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Focus ON NGO S His OWN PRIVATE VIETNAM / 18 32 / THE GROWING CLOUT OF NGOS 20 Years After War’s End, Reunion Privatization of International Aid Reminds FSO of Life in a War Zone Changing the Dynamics of Giving By Daniel A. Strasser By Francine Moddemo THE DILEMMA OF ISLAM / 24 38 / INSIDE THE Mideast, North Fundamentalists Globes Most ‘Diplomatic’ NGO Threaten West as Next ‘Evil Empire’ Embraces All the Worlds Woes By Hume Horan By Ellen Rafshoon HAS CNN REPLACED ENVOYS? / 28 Modern Ambassadors Need to Distinguish Between Public and Private Messages By Johanna Neuman Focus

COLUMNS Page 32

5 / PRESIDENT’S VIEWS Toward a New By F.A. “Tex” Harris D E P A R T M E N T S 15 / SPEAKING OUT Two-Track Career Plan: Wrong Turn LETTERS/7 on Road to Personnel Reform CLIPPINGS /12 By Gary Sheaffer AFSA NEWS/CENTER PULLOUT SECTION BOOKS / 45 60 / POSTCARD FROM ABROAD Reliving the Warmth of the French IN MEMORY / 51 By Alan Lukens INDEX TO ADVERTISERS / 59 Cover illustration by Mark Robinson

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he leaders of the foreign affairs such as State 2000 and the new T Strategic Management Initiative. agencies are trapped in then- This is an historic disbelief in the positive. They None is able to meet the major new are facing a shrivelled budget, an isola¬ opportunity for challenges we face. tionist mood in the nation, the end of What the foreign affairs agencies die Cold War and little clarity regard¬ U.S. leadership. all need — not in response to the con¬ solidation bills in Congress, but in ing the U.S. role in the world — as well as the Helms/Gilman proposals to response to the realities of the world cut resources and shift priorities by and budgets — is a serious, compre¬ blunt reorganization and micro-man¬ hensive new look at how we conduct agement of the foreign affairs agen¬ the giant among die foreign affairs America’s foreign policies. This cies. The leadership of the agencies agencies, the State Department, has review must take into account has taken a defensive posture, with opted for a position of “stability” in an changed foreign policy goals, new few exceptions, defending die status era of impending and universal subjects of international concern, quo. They feel trapped historically by change. States managers have made fewer resources, greater numbers of a hostile Congress espousing a new die decision diat all its programs are international organizations and non¬ inward view of limited American lead¬ important; consequently, none is governmental organizations (NGOs), ership in the world. That, in turn, has important. As a corollary, State man¬ new technologies in communications resulted in a fear of openness with agers are busily screening from and information, and lessened need their staffs and with dieir agencies’ employees — and Congress — infor¬ for information security. Our vision employees. There is great fear that mation regarding which program areas must shift from the week-to-week internal documents on how to reallo¬ have least priority. The result of the partisan political battles to a long¬ cate resources will be captured by the department’s efforts not to demoralize term, strategic, 2020 vision of advanc¬ odier side. The exploitation of the anyone, is to demoralize everyone. ing the practice of American and State Department’s consolidation Foreign affairs professionals see world diplomacy to reflect new reali¬ option by Sen. Jesse Helms (R-N.C.) the current defensive posture of die ties, new resource constraints and became a major partisan challenge — department and odier foreign affairs new critical issues for the internation¬ with the added validity that it had agencies as a flawed response to al community. This is an historic been proposed by State. inevitable changes. AFSA leadership opportunity for U.S. leadership. The U.S. Information Agency, die has long believed that change is AFSA’s role, absent leadership U.S. Agency for International inevitable in how we do business. Bodi from managers of the foreign affairs Development, the Commercial the world has changed and the money agencies, must be to stimulate this Service (formerly US&FCS) and the has changed. Business and govern¬ comprehensive review. Diplomacy, Foreign Agricultural Service (FAS) ment agencies worldwide fall into two which stands as tire critical lead com¬ have made some initial efforts at distinct categories: change embracers ponent of America’s national security restructuring and reallocating their pri¬ and change deniers. The Department and future prosperity, is today a sub¬ orities to different resource levels. But, of State has three marginally useful ject of cursory review and partisan processes for implementing change: debate between a Republican E A. “Tex” Harris is president of the the budget process; the Congress and a Democratic president. American Foreign Service Association mission/bureau program planning America and die international practice (AFSA). process; and periodic ad hoc efforts of diplomacy deserve much better. ■

