UDC 008 (477):7.04 https://doi.org/10.32689/2617-2224- 2020-4(24)-156-165 Konnova Maya Viktorivna, Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor of Management and Administra- tion Community Higher Education Insti- tution “Vinnitsa Academy of Continuing Education”, 21100, Vinnytsia, street Hru- shevskoho, 13, tel.: +38 (097) 409 06 89, e-mail: [email protected], https://or- cid.org/0000-0002-7579-682x Коннова Майя Вікторівна, кандидат історичних наук, доцент ка- федри управління та адміністрування КВНЗ “Вінницька академія неперервної освіти”, 21100, м. Вінниця, вул. Грушев- ського, 13, тел.: +38 (097) 409 06 89, e-mail: [email protected], https:// orcid.org/0000-0002-7579-682x Коннова Майя Викторовна, кандидат исторических наук, доцент ка- федры управления и администрирования КВУЗ “Винницкая академия непрерывного образования”, 21100, г. Винница, ул. Грушевского, 13, тел.: +38 (097) 409 06 89, e-mail: [email protected], https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7579-682x

FORMS AND PRINCIPLES OF ORGANIZATION OF PUBLIC AUTHORITY OF THE TIME OF THE COSSACK STATE

Abstract. The article describes the mechanisms of formation of the principles and forms of functioning of the state power of the Cossack-Hetman Ukraine; the peculiarities of the formation of the institutional foundations of the Ukrainian state as a complex and contradictory process of the Cossacks are established; it is substantiated that during the whole period of existence of the Zaporozhian Sich there is a natural system of public administration, which formed the basic principles of the Cossacks as the then political elite. The principles of which were divisibility (Sich was divided into huts, there were a maximum of 38), territoria­ lity — into palanquins (five or eight), selectivity (Cossacks of the hut belonged to the authorities of the elected smokehouse ataman). Research and analysis of scientific and historical sources have shown that most researchers believe that in

156 the days of the Cossack state it is possible to study the structure of public power, the elements of which are identical, to some extent, to modern forms of public power as the highest self-government. The most important issues were decided by the military council, which was based on the principles of true brotherhood and mutual assistance. The entire system of state bodies was ensured through the formation of military-administrative power through the implementation of the principles of internal and external functions inherent in the state. The main form of public power was also the general council, among other things, it formed dif- ferent levels of executive, judicial and military power of the Zaporozhian Army, in particular, elected a hetman, whose power extended to all Cossacks of the Za- porozhian Army, including those who lived in the parish , that is, in the populated areas of Ukraine, primarily within the Kiev and Bratslav provinces. We came to the conclusion that the forms and principles of organization of the Cossack self-government of the Zaporozhian Sich ensured the performance of the functions inherent in the state. This gives grounds to claim that it was there that Ukrainian statehood was revived. Keywords: democratic governance, state, military council, military leaders, law, principles, self-government, forms. ФОРМИ ТА ПРИНЦИПИ ОРГАНІЗАЦІЇ ПУБЛІЧНОЇ ВЛАДИ ЧАСІВ КОЗАЦЬКОЇ ДЕРЖАВИ Анотація. Схарактеризовано механізми формування принципів та форм функціонування державної влади козацько-гетьманської України; вста- новлено особливості формування інституційних засад українського дер- жавотворення як складного та суперечливого процесу козацької доби; об- ґрунтовано, що упродовж усього періоду існування запорозької спільноти є природна система державного управління, яка сформувала форми підґрунтя політичного устрою та мотивувала його життєзабезпечення і сформувала основні принципи козацтва як тогочасної політичної еліти. Її принципами були: подільність (Січ поділялася на курені, максимально їх було 38), тери- торіальність — на паланки (п’ять–вісім), виборність (козаки куреня підля- гали владі виборного курінного отамана). Дослідження та аналіз наукових й історичних джерел засвідчило, що більшість дослідників вважають, що в часи козацької держави можна дослідити вже структуру публічної влади, елементи якої ідентичні, якою мірою, до сучасних форм публічної влади; формою вищого органу самoуправління, яка розв’язувала найважливіші питання, була військова рада, яка ґрунтувалася на засадах щирого братер- ства, взаємодопомоги. Адже вся система органів державотворення забез- печувалась шляхом формування військово-адміністративної влади через виконання принципів внутрішніх і зовнішніх функцій, властивих державі. Основною формою публічної влади була зaгальна рада, окрім іншого, вона формувала різного рівня виконавчу, судову та військову владу Війська За- порозького, зокрема, обирали гетьмана, влада якого поширювалася на усіх козаків Війська Запорозького, в тому числі на тих, які мешкали на волості,

