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Effects of Thyroxine and Insulin on the Trematode Schistosomatium Douthitti Eain Maxwell Cornford Iowa State University

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Effects of Thyroxine and Insulin on the Trematode Schistosomatium Douthitti Eain Maxwell Cornford Iowa State University Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 1972 Effects of thyroxine and insulin on the trematode Schistosomatium douthitti Eain Maxwell Cornford Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Zoology Commons Recommended Citation Cornford, Eain Maxwell, "Effects of thyroxine and insulin on the trematode Schistosomatium douthitti " (1972). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 5896. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/5896 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This dissertation was produced from a microfilm copy of the original document. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the original submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or patterns which may appear on this reproduction. 1. The sign or "target" for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Missing Page(s)". If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting thru an image and duplicating adjacent pages to insure you complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a large round black mark, it is an indication that the photographer suspected that the copy may have moved during exposure and thus cause a blurred image. You will find a good image of the page in the adjacent frame. 3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., was part of the material being photographed the photographer followed a definite method in "sectioning" the material. It is customary to begin photoing at the upper left hand corner of a large sheet and to continue photoing from left to right in equal sections with a small overlap. If necessary, sectioning is continued again - beginning below the first row and continuing on until complete. 4. The majority of users indicate that the textual content is of greatest value, however, a somewhat higher quality reproduction could be made from "photographs" if essential to the understanding of the dissertation. Silver prints of "photographs" may be ordered at additional charge by writing the Order Department, giving the catalog klUlllkJCI, LI UULltwi ic* o|i^v.rv.>i t iw/ y ww* »» wwvrf. University Microfilms 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 A Xerox Education Company 73-3869 CORNFORD, Eain Maxwell, 1942- EFFECTS OF THYROXINE AND INSULIN ON THE TREMATODE SCHISTOSOMATIUM DOUTHITTI. Iowa State University, Ph.D., 1972 Zoology University Microfilms, A XEROX Company, Ann Arbor, Michigan Effects of thyroxine and insulin on the trematode Schistosomatium douthitti by Eain Maxwell Comford A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty in Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Department; Zoology and Entomology Major Subject: Zoology Approved: Signature was redacted for privacy. Signature was redacted for privacy. For the Major Department Signature was redacted for privacy. Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 1972 PLEASE NOTE: Some pages may have indistinct print. Filmed as received. University Microfilms, A Xerox Education Company 3 be discussed prior to consideration of 4) the effects of vertebrate host hormones. Neurosecretion in Helminths The concept of nervous and endocrine systems functioning in an integrative capacity has been emphasized by observations that nerve cells can synthesize, transport and secrete chemicals. Although Davey (1966) defined neurosecretory cells as nerve cells stainable by a paraldehyde-fuchsin technique,the use of histological methods for eval­ uating neurosecretion has been questioned by some authors (Bern and Knowles, 1967; Knowles and Bern, 1966). Ultrastructural studies have also provided information which led Knowles (1965) to propose that two types of neurosecretory cells could be defined using the electron microscope. Other aspects of neurosecretion have been extensively studied elsewhere (Highnam and Hill, 1969; Tombes, 1970). Hormone-like secretions and hormones of invertebrates have been classified by Gabe et al. (1964); two types of secretions are said to be elaborated by nerve cells, namely neurohumors and neurosecretions, and therefore both might broadly be described as neurosecretions. Neurohumors (e.g. acetylcholine, serotonin and catecholamines) are elaborated by normally functioning neurons and are said to be mediators of nerve transmission. They travel over a short