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Today, were the world's most experienced moving & storage company. Security’s Govern¬ For insurance or storage, call ment Service Policy Corliss Battle or Steve Everett. insures furnishings and When you're posted abroad, you personal effects at can protect your valuables with a century special low rates, while of Security. in-transit or at your ^ f Since 1890< residence anywhere outside the U.S. Security’s temperature-controlled storage protects rugs, furs and clothing left ’MOVING & STORAGE in Washington—at government expense. Our 2nd Century of Quality Service. 1701 Florida Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20009(202)234-5600 To the Editor: To the Editor: involve some sort of test, such as tire The Journal is to be commended You have given me credit drat is bar exam, or would it mean licensing, as for including R. Michael Gall’s arti¬ undeserved and that, in any event, with the medical professions? Would cle on our shoddy treatment of should be shared. In your June issue, tire credentials-granting body be air Foreign Service nationals (FSNs) in the letter attributed to me is the prod¬ entity of government or an officially May. uct of the Program Committee of fire recognized peer group, such as a bar Nowhere are we more at fault American Academy of Diplomacy, association? Would credentials be than in our handling of FSN retire¬ chaired by Bob McCloskey and includ¬ required prior to practice, like medical ment. As director of Personnel’s ing Tom Boyatt, Bill Harrop, Harry licenses, or simply serve as air attesta¬ Office of Retirement and Career Shlaudeman, Bob Bowie and Lincoln tion of a certain level of knowledge, like Transition from 1992-94, I became Gordon. It is a statement on “America’s a CPA? Would a diplomatic administra¬ quite familiar with the 1993 Office Role Abroad,” reflecting a concern tor, such as nryself, be judged in tire of Inspector General’s report on the among many academy members about same manner turd on the same bases as issue. My efforts to inspire some certain trends in the current debate air officer? Freeman lists 10 front office support for the recom¬ about America’s role in the post-Cold major tasks of diplomats, but not one of mendations that we try to sell War world that, if not balanced by them involves internal management. Congress on a viable worldwide recognition of the need for cooperative I also wonder just how much tire FSN retirement system were a com¬ effort with our friends and allies and establishment of credentials really has plete failure. There was some gener¬ the United Nations as well, would risk enhanced some fields of work. al sympathy, but more pressing mat¬ weakening American leadership at a Freeman writes that professionaliza¬ ters always consumed the attention time of critical change abroad. tion of the clergy, the law, medicine of upper floor principals. L. Bruce Laingen and the military first emerged in tire As the article points out, it is President in the 18th century. But FSNs in the poorest countries who The American Academy codes of conduct and standards of are least likely to have adequate of Diplomacy training go back to the dawn of record¬ retirement benefits under local law Washington, D.C. ed history. Modem trappings of pro¬ and custom. Needless to say, it is in fessionalization such as degrees, exam¬ these countries where FSNs are inations turd licenses do not ensure most likely to spend most of their dedication, integrity or common working lives as U.S. government sense. Lawyers, in spite of all their employees because of the paucity of To the Editor: education and exams, are regarded by alternative opportunities. Chas. W. Freeman Jr.’s suggestion a not insignificant part of the populace The American Foreign Service in the March Journal that diplomats as little better at times than the crimi¬ Association (AFSA) could perforin no should be professionalized in the same nals many of them represent. better humanitarian service than to way as lawyers and the military is a In diplomacy, at least as practiced by take on the task of prodding manage¬ thought-provoking proposition, tire U.S. Foreign Sendee, specific knowl¬ ment and Congress toward establishing though much easier said than done. edge turd skills do not translate easily into an adequate FSN retirement system. For me, it raised as many doubts and general standards that might be used to Walter A. Lundy objections as points in favor. determine whether or not someone is Retired FSO What form would such a defined professionally certifiable. Someone who Arlington, Va. professionalization take? Would it speaks Portuguese and did a graduate