157 тобто на заселених територіях України, насамперед у межах Київського та Брацлавського воєводств. Встановлено, що форми та принципи організації козацького самовряду- вaння Запорозької Січі забезпечували виконання функцій, властивих дер- жаві. Це дає підстави стверджувати, що тут відроджувалася українська дер- жавність. Ключові слова: демократичне врядування, державотворення, військова рада, військова старшина, звичаєве право, принципи, самоврядування, січо- ве товариство, форми. ФОРМЫ И ПРИНЦИПЫ ОРГАНИЗАЦИИ ПУБЛИЧНОЙ ВЛАСТИ ВРЕМЕН КАЗАЦКОЙ ГОСУДАРСТВА Аннотация. Охарактеризованы механизмы формирования принципов и форм функционирования государственной власти казацко-гетманской Ук- раины; установлены особенности формирования институциональных основ украинского государства как сложного и противоречивого процесса казаче- ства; обосновано, что течение всего периода существования Запорожской Сечи является естественной системой государственного управления, кото- рая сформировала основные принципы казачества как тогдашней полити- ческой элиты. Ее принципами были делимость (Сечь делилась на курени, максимально их было 38), территориальность — на паланки (пять–восемь), избирательность (казаки куреня принадлежали власти выборного куренно- го атамана). Исследования и анализ научных и исторических источников показало, что большинство исследователей считают, что во времена ка- зацкого государства можно исследовать уже структуру публичной власти, элементы которой идентичны, в какой-то мере, до современных форм пу- бличной власти как формы высшего органа самoуправления. Важнейшие во- просы решал военный совет, который основывался на принципах истинного братства, взаимопомощи. Вся система органов государства обеспечивалась путем формирования военно-административной власти через выполнение принципов внутренних и внешних функций, присущих государству. Основ- ной формой публичной власти был также общий совет, помимо прочего, он формировал разного уровня исполнительную, судебную и военную власть Войска Запорожского, в частности, выбирали гетмана, власть которого рас- пространялась на всех казаков Войска Запорожского, в том числе на тех, ко- торые жили в волости, то есть на заселенных территориях Украины, прежде всего в пределах Киевского и Брацлавского воеводств. Установлено, что формы и принципы организации казацкого самоуправ- ления Запорожской Сечи обеспечивали выполнение функций, присущих государству. Это дает основание утверждать, что именно там возрождалась украинская государственность. Ключевые слова: демократическое управление, государство, военный совет, военачальники, право, принципы, самоуправление, сечевое общество, формы.

158 Formulation of the problem. The Cossacks as the then political elite [1, Ukrainian Cossacks were a force that p. 78–88]. sought to realize the political and state As a result, the founder of the ideals of the Ukrainian ethnic group, Ukrainian statehood of the New Age, had a decisive influence on the forma- Hetman B. Khmelnytsky left the tradi- tion of new models of worldview and tional name for the Ukrainian Cossack new political culture in Ukrainian soci- state — the Zaporozhian Army, paying ety, formed the Ukrainian identity and tribute to the traditions and forms of mentality. The Ukrainian state of the democratic government of the Zaporo- Cossack era was a form of the highest zhian Sich [2, p. 22], the principles of development of the Ukrainian ethnos which were divisibility (Sich was di- in the early modern history of Ukraine, vided into huts, there were a maximum evidence of its state-building potential, of 38), territoriality — into palanquins an essential prerequisite for the imple- (five or eight), selectivity (Cossacks of mentation of the nation-building pro- the hut were subject to the power of cesses in the Ukrainian society. the elected hut ataman). Analysis of recent researches and The form of the highest body of self- publications. Among the domestic sci- government was a military council with entific achievements should be men- the participation of all Cossacks, which tioned such names of researchers as resolved the most important issues. O. Apanovych, O. Hurzhiy, Y. Mytsyk, Councils were convened as needed,­ but H. Serhienko, V. Serhiychuk, V. Smoliy, always for Christmas and Intercession. V. Stepankov, I. Storozhenko, N. Ya­ Councils were also convened in huts kovenko, V. Horobets, V. Holubotsky. and palanquins. The purpose of the article is to ana- The researches and analysis of the lyze the features of the forms and prin- scientific sources have shown that in ciples of the public power of the Cos- the days of the Cossack state it is possi- sack state and their impact on the state ble to study the structure of the public and legal position of Ukraine. power, the elements of which are iden- Presentation of the main research tical, to some extent, to modern forms material. The study and analysis of of the public power. Refusing to recog- the historical sources showed that re- nize the authority of any ruler, the Cos- searchers have found much evidence sacks exercised the self-government of participants about the unquen­ in accordance with the customs and chable thirst of peasants and burghers traditions that have been formed over to achieve Cossack status. Throughout­ generations. All Cossacks had equal the period of existence of the Zaporo- rights, their relations were based on the zhian community, the democratic go­ principles of sincere brotherhood and vernance as a natural system of the mutual assistance. The structure of the public administration formed the basis Zaporozhian community was based on of the political system and motivated republican-democratic principles [3]. its livelihood. As a historical factor, All military officers were elected by they played a primary role in the for- the Military Council for one year. The mation of the basic principles of the highest power after the Military Coun-

