrooms, holdingareas, and food courts Passengers passingthrough publicareas,lots, garages, and parking pickup curbside 17 18 - - - 13 Waste Management at Airports 14 ECO AIRPORT TOOLKIT ers, carrental agencies, etc). Waste auditsshouldinclude: when applicable, hasinfluence areas (tenants over including: whichtheairport food services, retail material isdisposed. Waste and, auditsshouldincludeallareas control underdirect oftheairport audit looksat thecontents ofwaste to receptacles evaluate throughout what andwhere theairport The mostcomprehensive andresource intensive wasteor assessment isawaste sort “audit”. Awaste Waste Audit walk-through.in afacility their waste generation anddisposalhabits. The custodial staffisan excellent source ofinformation for storage ofwaste, processing ofrecyclables, tasks. andothercollection Also, talkto staffabout time. Track how waste moves Assess existing space throughandequipment available theairport. dling practices. andamountsThe ofwaste types at this generated canbeobserved at thefacility tomers. walk-through benefitofafacility of waste han isthefirst-hand observation The primary walk-throughA facility provides qualitative waste information of staff and cus through observation Facility Walk-Through be usefulinclude: compile allthewaste data from thedifferent your airport. haulersthat service The records that may for labor, you If don’t equipment andservices. have acentralized waste to management system, try A records examination provides information ofwaste onthequantity generated, aswell ascosts, Records Examination • • • • • • • • • • • Costs for hauling, disposalandlaboroflandfillbound waste. Expenses for processing recyclables Commodity rates for recyclable materials. enplaned anddeplanedpassengers, concessions, etc.). ofwasteQuantity generated (airlines, administrative by eacharea offices, oftheairport Identification ofwhichmaterials that canbe reduced, reused, and recycled Types ofwastes generated ineacharea, suchaspaper, metal, plastic, etc. that generateLocations waste. intheairport Identification ofwhat canandcannotbe inthe recycled region. waste haulinganddisposalrecords andcontracts. supply andequipment invoices; and, purchasing, inventory, maintenance, andoperating logs; - - - It iscalculated as: It as garbage. rate is the total weight of recyclable material that is “diverted” from the material that is disposed of plest and most easily understood waste is the diversion metric rate (or % diversion). The diversion andpriorities, andgaugeprogramwaste opportunities effectiveness reduction over time. The sim Waste information provides baselineinformation that canbeusedto identify recycling, reuse, and The diversion rate (%)= weight ofrecyclable materials +weight ofgarbage weight ofrecyclable materials x100 - 15 Waste Management at Airports 16 ECO AIRPORT TOOLKIT Pages/default.aspx 19 7.1 processes that goalongwiththat. ations that relate ofmaterials to involved, thetypes how thosematerials are to berecycled, andthe However,recycling materials at theairport. ofwaste eachtype hasdifferent consider recycling waste management plans will generally include plans forand airport how toand manage collect something new. waste,The two maincategoriesMSWandCDD, ofairport canbereadily recycled, materials istheprocess that haveRecycling oftaking beendiscarded andreprocessing theminto PROCESS OF THE 7. ronmental costs onthebasisthat thepolluter shouldbearthecost ofpollution. Declaration which requiresand theRio Nationalto authorities promote theinternalization ofenvi EnvironmentMarine shallapplythepolluter pays whichstates that principal contracting parties have now incorporated thepolluter pays principal, Convention for example theHelsinki onthe andconsumption.lution incurred production Many during international declarations andregimes damages, inotherwords shouldincorporate that thecosts thecosts ofgoodsandservices ofpol The isthat principle environmental costs shouldbeinternalized by theproducer ofenvironmental of anacceptable level (standard) ofpollution.” (ref 1) sures to reduce according pollution ortheexceeding ofeitherthedamagedoneto to society theextent polluter-pays principleistheaccording “The to thecost whichthepolluter shouldbear ofmea The Polluter Pays Principal was firstestablished by theOECDin1972andis defined as: 6.4 at theairport. anddelivery stakeholders andallfacilitiespoints ofcollection Finally, to beconsistent operator withbothsignage shouldtry andeducation for theairport all properly fitthemisasimple exercise that canbehelpful to increase rates.recycling ifthe waste binscan andcross-checking fining themost common items purchased at theairport havior, to better identify