JULY 1995/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 7 L E T T E R S

thesis on the military governments of new diplomats is indeed rigorous ;uid up his French and English at die start Brazil might veiy well find himself produces a corps of diplomats known of his career, but who has not seen the assigned to Saudi Arabia or Poland. for its professionalism and high stan¬ inside of a classroom since. Diplomats And what about die necessary but dards of performance. The U.S. are sent overseas with only die lan¬ “nonsubstantive” aspects of an process is just as rigorous and is not guage and area expertise they have embassy? Which is more universally known for producing anydiing odier acquired themselves, on their own useful: an intimate knowledge of the dian a similarly professional and well- time, with little if any of the specialized factors that led to die dissolution of the regarded Foreign Service. That the training in political-military affairs, Soviet Union or the ability to develop, U.S. system allows 45-year-old career labor relations, negotiating techniques, refine and follow a budget? One might switchers and (gasp!) people witii less etc. available to the U.S. Foreign well ask whether any special prior edu¬ than a masters degree to compete for Service officer heading out on assign¬ cation is needed to develop the five appointment is not, in my book, the ment. That they nonetheless demon¬ basic diplomatic skills of agency, advo¬ weakness Unden seems to think it is. It strate high standards of professionalism cacy, reporting, counseling and stew¬ is rather a welcome expression of is a tribute to tiieir individual commit¬ ardship that Freeman proposes. Could Americas belief in equality of opportu¬ ment and skill, not to their system. they not all be acquired in the course nity'; as well as a recognition that the Conrad Tribble of a liberal education and some experi¬ Foreign Service should be as represen¬ FSO ence of the world? tative of the population as possible. U.S.-German Diplomat One thing, however, that would be With respect to training of new diplo¬ Exchange Program accomplished by professionalizing mats, die Germans are indeed thor¬ Bonn diplomacy with gateway requirements ough, but this is not necessarily an is the elimination of political advantage. Those who pass the exam are appointees, whom career diplomats in given one to two years of training in general so love to berate, and perhaps international law, economics ;uid poli¬ also the small army of high-level hall- tics, as well as some language training, To the Editor: walkers whom those political before diey me given their first assign¬ At the Foreign Sendee Day just appointees have displaced. ment (usually with the Foreign Office in concluded, those of us attending were George W Imltjke Jr. Bonn). I’ve often thought diat the [U.S.] told that the Foreign Service is facing Adm inistrative Officer Foreign Service would lie well served by a very serious challenge to the mainte¬ Bureau of African Affairs providing a similar all-around introduc¬ nance of front-line diplomacy. And I, Department of State tion to international affairs, but the basic for one, have no doubt that if the view's Washington, D C. principle of getting junior officers into of Congress are implemented, there the field as soon as possible has served will be a loss of Americas influence in the United States well. Most of die the world. German colleagues I have spoken to At the [retiree] brunch on May 6, agree diat most of the training period attendees were provided a detailed To the Editor: could be better spent “learning by briefing on plans by the Senate Bernard Undens pompous asser¬ doing” overseas. In any case Unden does Budget Committee to make cuts as tions about die flaws of die Foreign not provide any evidence that the deep as $3 billion to 5 billion below' fis¬ Service entrance exam (“Speaking Out,” German approach makes better (as cal 96 appropriations. Yet the reaction April Journal) sound at best misplaced opposed to good) diplomats. of most people seems to be one of coming from someone whose only qual¬ It is worth noting that beyond die bewilderment and disbelief. Even ification for making judgments appears initial career training, tl icre are no com¬ AFSA election candidates seem a bit to be that he twice failed die oral exam. parisons between the U.S. mid the stunned by these developments. To eliminate alleged flaws, he proposes German systems, and Unden notably I agree that the view's of the far to make die Foreign Service screening does not make any. The Germans have right-wing are repulsive and are not (and training) process more like that of nothing like the extensive system of consistent with the role of a great die German Foreign Office, but his mid-career language and other training power in the closing years of the 20th arguments utterly fail to convince. available in die Foreign Service. Many century. Yet to ignore the “voice of the The German process for selecting is the Gen nan colleague who brushed electorate” could be the downfall of