159 cil was held by the Kosh Ataman — (heads of military units numbering military, administrative, judicial. He up to several thousand Cossacks), de- was accountable to the Military Coun- cided on participation in the war, ap- cil. The second person after the ata- proved plans for specific combat opera- man was considered a military judge, tions, read diplomatic correspondence who acted as a guarantor of the origi- from various addressees, and received nal customs of the Sich community. In foreign ambassadors, formed the com- his decisions he was guided by custo­ position of the Cossack embassies to mary law that was passed from mouth the Polish king and foreign rulers, de- to mouth. The outward sign of power termined and approved their embassy was a large silver seal that fastened all instructions, sometimes passed and the decisions of the Sich society. In ad- executed­ court verdicts, and so on. The dition to judicial functions, he replaced Cossack councils also elected the ruling­ the Kosh Ataman, was the chief of ar- leadership of the Zaporozhian Sich, in- tillery. The huts were administrative cluding the Kosh ataman, who, on the and military units. They were headed one hand, had power over the Sich Cos- by elected and accountable councils of sacks, and on the other — was subordi- hut atamans [3]. nate to the Zaporozhian hetman. The military yesaul supervised the The activities of the general Cos- observance of order and discipline by sack councils were based on the direct the Cossacks, monitored the execution democracy of the Cossack circle. This of court decisions of the council and meant that every full-fledged Cossack the ataman, conducted inquiries for the had the opportunity to directly influ- committed offenses, etc. [4, p. 56]. ence the formation of domestic and fo­ The organization of the Cossack self- reign policy of the Zaporozhian Army. government of the Zaporozhian Sich In the conditions of the Cossack way of gives grounds to claim that the Ukrai- life associated with the constant need nian statehood was revived here. After to mobilize the society of the Zaporo- all, the entire system of the military- zhian Army to solve urgent military administrative authorities ensured the problems, as well as adequate response performance of the internal and exter- to challenges to the corporate interests nal functions inherent in the state. At of the Zaporozhian community in the the general Cossack councils, among political, social and economic spheres, other things, formed the executive, ju- the General Council was an instrument dicial and military authorities of the Za- of the state of democracy [4, p. 28]. porozhian Army at various levels. For The direct democracy of the Gene­ example, a hetman was elected, whose ral Cossack Council also had its weak- power extended to all Cossacks of the nesses. For example, a crowd of many Zaporozhian Army, including those who thousands could not negotiate profes- lived in the volost, i.e. in the populated sionally or work out the text of the areas of Ukraine, primarily within the documents. However, an acceptable Kyiv and Bratslav voivodships. mechanism for preliminary preparation Military assemblies elected com- of the agenda was found: a group of manders and chiefs, such as colonels competent and authoritative Cossacks