cultural behavior that could beaddressed by animproved signage. De operator element for to considerAnother the airport important is an assessment of passenger be waste. their if theyare ableto successfully sorting passthemessageto theenduserinterms ofquickly the useoficons canbeconsidered userfriendly, independent ofthelanguagepassenger, ceiving international passengersandshouldbeconsidered whendesigning signage. For instance, culture. The lackofinternational waste signage standards istherefore re achallengefor airports too) face are different colors, icons and used terms by different due tolocal regulation airports, and ers andstaff. A common challengethat international passengers(andmaybe domesticpassengers The color passengers, andgeneral signage other stakehold shouldbeeasily identifiable by airport rates theirrecycling, canassistwithreducing whichinturn, contaminationsort andincreasing recycling The use of consistent waste signage (colors, icons identify and and terms) helps the user to quickly 6.3

19 . MSW RECYCLING ECONOMICS: OF INTRODUCTION “POLLUTER-PAYS-PRINCIPLE” WASTE INFRASTRUCTURE WITH SIGNAGE (COLORS, ICONS, TERMS) http://www.metrovancouver.org/services/solid-waste/recycling-signage-campaigns/recycling-signage-colours/ WASTE RECYCLING: DEVELOPMENT ANDDESCRIPTION ------cling Programs. by theNatural Resources Areport Council. Defense p. V. 20 as well assubsequent contracts for work. standards sure and/orspecifications, theseare andmaking includedinthe ‘requests for proposal’ goals theywouldcycling like to achieve from theprocess. many In casesthismeansestablishing need tothe process. consider a development the CDD re project, airports Prior to undertaking developing aneffective CDD processrecycling requires planning early to engage contractors in differentCDD recycling is very from that ofMSW. usually involves Construction contractors, and come from reusing materials suchasasphalt, concrete, andrebar onsite. The process for managing can realize substantial financial savingsAirports from CDD recycling.Much ofthe cost savings 7.2 havebe aneconomic butcertainly environmental saving for theairport, benefits. bins, aswell onthehaulingfees, asthelaborcosts them.Depending to empty thesystem could the tenants whorecycle themost. Establishingarecycling program may have costs for purchasing terms of incentivesIn to encourage have recycling, offered some airports prizes or recognition for for larger loads. waste If ismanagedseparately, theneachsystem would needto includerecycling. and tenants, andmore waste handled, italsooffers efficienciesofscalesuchas lower hauling fees disposal for theentire airport. While acentralized system requires more coordination withairlines their own wastecentralizes disposal, butMSWrecycling works allwaste bestwhenanairport for waste,recycling ofairplane andmotivating tenants may to have recycle. Airports tenants arrange recycling include decentralized waste ofthechallengesairport Some management practices, materials mustbegathered andstagedaccording to for material type thewaste haulerto collect. for thedifferenttypes of materials recyclable to be collected. Additionally, thebagsof recyclable not available from your waste then more hauler and recycling must be sorted, bins are necessary is nostandard for useofcolors sothiscansometimesbeconfusing. singlestream If recycling is what goeswhere. somecasesbinsare In color coded to indicate what theyaccept, however there iteasierfor withimagesthatbe marked show whattravelers shouldgointhem,making to know pair waste bins with recycling bins around collection the airport. Generally airports The bins can plified somewhat. canhave bins The airport for recyclables,type andasecond for allother waste. right disposalpoints. thelocaltrash hauleraccepts If singlestream recycling, theprocess issim of a recycling process involves of waste collections items in bins, and getting the materials to the (the cost to dumpaloadofmaterial andoperational at afacility), requirements. The management space for trash compactors, contract issueswithbothstaffand tenants, costs suchas‘tipping’ fees siderations for MSWrecycling may includestate orlocalpolicies, logistical considerations suchas managed isgenerally dependent onwhat systems arefor available recycling. to theairport Con of MSW is common How atRecycling the largeMSW recycling process airports. is organized and andsent canallbecollected off together.ucts However, itisnow common to see ‘single stream’ recycling inwhichcans, bottlesandpaperprod different into materials separate must be sorted bins, and sent to different places for recycling. of this type trash will collectors collect ‘recycling’ separate from some cases