distance and act for only a short period of time. In contrast, neurohormones (e.g. arthropod brain hormone) are produced by highly modified cells of the nervous system (i.e. neurosecretory cells) and have been described as coordinators of neuroendocrine function. They may be transported 8 juvenile trichina worms are discussed below. Because these reports sug­ gest that substances isolated from one helminth species may affect another species, studies to determine the developmental effect of SMS extract on various helminth life cycle stages are warranted. In summary, it is of interest to note that reports of the produc­ tion of host endocrine-like materials by helminths have been primarily associated with larval platyhelminths. Effects of Invertebrate Hormones on Helminths Invertebrate hormonës hâve long been known to affect protozoan parasites (von Brand, 1952) but effects on helminths have been studied only recently. Yoeli and associates saw no change in the development of Dirofilaria tmmitis microfilariae in Anopheles guadrimaculatus in the absence of a gonadotropic hormone (Yoeli et al., 1962). Farnesol and similar insect juvenile hormone mimics have been shown to inhibit the development of Trichinella spiralis in vitro (Meerovitch, 1965; Shanta and Meerovitch, 1970) but the effects are not related to the juvenile hormone activity of the compounds (Shanta and Meerovitch, 1970). Similar results have been reported when a compound which is not a juvenile hormone mimic was used (Boisvenue et al., unpublished ab­ stract, 1971). Hitcho and Thorsen (1971) demonstrated that both a synthetic juvenile hormone, as well as a lipid extract from encysted juveniles of Trichinella spiralis stimulate growth but inhibit molting of these .juveniles in vitro. Kowalski (unpubl. abstr., 1971) reported that this synthetic juvenile hormone as well as inokosterone (an insect molting hormone) are capable of stimulating growth of Hymenolepls 13 Table 2. (Continued) Parasite Host Observations Author T. spiralis Mouse cellular response to Coker, 1956b, trichina depressed by 1956c cortisone; numerical re­ duction of juveniles not seen after removal of cortisone treatment spiralis Mouse cortisone injections Zaiman et al., hasten death of mice 1962 given lethal does of trichina _!• spiralis Rat little or no immunity Markell, 1957; when challenge does are Markell and accompanied by cortisone Lewis, 1957 acetate injections—a high antibody titer seen in controls, none in cortisone treated expéri­ mentais T. spiralis Rat cortisone appeared quite Lord, 1958 toxic—enabled more juveniles to penetrate intestinal mucosa; ACTH minimizes weight loss, decreases mortality, and prolongs survival time T. spiralis Man, ACTH favorably alters Luongo et al., Guinea clinical trichinosis, but 1951 pig fails to reduce mortality in lethally dosed guinea pigs Nippostrongylus Rat cortisone suppresses skin in- Weinstein, 1955 mur is flammation—adult worms are larger in cortisone treated animals Nippostrongylus Guinea more juveniles recovered from Parker, 1961 brasiliensis pig cortisone treated animals; some reached Intestines and matured in cortisone treated animals 19 Table 3. (Continued) Parasite Host Observations Author Nippostrongylus Hamster, no difference due to host Haley, 1958, brasillensis Rat sex seen in normal rat 1966a,b hosts or in immature (2-3 weeks) hamsters, but mature male hamsters were more susceptible than females; gonadectomy of male hamsters decreased their suseptibility to infection whereas gonadectomy of rats had no effect on suscep­ tibility; after serial passage in hamsters, males were only 1.2 times more susceptible than females compared to a 16.7 fold difference with the original rat strain Nematospiroides Rat, male mice and young male Dobson, 1961a,b dubius House rats were susceptible to infection than comparable females Ancylostoma Dog male dogs more susceptible than Miller, 1965 caninum females; in pups (2-5 months) both sexes were equally susceptible Heterodera Sugar testosterone treatment Johnson and schachti beet caused morphological Viglierchio, changes in female worms 1970 but not males of this plant parasitic species 20 Table 4. Effects of host sex and sex hormones on trematode infections Parasite Host Observations Author Notocotylus Pilgrim males more heavily infected Schad, 1962 attenuatus goose than females, but possibly because they feed more intensively schistosomes Human locally observed differ­ WHO, 1965 ences in male and female infections attributed to differences in behaviour schistosomes Mouse higher mortality in males WHO, 1966 than females Schistosoma
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