160 was formed at the general Cossack The institute of hetmanship occu- Council, first of all from among the of- pied an extremely important place in ficers who performed the relevant pre- the political system of the Cossack- paratory work and presented its results Hetman state. The change of power of to the General Council. However, not the hetman was by all means extrapo- all the problems of direct democracy lated to the state and legal position of of the Cossack circle could be easily Ukraine. The elected hetman concen- solved. It is said, in particular, that the trated in his hands an extremely wide large masses of Cossacks who gathered range of powers in the legislative, exe­ at the council were not safe from the cutive and judicial branches. He con- psychology of the crowd. So they did vened the General Council and the not always listen to rational arguments Council of Officers, led them, partici- and easily succumbed to suggestion pated in the discussion of issues and de- and ochlocratic sentiments. The “voice cisions of the councils, organized their of the people”, whether balanced or im- implementation, heading the adminis- pulsive and emotional, was not to the tration; the hetman’s signature issued liking of those officers who cared pri- the most important orders and univer- marily for their own interests because sals — legal acts that had the force of they feared losing power or even their law; he also presided over the judiciary, lives in the Council. The difficulties acting as the highest appellate court; of the Cossack democracy include the organized and managed finances, set fact that the Cossacks could not always taxes, managed the land fund; deter- quickly and easily gather for a council, mined the directions of the country’s whose decisions were made without foreign policy; led the army [4, p. 78]. undue delay based on the results of di- The legal basis of the hetman’s rect expression of will [4, p. 57]. power was the norms of oral customary In the process of forming the Ukrai- law — “ancient rights and freedoms”, nian state, the general military council adapted to the state status of Ukraine, was transformed from a military insti- interstate treaties and state-sanctioned tution into a body of state power. But legislation. “Articles on the Structure so far, the researchers of modern forms of the Zaporozhian Army”, adopted by and principles of formation of the pub- the General Military Council in June lic power note these very weaknesses. 1648, became the constitutional act The system of supreme executive of the hetman’s activity. The Cossack bodies of the period of the National custom also provided for the position Revolution of the second half of the of temporarily appointed hetman — a 17th century was embodied by the Ge­ temporary acting hetman. The board of neral Government. It was considered the temporarily appointed hetman was the main administrative, executive and established when the position of het- judicial body of the Cossack-Hetman man became vacant, when the hetman state. The General Government con- could not perform his duties due to sisted of the hetman, general officers health, when the hetman temporarily­ and central executive and judicial bo­ left the capital, as well as to conduct a dies — general military chancelleries. military operation or to perform other

161 tasks [4, p. 23]. Some authors claim of general officers in the way of elec- that the temporarily appointed hetman tions by the general military council was an institution that ensured the has not developed [4, p. 139–141]. functioning of the Ruin period and be- The local authorities and admi­ came an obstacle to Ukraine’s decline nistrations of the hetman state — regi- to anarchy. mental and sotnya governments, urban The general officers — a obozny, a and rural administrations — imitated clerk, two judges, two yesauls, a cornet the central government organizations player and a bunchuk player — played based primarily on the needs of the an important role in the system of or- prompt mobilization of armed people. ganizing the political power of the The administrative division of the Cos- Cossack-Hetman state. The general of- sack-Hetman state, which was divided ficers were obligatory members of the into regiments and sotnyas, duplicated councils of officers, acted as executors the structure of the army: territorial of the resolutions of the hetman and units corresponded to the hierarchy of the council of officers, as well as the clo­ the combat units, ensuring the fastest sest advisers to the hetman, forming an mobilization of the Cossack state [4, advisory body — the council of officers, p. 13–14]. which was tasked with operational ad- The regimental government con- ministration of the country. The func- sisted of a regimental Cossack council, tions of the board of general officers, as a colonel, regimental officers, a regi- a kind of advisory body to the hetman, mental officer’s council, and regimen- were enshrined in the traditions of the tal chancelleries. Based on custom, Ukrainian state, as well as fixed in the the regimental government was su­ Ukrainian-Russian agreements of the bordinated to the regimental Cossack second half of the 17th century. council. The regimental Cossack coun- The importance of the general of- cil had the same mechanism of forma- ficers increased significantly during tion and principles of functioning as the inter-hetmanate, which exercised the general military council; it had the its powers through the council of the right to form a regimental government, general officers. It is believed that in to approve or revoke its decisions. As the mechanism of the General Govern- the regimental Cossack council limited ment, the council of general officers the powers of the hetman, colonels and performed the connecting functions regimental officers, they were not in- between the hetman and the council terested in its development. Therefore, of officers. The general officer was ap- the general and regimental govern- pointed by the hetman or elected by ments gradually at the end of the 17th the council of officers for an indefinite century turned the regimental Cossack term. The hetman and the council of council into a formality [5, p. 38]. officers also dismissed the general of- The regimental government was ficers. Thus, in the Ukrainian state headed by colonels who acted as rep- during the National Revolution of the resentatives of the military adminis- second half of the 17th century the de­ trative power on the territory of the mocratic way of forming the positions regiment and were the executors of the