these other trash. In This requires ofmaterials, collecting areas andgettingitto busyurban therightdestination. In paper andeight timesthat ofrecycling thesameamount ofplastics energy benefitsof one ton ofaluminumarerecycling 11timesthat of one ton ofnewsrecycling energy benefits of and emissions reduction aluminum arerecycling large; disproportionately the that aluminumaccounts for only1percent oftheairtravel industry’s waste stream, however the sions, and reducing the needfor landfills and incineration. Astudy from the United States found has many environmental benefits, of energy, including conservation lower greenhouse gas emis of –aluminum,glass, andpaperpulp–cangenerally bereprocessed into newmaterials. Recycling MSW recycling involves items likecans, bottles, andcardboard. The materials theyare comprised

CDD RECYCLING Hershkowitz, Hoover, Allen andDarby 2006,Trash Can CleanUpTheir Recy Landings: How andAirports Airlines 20 . ------17 Waste Management at Airports 18 ECO AIRPORT TOOLKIT implement waste management to principles the maximumefficiency. waste The residual airport incinerators, remains that cannotalways thefact materials cannotalways berecycled andairports While thebestenvironmental isto objective minimize theamount ofwaste sent to landfillsand 8. fermentation, andbiorefinery. are several processes for therecycling oforganic waste, someofthemare composting, anaerobic Organic waste, suchasfood andgreen waste, canbeusedasaresource inseveral processes. There 7.3 systemsthe collection available inthearea. recycling process available asany willhave inthearea airport services isalsoimportant to work with posing ofmaterials needto betakeninto consideration. Understandinglocalandregional recycling costs. Commodity prices for therecycled materials, aswell ascosts for hauling, processing, anddis tenant leasesandcontracts, potential cost oflandfilling waste, andpotential and recycling reuse Existing waste management contracts andcosts shouldbeconsidered, incomparison withthe material types. gistical considerations suchasstaging areas for materials, andlocations to disposeofsoilsorother thatto CDDmay canaffecttheability factors recycle includestate orlocalpolicies,Other andlo recycled materials. available withhigh-recycled content. offers thelargest potential volume on materials withrecycled materials. For example, concrete, rebar andcopper wire are products When new materials mustbeprocured, anditscontractors shouldconsider replacing theairport benefit othersinthe community. to donate themto organization acharitable for reuse. Donationwillnotonlyminimize wastes but bonus whengoalsare metorexceeded. When materials can’t bereused onsite, itmay bepossible can bedesigned into contracts to encourage reuse andrecycling, andpotentially offer afinancial employees Incentives androles expectations participants. canhelpclarify amongtheproject airport onmaterial reusereporting ordisposition. Training workshops for contractors, subcontractors and planwillhelptrack thereuse –with A goodCWM ofmaterials andmay assist–whennecessary works’ associated suchassoilsandcleared withtheconstruction, vegetation, willbehandled. store, materials theproject. to during transport, andsort The planshouldalsoconsider how ‘earth and quantities of materialstypes fromto be diverted disposal, as well as the processes to be used planto helptrackor sustainability andmanagethemeffectively.CWM planshouldidentify the A CDD recycling goalscanalsobeintegrated into anairport’s Environmental System Management plan isoneway tofor beclearaboutexpectations reuse aproject. andrecycling ofCDDduring Working contractor withtheconstruction to develop aConstruction Waste (CWM) Management • • • ORGANIC WASTE: DESCRIPTIONOF VARIOUS PROCESSING ROUTES RESIDUAL WASTE (WHAT’S LEFT?) made from orange peels. organic for cosmetics use in pharma, or chemical industries. For example, soaps can be ucts. processesThrough valuable chemical extraction from components canbe extracted Biorefinery: wur.nl/en/show/Anaerobic-fermentation.htm (awet residue), whichcould (for beusedasfertilizer more info: process ofanaerobic fermentation. This process leadsto ofbiogasanda theproduction Anaerobic Fermentation: ment. This canbeoutsourced orexecuted ontheairport. in-houseinacompost facility Composting: Another usefor organic waste isasasource to produce prod bio-based Organic waste canbecomposted often for orsoilimprove useasfertilizer Organic to waste produce canalsoserve biogasthrough the ) https://www. - - - - - waste management into neweconomic businessmodel: omy isabroader concept than waste management andprovides holistic approach onelevating Waste component inacircular management