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Panamá, 1903-1977: Institución Militar, Democracia Y Nación

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Panamá, 1903-1977: Institución Militar, Democracia Y Nación REVISTA DE LA SEECI. Alessandria Camacho, Thais E. (2000): Panamá, 1903-1977: Institución militar, democracia y nación. Nº 6. Noviembre. Año IV. Páginas: 148-164. ISSN: 1576-3420 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15198/seeci.2000.6.148-164 ____________________________________________________________________ PANAMÁ, 1903-1977: INSTITUCIÓN MILITAR, DEMOCRACIA Y NACIÓN PANAMA, 1903-1977: MILITARY INSTITUTION, DEMOCRACY AND NATION AUTORA Thais E. Alessandria Camacho Centro de Estudios Latinoamericanos (CELA). Universidad de Panamá.(Panamá) [email protected] RESUMEN En 1904 se da la posibilidad a EEUU de actuar para conseguir la paz dentro de la República de Panamá. En 1930 se decide que EEUU no interfiera en los asuntos de seguridad interna del país. En 1934 Panamá autoriza a EEUU a instalar bases militares en su territorio. En 1955 se firma el Tratado de Mutuo Entendimiento para mejorar aspectos de la Zona del Canal. El General Torrijos asume pleno poder Gubernamental en Panamá. En 1977 se firma el Tratado Torrijos-Carter. PALABRAS CLAVE EEUU – Panamá – Zona del Canal – Torrijos ABSTRACT In 1904, the U.S. gives the possibility to act for peace within the Republic of Panama. In 1930 it was decided that the U.S. does not interfere in matters of 125 REVISTA DE LA SEECI. Alessandria Camacho, Thais E. (2000): Panamá, 1903-1977: Institución militar, democracia y nación. Nº 6. Noviembre. Año IV. Páginas: 148-164. ISSN: 1576-3420 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15198/seeci.2000.6.148-164 ____________________________________________________________________ homeland security. In 1934 Panama authorizes the United States to install military bases on its territory. In 1955 he signed the Treaty of Mutual Understanding to improve aspects of the Canal Zone. General Torrijos Government assumed full power in Panama. In 1977 he signed the Torrijos-Carter Treaty. KEY WORDS EEUU – Panamá – Zona del Canal – Torrijos ÍNDICE 1. 1903-1917 2. 1925-1950 3. 1950- 1977 1. 1903-1917. Los primeros estudios topográficos para la Constitución de un Canal de Panamá son ordenados por el Rey Carlos V de España, en el año de 1534. Sin embargo, transcurrieron tres siglos, antes del primer intento francés para construir el canal interoceánico en Panamá. Las obras para la construcción de un canal por Panamá, con el apoyo de capital francés, se inician en 1880 y se extienden por 20 años cuando fracasan por enfermedades tropicales y problemas económicos. No obstante, el 18 de noviembre de 1903, quince días después de la separación de Panamá de Colombia, se firma el Tratado del Canal con los Estados Unidos de América que le confiere a ese país no sólo el derecho de construir la vía acuática, sino de garantizar la independencia de la República y casi simultáneamente trasladar al istmo los primeros contingentes militares. El Canal estará entonces vinculado a la cuestión 126 REVISTA DE LA SEECI. Alessandria Camacho, Thais E. (2000): Panamá, 1903-1977: Institución militar, democracia y nación. Nº 6. Noviembre. Año IV. Páginas: 148-164. ISSN: 1576-3420 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15198/seeci.2000.6.148-164 ____________________________________________________________________ militar. En 1904, los Estados Unidos de América compran los derechos y propiedades de la Compañía Universal del Canal Francés para la construcción de un canal por la suma de U.S. $40 millones de dólares, e inmediatamente reinician las obras de excavación y construcción de la infraestructura que culminan 10 años después, con un costo total de US $ 387 millones de dólares1. Escasos meses después, también en 1904, se configura la Policía Nacional, que consta de 700 hombres y tiene como tarea primordial mantener el orden público y la seguridad interna a lo largo del territorio panameño. La Junta Revolucionaria de Gobierno que declara la independencia, asigna al General Domingo Díaz la tarea de dirigir el comando militar de la ciudad y para mantener el orden; pero el número insuficiente de policías y su falta de experiencia como cuerpo de seguridad, según la Junta, los incapacita para mantener el orden público interno y defender el país de agresiones externas, por lo cual se delega la defensa de la independencia del istmo al Ejército estadounidense a cambio del derecho de intervención en las ciudades de Panamá, Colón y los territorios adyacentes a la zona de construcción del Canal de Panamá, tal cual se establece en el Tratado Hay-Bunau Varilla en sus artículos I y VII. El artículo 136 de la Constitución de la República de Panamá del 13 de febrero de 1904, otorga carácter constitucional al derecho concedido por el Tratado Hay- Bunau Varilla2. 3En el artículo 1363 se establece que: 1 El 15 de agosto de 1914 es inaugurado el Canal de Panamá y en los puertos terminales de las Ciudades de Panamá y Colón inician el funcionamiento del aparato ofensivo y defensivo estadounidense denominado Comando Sur que intervino en los asuntos internos de otras naciones latinoamericanas. Véase: LEIS, Raúl (1985): Comando Sur Poder Hostil. Panamá. CEASPA. 