162 instructions of the hetman, General subject to the obozny. The regimen- and Officer Councils [4, p. 218–220]. tal judge presided over the regimental Colonels within the regiment had court. He had his own office and go­ broad military, administrative, finan- vernment officials. The clerk kept re- cial, and judicial powers. They en- cords of the regiment and headed the sured the mobilization of the military regimental chancellery. Yesaul (usually unit entrusted to them, took care of there were two of them) supervised the its combat capability, ensured its dis- observance of order and discipline in cipline, took care of the condition of the regiment, performed police func- fortifications, and so on. The colonels tions. He had an assistant — subyesaul. performed the full range of administra- The regimental cornet player was re- tive functions in the territory under sponsible for the preservation of the their control. First of all, they managed regimental flag and carried out the the land fund (“rank estates”), which temporary instructions of the hetman consisted of land left by the nobility. or the Council. The colonels distributed these lands The administrative and technical in- between the officers and the Cossacks stitution of the regimental government as payment for their military service. was the regimental chancellery. Within They also organized the financial af- the regiment, it performed generally the fairs, managed the collection of taxes same functions as the general military to the military treasury, leased trades chancellery at the national level. The belonging to the military fund, collec­ regimental chancellery developed into ted rent. The powers­ of the colonels in a leading institution of the regimental land and financial affairs also brought government. It provided a mechanism the city’s economy under their control for interaction between the general, and made it possible to interfere in the regimental and sotnya governments. internal affairs of the cities. It is believed that the regimental A person who temporarily served government formed the basis of the as a colonel was called a temporarily­ organization of the state power of the appointed colonel [5, p. 48]. In the Cossack-Hetman Ukraine. The Ge­ administration of the territory of the neral Government relied on it in its regiment and commanding a military activities. Therefore, the General Go­ unit, the colonel relied on a regimen- vernment comprehensively contribu­ tal officer, whose composition almost ted to the improvement and develop- completely duplicated the composition ment of the regimental governments of the general officers — obozny, judge, [5, p. 216–218]. yesaul, clerk, cornet player. The oboz- The model of the administrative ny was in charge of the regiment’s ma- structure of the regiment was copied terial support. He commanded the con- at the sotnya level. The sotnya govern- voy and artillery, and in the absence of ment consisted of a sotnyk, city ata- the colonel performed his duties. The mans, sotnya officers, a sotnya council regimental artillery yesaul, the regi- of officers, and a sotnya chancellery. mental artillery clerk, the cornet of the The right to form a sotnya govern- regimental artillery and atamans were ment, to approve or revoke its resolu-

163 tions belonged to the Sotnya Cossack military, administrative, and judicial Council, to which, according to cus- forms of self-government. The court tom, it was subordinated. According acted as a guarantor of the customs of to the mechanism of formation and the the Sich community. principles of functioning, the Sotnya But so far, the researchers of the Cossack Council was an institution of modern forms and principles of for- the same type as the regimental Cos- mation of the public power note these sack council. However, by the end of very weaknesses. A model of local self- the 17th century the hetman, colonel government was built (on the example and sotnyk appropriated certain po­ of the administrative system of the wers of the Sotnya Cossack Council. regiment). According to the mecha- Under the leadership of the sot- nism of formation and the principles nyk, the sotnya government decided of functioning, the modern local coun- to grant or reject land, collect taxes, cil is still a variant of the regimental dispose of the treasury of the sotnya, Cossack council (the sotnya Cossack conduct a census of the population and council was an institution similar to property, conduct notarial acts, estab- the regimental Cossack council, which lish duties [6, p. 31]. However, by the should provide mechanisms for inter- end of the 17th century the hetman, co­ action of the general, regimental and lonel and sotnyk appropriated certain sotnya governments). powers of the Sotnya Cossack Council. This is confirmed by the principles Under the leadership of the sotnyk, the of the modern Verkhovna Rada of sotnya government decided to grant Ukraine, which has so far failed to effec- or reject land, collect taxes, dispose of tively unite the mechanisms of interac- the treasury of the sotnya, conduct a tion of all the branches of the govern- census of the population and property, ment in a decentralized environment, conduct notarial acts, establish duties which violates its main purpose in the [6, p. 31]. In the process of forming public authorities of Ukraine, this may the Ukrainian state, the general mili- be a matter for further study. tary council was transformed from a military institution into a body of state REFERENCES power. Conclusions. Hence. The study 1. Lepiavko, S. A. (2011). Velyki kordony showed that in the historical process of ukraintsiv [Great Ukrainians’ bor- formation of the Ukrainian state can be ders]. Hileia — Gileya, 42, 78-88 [in considered as a basis for the transfor- Ukrainian]. mation of the general military council 2. Apanovych, O. M. (1993). Hetmany Ukrainy ta koshovi otamany Zapo­ from a military institution to a body of rizkoi Sichi [Hetmans of Ukraine state power. and Kish atamans of the Zaporozhian The study showed that the highest Sich]. Kyiv: Lybid [in Ukrainian]. form of self-government was the Coun- 3. Konnova, M. V. (2020). Istorichni as- cil (military) with the relevant regula- pekty formuvannia systemy upravlin- tions and the authority of the ruler. The nia ta administruvannia ukrainskykh branches of power were represented by zemliakh kozatskoi doby [Historical

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