isanimportant economy. However, thecircular econ Circular economy isbeyond waste management wrap.org.uk/about-us/about/wrap-and-circular-economy use, thenrecover and regenerate life. andmaterials products at theend ofeachservice ( we keepresources inusefor themaximumvalue from aslongpossible, themwhilstin extract A What isacircular economy? and onethat canbeanticipated andplannedfor. of circular economy now characterizes itassimplyonemore transformation lifecycle, inaproduct Disposal ofwaste hashistorically beenseenastheendstageofaprocess. However, theconcept 9. disposal, itinto orfactor theleaseagreements. thatations have aswell. developed Airports waste charge disposalfacilitiesoften tenants for waste The newfacilitiesonsite decisionwhetherornotto could construct includefinancial consider Facilities would needto becited withconsideration offlight paths into oroutoftheairport. give offemissions, andalsocan giveperformance. offheat plumeswhich can flight aircraft affect minimum heights) whichmightwithobstaclelimitations infringe andaviation safety. Incinerators operations. many In casestheincinerator stackshave to comply withtechnical requirements (e.g. these facilitiesfrom thegates andterminals, andplanthemcarefully sotheydonotdisruptaircraft considerations inmind.certain Consider thevehicles androutes wastes to neededto transport landfills and incineratorsBoth are effective waste, for managing but must be cited airport with to recover theheat energy inthewaste. incinerationmost modern plants incorporate heat recovery aswell aspower generation facilities erated soasnotto introduce contaminants between countries. As technologies have improved, waste. many In states,airport it is a requirement that waste from international flights be incin least desirable choices for waste management. they have Nevertheless, their role in disposing of have incinerators airports toSome disposeofwaste. As withlandfills, incinerators are oneofthe with aircraft. wildlife hazard assessment to understandthewildlife inthearea andminimize of collision therisk a should conduct operators considering establishment ofalandfillonorneartheir airport Airport cost effective in some circumstances, but the potential for wildlife collisions must be considered. ofcollisionsthe risk between aircraft andbirds. Having alandfillonsite canbeadvantageous and it isgenerally believed that birds. landfills attract canincrease Landfillsinthe proximity ofairports pared, where waste isdisposedof. Landfillsare a common meansofdisposing waste, however, by having thesefacilities onsite. Alandfillisanarea pre ofland, sometimes graded orotherwise While waste canbeshippedto prefer landfillsandincinerators, someairports to manage waste 8.1 for airports. Waste shouldonlybedisposedofinlandfillwhennootheroptionsare available. infections. Therefore, inwaste disposalshouldbethelastrenders management ofresort practice may poseanumberofenvironmental threats andrisks, from emissionsofgaseouspollutants to is sent to landfillsandincinerators.oftenBoth landfillandincineration require and pre-treatment circular economy • LANDFILL ANDINCINERATIONLANDFILL CIRCULAR ECONOMYCIRCULAR The circular economy entails a isanalternative to atraditional linear new economic mode ) economy l withnewcircular business models (make, use, dispose)inwhich www. - - - - 19 Waste Management at Airports 20 ECO AIRPORT TOOLKIT business modelscanbeusedto facilitate this: together withnewbusinessmodelsandsuppliers value chains. The following sixcircular new designs must be implemented of products of airports, (procured),mental performance often To grasp circular economy beneficial businessopportunities, for boththefinancialand environ Third step: Implementation ofcircular businessmodels flows are measured, goals for improvement canbeset. anditsstakeholderscanbemeasured.This way oftheairport thecircular performance When the EN15805 isthecurrent LCA prevailing to norm perform studies. flows canbemeasured usingtheLifecycle Assessment (LCA) methodology. The international norm To insight intheenvironmental gainfurther theenvironmental performance, ofresource impacts unit and/orgCO2/kWh). (number of alternative per asset) and resourcetionality (kg/€ or kg/functional functions efficiency mustbegathered,of products suchas average lifetimes of products, utilization rates, multifunc Second, to findareas withmost potential for circular data business models, ofthe use performance Second step: Identification ofareas for improvements sion reduction. ered, e.g. onthepercentage content ofrecycled orbio-based and/orpercentage emis ofcarbon ing elements, products, waste water, data, theseflows mustbegath waste performance land).Of