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The United Nations – Beyond Reform? the Collective Insecurity of the International System and the Prospects for Sustainable Global Peace and Justice

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The United Nations – Beyond Reform? the Collective Insecurity of the International System and the Prospects for Sustainable Global Peace and Justice The United Nations – Beyond Reform? The Collective Insecurity of the International System and the Prospects for Sustainable Global Peace and Justice Edward J. Horgan UL Student Number 9706615 A thesis submitted to the University of Limerick for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Limerick Supervisor: Professor Alex Warleigh-Lack Department of Politics and Public Administration, University of Limerick Internal Examiner: Professor Edward Moxon-Browne External Examiner: Dr. Iain Atack Irish School of Ecumenics, TCD. Submitted to the University of Limerick: 2008 i Table of Contents Abstract i Declaration ii Acknowledgements iii List of Tables iv Abbreviations v Chapter 1 Introduction and Aims 1 Chapter 2 Methodology, and UN performance in regions not covered by case studies 35 Chapter 3 A functioning Peace System: Dynamic Functional approach to global peace and UN reform 63 Chapter 4 Asian Case Study – From too much, to too little, too late 106 Chapter 5 Middle Eastern Case Study – UN’s performance in most volatile region 156 Chapter 6 African Case Study – Expendable Communities? 200 Chapter 7 Concluding or Transforming the United Nations? 247 Bibliography 307 ii Abstract The United Nations – Beyond Reform? The Collective Insecurity of the International System and the Prospects for Sustainable Global Peace and Justice Edward Horgan This research project sets out to test whether the United Nations is capable of achieving its primary purpose, the maintenance of international peace and security. If not, is the UN capable of the necessary reform to enable it to achieve these purposes and if such UN reform is not possible, does the UN need to be transformed, or superseded or replaced? The thesis undertook the difficult task of analysing the UN’s performance from a panoramic global viewpoint, and across the timeframe of its existence since 1945, but limited this analysis to the UN’s primary objective. Using a critical approach, it sought to establish the UN’s past performance and future propensity for achieving its primary purpose, by focusing on its overall achievements and capacities. In this respect, this project breaks new ground by adopting a “0” based approach to its analysis of the UN, and concludes with normative recommendations to overcome the UN’s limitations. Most research into the UN has taken the continuing role of the UN as a given. This project questions whether the UN will ever be capable of adequately performing the primary functions assigned to it under its Charter, and suggests that alternative systems of global governance should be put in place to ensure global peace and justice for humanity. The project is empirically based, is partly informed by this researcher’s experiences and relies mainly on qualitative analysis of data assembled from literature and reports by participants and observers, and some informal interviews. It undertook three case studies in the regions most prone to conflict, Asia, the Middle East and Africa. This thesis argues that for structural reasons, reinforced by the veto over UN reform that the UN Charter provides to its P-5 members, the United Nations is virtually beyond the level of substantial reform necessary to enable it to achieve a satisfactory and safe level of security for humanity. The UN therefore needs to be superseded by more appropriate and dynamic systems of global governance underpinned and overlaid by a comprehensive system of global jurisprudence. My central arguments, which are supported by the case studies, are that the UN has failed to achieve its primary function of maintaining international peace and security since its foundation. Furthermore, the very existence of this flawed UN presents a blocking mechanism to the development of alternative international/global structures. This thesis concludes that collective security and peacekeeping, the primary and default mechanisms towards the achievement of international peace and security, are inherently flawed and that alternative approaches are necessary. Because the UN is virtually incapable of achieving its primary objective, it should be superseded by enhanced and dynamic systems of global governance and jurisprudence. The UN however should continue to play an important subsidiary role in global governance as the primary international organisation of states, and could be used also to provide an enhanced system of international security policing under the auspices of a global jurisprudence system. i Declaration I hereby declare that this thesis is my own work and that it has not been submitted as an exercise for a degree at any other