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Plato's Psychological Manifestations of Madness: a Case for a Parallel

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Plato's Psychological Manifestations of Madness: a Case for a Parallel Q&A How did you become involved in doing research? In spring 2012 I was very fortunate to have the opportunity to participate in Professor Tuozzo’s Philosophy 805 Plato Seminar; the result was twofold. I was able to do extensive research on the subject of Plato’s Republic while applying my work toward the honors departmental requirements. After completing the initial paper at the end of the semester, I continued to further analyze my research and rework the arguments that I had developed; I finished the final version during the spring semester of 2013. How is the research process different from what you expected? About Christopher The most obvious difference from what I originally expected is simply the sheer Stratman amount of time that is needed to rework and in some cases completely rethink what needs to be done. This is, however, one of the most important parts, or HOMETOWN so I have found, in making sure that the quality of research done is the best it Olathe, Kan. can be. Another interesting aspect that I had not originally expected was how so many important issues and topic interrelate; this has caused me to take MAJOR seriously the importance of interdisciplinary work in multiple fields of study. Philosophy What is your favorite part of doing research? ACADEMIC LEVEL My favorite part of doing research is imagining a formidable hypothetical Senior or imaginary opponent, who is essentially my intellectual equal but argues against each point that is raised and each proposition suggested. This part of RESEARCH MENTOR the process of doing research, I have found, is very fruitful in strengthening, Thomas Tuozzo or when necessary changing, the argument presented and the research that is Professor of Philosophy associated with that argument. By imagining and taking seriously the possible objections raised against my thesis, the final results of the research are much stronger; this is my favorite part of doing research. Plato’s Psychological Manifestations of Madness: A Case for a Parallel between Philosophical and Tyrannical Souls in The Republic Christopher Stratman In this paper, I will argue that there madness with regard to the latter. or those who are now called kings is a philosophically interesting From this key insight we can then and leading men genuinely and comparison to be made between the proceed in taking an essential step in adequately philosophize, that is philosophical and tyrannical souls establishing and agreeing with Plato until political power and philosophy in Plato’s Republic. I will argue for that, indeed, philosophy and political- entirely coincide…cities will have this point with the intent of building rule ought to be fundamentally united. no rest from evils…nor, I think, will a case for a valuable insight into We can imagine a situation the human race” (Republic, V 473cd). Socrates’ and thus Plato’s conception where Plato made the decision to This paradoxical claim concerning of the philosophical soul. Both the write the Republic in the form of a the unity of philosophy and political philosophical and tyrannical souls are systematic philosophy instead of a rule presents for us one of the dominated by a kind of obsession, or dialogue. I can imagine the opening greatest dilemmas born from a careful what I call Platonic madness; a kind line (the first and perhaps most and critical reading of the Republic. of judicious madness in the case of important proposition) stating, “Until Nevertheless, the Republic is not in the former and a kind of injudicious philosophers rule as kings in cities systematic form, yet Plato did choose Fall 2012 – Spring 2013 | 43 to begin the dialogue with these weakness” (444d-e). Glaucon seems a kind of injudicious madness with words “I went down” (327a). This to be entirely satisfied with giving an regard to the tyrannical soul. But suggests that perhaps he has in mind answer to the question given Socrates’ what I mean by madness needs to be from the very beginning the problem tripartite city and soul; yet, Socrates made clear. Madness is essentially a of how philosophic and political clearly has much more to say (445a-c). manifestation, or so I wish to argue, unification is even possible. We might wonder why Socrates still of the development of Eros, which is It would certainly be helpful, feels they must go on in their inquiry expressed by either a kind of clear- concerning the dilemma of the and to what extent the soul of the sighted and judicious madness or a philosopher-king, if we had a philosopher-king might be central in blinded and injudicious madness. It will more straightforward account of answering these questions (this point be shown that the kind of madness the philosophical soul before we will need to be clarified and supported manifested by the Eros of either attempted to answer the question but it is extremely important for the soul is determined by its relation to concerning why the philosopher purpose of this essay). On the other the Forms. The philosophical soul, should be compelled to rule. We do hand, it could be argued that this is a which has a very explicit relation to not, however, have direct insight into perfect example of Platonic aporia; if the Forms, has a kind of madness the philosophic soul, at least not in so, we might be inclined to think of which is essentially expressed as a such a way as to provide the kind of the paradox of the philosopher-king, kind of clear-sightedness; whereas compelling argument we might hope as well as Socrates’ insistence at the the tyrannical soul, which cannot be for. Of course, this is the very heart of close of book IV that “we mustn’t give said to have a relationship with the the debate, being one of the reasons up” (445b), as something akin to a Forms, has a kind of madness which this paradox of the philosopher-king provocation. is expressed as blindness. Thus, by —as it is often understood—is among According to Mitchell Miller in his establishing the parallel between the most debated issues concerning essay entitled, “Platonic Provocations: philosophical and tyrannical souls, Plato’s Republic. That is why it is the Reflections on the Soul and the we will have a possible explanation current task of this paper to provide Good in the Republic”, at its most or resolution to the philosopher-king a compelling, though indirect, insight fundamental level, this dialogue paradox—why the philosopher-king into the soul of the philosopher-king; is meant “to provoke us, to move should go back down into the cave- such a task, however, is surely much us beneath and beyond its own city in order to rule. easier said than done. explicit content into philosophical The structure of how I will make On one hand, Plato never gives an insight of our own” (Miller 166). I this comparison work in explaining explicit account of the philosophical will generously appeal to Miller’s why the philosopher-king should soul, or at least not an account which insight and argument, as I take him to be compelled to rule is as follows: is as thoroughly developed as the suggest, that Plato’s real genius was I will first attempt to illustrate how timocratic, oligarchic, democratic and in pushing the notion of philosophical the very structure of the Republic especially the tyrannical souls found discourse beyond the mere surface of often provides interesting interwoven in books VIII and IX of the dialogue. any given argument, including those themes or significant parallels which Interestingly, Socrates does give us offered by Socrates in the Republic, so are not accidental. They provide a very brief look at what such a soul as to move us to enter into a kind of both a deeper understanding of the might look like at the conclusion of dialectical investigation of the richer many complex issues as they appear book IV. Once his argument for the elements available in Platonic studies. in the dialogue as well as significant division of the soul into three parts, I will appeal to Miller in order to make points of aporia. From this general corresponding to the division of the the stronger claim that we actually acknowledgement of Plato’s use of city into three parts, is first completed do have a practical, though indirect, parallels, I will then build the parallel and that the rational part ought understanding of the philosophical between philosophical and tyrannical to rule (435c-441e), Socrates then soul by the merits of closely analyzing souls using the notion of judicious proceeds to reintroduce the primary the tyrannical soul and drawing from madness and injudicious madness as question he and his interlocutors this analysis an important parallel. essentially a manifestation of Eros. By have been thus far asking; ‘which is As I stated previously, both the doing so I will then elaborate on the more profitable, to be just or unjust’? philosophical and tyrannical souls are nature of the philosophical soul as “Virtue”, Socrates states, “seems, then, dominated by a kind of obsession, or it can be discovered drawn from the to be a kind of health, fine condition, Platonic madness. Again, what I mean parallel mentioned above and Eros and well-being of the soul, while vice here is a kind of judicious madness in as it functions both in the Republic as is disease, shameful condition, and the case of the philosophic soul and well as its relation to other Platonic 44 | journal OF UNDERGRADUATE RESEARCH dialogues, specifically the Phaedrus. the whole city to almost immediate the dark or blindness to the inability Finally, after these crucial points ruin” (417b).
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