fuel, food, products, buildingmaterials, water, land)andout(e.g. waste, usedproducts, usedbuild To grasp circular economy thefirststep is to mapthe material opportunities, flows that goin (e.g. First step: Analysis ofmaterial flows Application ofcircular economy inairports savings andmore value creation opportunities. willprovidewaste management for room for theairport innovation. This willresult inpotential cost Acircular andactivities. products approach intheirwaste management andanall-encompassing constitute city a broad rangetics of a small city. of services, and the surrounding airport Airports are agatheringplace forAirports businesses, shopsandpeopleencompass thecharacteris have forAirports value more creation opportunities (virgin) materials andminimized waste production. Foundation, and/orrecycling (EllenMcArthur turing 2017). This results inminimized useofprimary such,circular economyIn are products designed for reuse, disassembly, refurbishment, remanufac 2. 1. • Dematerialization: material use. inputandthusreducing replacing primary uct, thesingle-lifetime This way resources inputisfrom secondary andoutputisagainaninputfor anotherprod and coffee cups, are madefrom material andcan recycled consequently be again. recycled Circular supplies: production, use production, The circular economy involves tained ashighpossible; (e.g. systems) ismain where product-service thevalue (assets)andservices ofproducts and fully recyclable materials that are used, cartons for example in drinking reduce material usewith newtechnologies, suchasdigital tick airline waste management). all stages of a product or asset lifecycleof a product design, (product ------cycle the waste on airports. In turn reducing primary material useandcosts. reducing turn primary In thewastecycle onairports. economy approach waste management canplay anessential role to avoid, reuse, reduce andre city.ical footprint andairport ofthetravellers andthestakeholders oftheairport Within acircular For thesevariousbusinessmodelshundreds ofcasesare available whichcanimprove the ecolog 6. 5. 4. 3. reuse andrecycle. areand products modular, demountable and flexible. This improves to adapt, the ability lifeProduct extension: traveller whorents thecar. ofpayingthecarowner Instead now for getspaidfrom parking the at theairport. arriving andcatchleave aflight, theycan theircaratrent theairport it to anotherpersonwhois Sharing platforms: efficiency. producers of the goods that provide ultimately in theservice, will increase the resource anditslifetime ofaproduct thiswillenhance thequality asthesebenefitsthe a service you can pay they provide for the (forservice instance light). paying By for as a product asaservice: Product the residue ofthedigestioncanbeusedasfertilizer. : ets that replace papertickets. Increasedutilization rate by ofaproducts sharing. When carowners food waste andotherorganic waste canbedigested to biogasand “Buy light, notlamps’’. Products don’t have to bebought butinstead Extend working lifecycle andcomponents. ofproducts working Extend Buildings - - 21 Waste Management at Airports 22 ECO AIRPORT TOOLKIT Aircraft Cabin Waste Guide. Recycling SustainableAviation. Cabin WasteRecycling cling-signage-colours/Pages/default.aspx http://www.metrovancouver.org/services/solid-waste/recycling-signage-campaigns/recy Metro Vancouver, Signage andColours Recycling Foundation,Ellen McArthur 2017 HaskoningDHV. B. (2016).Circular Mentink, BusinessModels, Royal HaskoningDHV.” “Sindhamani, V. (2017).Application ofCircular Economy NACO, inAirports, acompany ofRoyal Waste andChallenges Indicators-Priority Management forMetrics Waste Reduction and Recycling, Reuse Waste ASynthesis Document, FAA at Airports Reduction and Recommended Practices Handbook). ACI (recommended Policy Handbook: canbefound practices inthe2008edition oftheACI Policy 10. REFERENCES • • • • • • • https://www.iges.or.jp/en/archive/wmr/pdf/activity20121213/1-3_Visu_WM.pdf https://www.epa.gov/smm/metrics-waste-reduction cyclingSynthesis2013.pdf https://www.faa.gov/airports/resources/publications/reports/environmental/media/Re http://ec.europa.eu/environment/waste/framework/ nity/all_public_publications/2011/waste.pdf https://transforming-gatwick.com/globalassets/publicationfiles/business_and_commu https://www.nrdc.org/file/3559/download?token=Nj_6uzgb nar%20Quito/61_Waste_Management.pdf http://www.aci.aero/Media/aci/file/2010%20Events/ACI%20Environment%20Semi - - - - 999 Robert-Bourassa Boulevard, Montréal,999 Robert-Bourassa H3C5H7, Canada Québec International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) E-mail: [email protected] Web: Tel.: +1514-954-8219 Fax: +1514-954-6077 www.icao.int/env E NVIRONMENT