university. Signed: Edward J. Horgan Date: 16 April 2008 ii Acknowledgements A special word of thanks is due to the Irish Research Council for the Humanities and Social Sciences for the award of a Government of Ireland Scholarship that enabled me to undertake this research project. My activities on behalf of peace and justice did not begin with this thesis and are unlikely to end with its completion. I wish to express my thanks, therefore, to all those colleagues and friends who have devoted many hours and been exposed to many risks in the cause of peace, as peacekeepers, UN volunteer election workers, and activists for peace and justice. Some have given their lives to this cause. Thanks is due also to my extended family, for the enlightenment I brought from my forbearers, and the love of learning nurtured by my parents, the support of my immediate family, especially my wife Catherine, and the inspiration and critical appraisal I continually get from my children and grandchildren. Academically, I owe a debt of thanks to numerous individuals at the University of Limerick, and the Irish School of Ecumenics, who assisted and inspired me through my undergraduate and postgraduate studies. Special thanks are due to my supervisor Professor Alex Warleigh-Lack, for his patience and expert guidance, and to Dr. Lucian Ashworth who inspired me also along the way. The roots of this research project were nurtured and fertilised especially during the multidisciplinary ‘HPSS’ undergraduate degree course at Limerick University, with its eclectic mix of history, politics, social studies, geography and gender studies. I am indebted also to the advice and insights received in informal interviews and meetings with two former UN senior officials, Mr Denis Halliday and Count Hans von Sponeck, Mr David Dinkins, former Mayor of New York, Professor Noam Chomsky and former US Attorney General Mr Ramsey Clark. iii List of Tables (numbered by chapters) Table 1.1. Hypotheses and Research Questions 8 Table 3.1. Assumptions of Functionalism and Neo-functionalism 92 Table 4.1. Summary of most serious Asian conflicts 110 Table 5.1. Middle Eastern Countries by Population – Total 342.6 million 159 Table 5.2. UN involvement in Middle Eastern Conflicts 159 Table 5.3. Summary of most serious Middle Eastern conflicts 162 Table 6.1. Summary of most serious African Conflicts 207 Table 6.2. West African States (Centrifugal and centripetal fragmentation) 216 Table 6.3. Completed UN peacekeeping missions in Africa 234 Table 6.4. Ongoing UN peacekeeping missions in Africa 2008 235 Table 6.5. Population of Africa and its largest 10 states 249 Table 7.1. UN Security Council P-5 Membership and percentage of World Population 274 iv Abbreviations AU African Union CGDK Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea CPK Cambodian Communist Party CUP Cambridge University Press DRC Democratic Republic of Congo EU European Union G8 Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, UK, USA. ICC International Criminal Court ICCSS International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty, IDF Israeli Defence Forces IGO Inter-government Organisation INTERFET International Force East Timor IR International Relations IRC International Rescue Committee LSE London School of Economics M.A.D. Mutually Assured Destruction (Nuclear War) MFO Multi National Force and Observers (replaced UNEF II Sinai) MNC Multi National Corporation NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organisation NGO Non-Government Organisation OAU Organisation of African Union OECD Organisation of Economic Cooperation and Development OUP Oxford University Press P-5 UNSC Permanent Members: China, US, Russia, UK and France. PDRY Peoples Democratic Republic of Yemen (south Yemen) PKK Kurdistan Workers Party PLO Palestine Liberation Organisation SLA South Lebanon Army TNC Trans National Corporation UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Org. UNSC United Nations Security Council USSR Union of Soviet Socialist Republics WHO World Health Organisation WFP World Food Programme WPNG West Papua New Guinea WTO World Trade Organisation v UN Peace Missions UNTSO United Nations Truce Supervision Organization May UNMOGIP United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan UNEF I First United Nations Emergency Force November UNOGIL United Nations Observation Group in Lebanon ONUC United Nations Operation in the Congo UNSF United Nations Security Force in West New Guinea UNYOM United Nations Yemen Observation Mission UNFICYP United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus UNIPOM United Nations India-Pakistan Observation Mission UNEF II Second United Nations Emergency Force UNDOF United Nations Disengagement Force UNIFIL United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon UNGOMAP United Nations Good Offices Mission Afghanistan/Pakistan UNIIMOG United Nations Iran-Iraq Military Observer Group UNAVEM I United Nations Angola Verification Mission I
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