2 Convención Ístmica sobre el Canal de Panamá, también conocida como Tratado Hay-Bunau Varilla para la construcción de un canal interoceánico suscrito entre la República de Panamá y los Estados Unidos de América el 18 de noviembre de 1903, 15 días después de la separación de Colombia, el 3 de noviembre de 1903. Este tratado fue firmado por Philippe Bunau-Varilla, francés funcionario de la Antigua Compañía Universal del Canal Francés, por parte de Panamá; y por 127 REVISTA DE LA SEECI. Alessandria Camacho, Thais E. (2000): Panamá, 1903-1977: Institución militar, democracia y nación. Nº 6. Noviembre. Año IV. Páginas: 148-164. ISSN: 1576-3420 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15198/seeci.2000.6.148-164 ____________________________________________________________________ "El Gobierno de los Estados Unidos de América podrá intervenir en cualquier punto de la República de Panamá para restablecer la paz pública y el orden constitucional si hubiera sido turbado, en el caso de que por virtud del tratado o concesión aquella nación asumiere o hubiere asumido la obligación de garantizar la independencia y soberanía de esta república44.” La norma constitucional justifica, admite y tolera el hecho que la intervención estadounidense garantice la paz pública y el orden constitucional cuando hayan sido turbados, aunque el Gobierno panameño cuente con los medios para cumplir con esas tareas. Los periódicos de la época en su controversia con la administración de Manuel Amador Guerrero, exponen que la interpretación del artículo 136 de la Constitución es un peligro para la estabilidad social del país porque el presidente puede "para debelar cualquier asunto interno, solicitar que los Estados Unidos lo hagan por él [...] Mas tarde con argucias diplomáticas, puede extenderse a los motines y aún a las simples riñas5.” parte de los Estados Unidos de América, John Hay, Secretario de Estado. El 2 de diciembre de 1903 mediante Decreto Nº 24 se ratifica en Panamá en su texto en inglés y el 28 de febrero de 1904 se ratifica en los Estados Unidos. 3 Artículo I: Los Estados Unidos garantizan y mantendrán la independencia de la República de Panamá. Artículo II: La República de Panamá conviene en que las ciudades de Panamá y Colón cumplirán, a perpetuidad, los reglamentos de carácter preventivo o curativo dictados por los Estados Unidos y en caso de que el Gobierno de Panamá no pudiere hacer efectivo o faltase a su obligación de hacer efectivo el cumplimiento de dichos reglamentos sanitarios de los Estados Unidos por las ciudades de Panamá y Colón, la República de Panamá concede a los Estados Unidos el derecho y autoridad de hacerlos efectivos. El mismo derecho y autoridad se concede a los Estados Unidos para el mantenimiento del orden público, en las ciudades de Panamá y Colón y en los territorios y bahías adyacentes, en caso de que la República de Panamá, a juicio de los Estados Unidos, no estuviera en capacidad de mantenerlo". Tratado Hay-Bunau Varilla, entre la República de Panamá y los Estados Unidos de América del 18 de noviembre de 1903. Revista Lotería. Panamá. Lithoimpresora Panamá, S.A.; agosto a septiembre de 1977; página 5 y 8. 4 Revista Lotería. Panamá: Litho impresora Panamá, S.A. Febrero de 1966, pág. 270. 5 5. "Voz de Alerta", El Lápiz. Panamá: 28 de noviembre de 1904. En Revista Lotería, Ibíd., Pág.. 272. 128 REVISTA DE LA SEECI. Alessandria Camacho, Thais E. (2000): Panamá, 1903-1977: Institución militar, democracia y nación. Nº 6. Noviembre. Año IV. Páginas: 148-164. ISSN: 1576-3420 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15198/seeci.2000.6.148-164 ____________________________________________________________________ El mandato constitucional delega al Ejército estadounidense tareas que exceden, en la práctica, actividades pasivas como garantes del orden público, la paz social y la estabilidad, en la medida que actúan también como asesores de la recién creada Policía Nacional, cuando en 1905 se nombra a Samuel Davis, ciudadano estadounidense, como instructor de la Policía y asesor hasta 1917, fecha en la cual el señor Albert Lamb, Mister Lamb como se le conoce, asume el cargo de Inspector General y se convierte en el Jefe de Policía, por encima de los Comandantes designados por el Gobierno panameño. Esto, en conjunto, con las normas constitucionales gubernamentales e institucionales facilitan las innumerables intervenciones de los Estados Unidos en territorio de Panamá, durante las tres primeras décadas del siglo XX cuyos objetivos son supervisar las elecciones; garantizar la paz; asegurar el orden constitucional; asegurar la construcción del canal; imponer soluciones pacíficas a controversias internas entre sectores políticos. En 1906, el Presidente de la República de Panamá, Manuel Amador Guerrero, con motivo de las elecciones municipales, solicita al Gobierno estadounidense el nombramiento de observadores para garantizar el respeto a los resultados del comicio electoral. Manuel Amador Guerrero "no temía una revolución", pero supone que "los desórdenes retrasarían el desarrollo interno del país.
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