8 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL/JULY 1995 LETTERS Hungry For News From Home? tlie Foreign Service. I would like to ist tide sweeping the United States. Subscribe to hear AFSA candidates address some Across die political spectrum, in Weekly Edition: of die following issues: meetings with academics and ordinary' = The idea proposed by Sen. Jesse citizens, I find Americans far more con¬ The Best of NPR News™ Helms (R - N.C.) to fold all foreign cerned with developments here at on cassette. affairs agencies under one umbrella. home than with burgeoning crises Does the idea have merit? What are overseas. Moreover, diere is a darkness, Whether you’re in Brussels or Botswana, the alternatives? a sense of foreboding to discussions you can enjoy U.S. news from familiar = Right-wing politicians make a lot about U.S. society and its well-being, and trusted voices back home. out of the fact that non-govemmental which largely override any serious con¬ organizations (NGOs) can and should sideration of pro-active approaches to Each week, you’ll receive a new cassette he able to do “everything those foreign problems abroad as either too risky or with a full hour highlighting the best of affairs bureaucrats do.” Moreover, too expensive. With the collapse of die NPR’s award-winning newsmagazines, they assert that doing business via Soviet Union, it appeal's that a new cur¬ Morning Edition f Weekend Edition f NGOs would bring jobs to local peo¬ tain has descended, an opaque curtain <§) ple. What answer do we professionals of willful ignorance and indifference and All Things Considered. have for this one? which obscures tragedies such as = Should Americas resources first Rwanda or crises such as Bosnia, and Special be devoted to the home front, not ultimately renders diem irrelevant to Three Month overseas? Is such a role consistent with too many Americans. Introductory Oiler: America’s being one-third of the In this environment, not stirpris- For just $6.00 a week (including shipping worlds economy? ingly, defense of foreign aid, even and handling), you’ll get three months’ There perhaps are odier questions humanitarian assistance, is given short worth of America’s best reporting. Plus a that need addressing. We cannot shrift: ‘Tax dollars should be spent on surprise bonus. afford die luxury of burying our heads Americas domestic needs.” U.S. initia¬ in the sand. These are perilous times. tives, even in die area of human rights Fax 202 414 3046, e-mail (subscription Roy A. Harrell Jr. abroad, are viewed skeptically: “The @npr.org), or call 202 414 3232, Monday - Friday, 10 a.m. - 5 p m. ET, with your name, Retired FSO United States is not morally qualified address, phone number, and VISA or Falk Church, Va. to judge others.” Discussion among MasterCard information. academics about laying a new, post- Cold War foundation for a foreign pol¬ icy, which might engage broad-based popular support, leads to a conclusion To the Editor: that, at best, the United States might I am concluding a two-semester hope to evolve a policy shaped by and National Public Radio' detail as Diplomat in Residence at die dependent on a narrow, elitist, foreign- . In addition policy illuminati. to teaching and recruiting for the I believe diat at this important Foreign Service, I have taken eveiy juncture, the Foreign Service should opportunity to speak to a wide range not be passive, waiting to be invited to of student and civic groups on foreign- offer our assessments. We have a role policy themes. This duty has been an to play in helping to launch a serious unpleasant eye-opener. Perhaps I dialogue/debate about foreign policy have simply been away too long, but issues and, moreover, our views should the America of 1995 seems somehow be voiced. smaller, more parochial and less gen¬ America ranks last in the industrial¬ erous dian the one I knew almost a ized world among aid donors as mea¬ generation ago. Observers of the sured in terms of GNP, and much of American scene have not been mistak¬ that assistance is absorbed by foreign en in dieir description of an isolation¬ aid “entitlements” for and Egypt.

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HOUSE PASSES BILL futile attempt to sway House members, who passed the legislation on June 9. To CUT 3 AGENCIES On May 24, the Los Angeles Times The House on June 9 approved a headlined, “Foreign aid is not all give¬ broad foreign affairs bill that would away and charity — it assists the U.S. reorganize the State Department, signif- abroad.” The article reported that icantly cut foreign aid and force State to “Americans spend only about $44 per absorb the U.S. Agency for family per year on foreign aid.” "[II Je tend to International Development (AID), the First Lady Hillary Rodham Clinton Arms Control and Disarmament Agency in a May 14 op-ed article for The meet any (ACDA) and the U.S. Information Washington Post, highlighted the AID- Agency (USIA). funded health and education projects situation by President Clinton has warned that that were helping Southeast Asian he will veto the GOP-backed legisla- women. “These projects are proof that reorganizing, tion, which narrowly passed 222-192. American aid — both financial and tech¬ He said it would “take us in an isola- nical — has provided the tools of oppor¬ and a tionist direction at a time when tunity to people and nations who have America is ready to lead the world,” shown a courageous commitment to wonderful Kenneth J. Cooper and Dan Morgan democracy and a market economy. ... reported in the June 9 Washington Investing in opportunities for women is method it can Post. critical to expanding social justice,” Clinton said the legislation constitut- Clinton wrote. be for creating ed “the most isolationist proposals to Washington Post columnist Judy come before the United States Congress Mann joined the media blitz with two the illusion of in the last 50 years,” setting a dangerous articles in defense of AID. The first, on precedent for congressional micro-man- May 10, gave examples of what 30- progress while agement of foreign policy. percent cuts would mean to programs The legislation would reduce foreign such as immunization and family plan¬ producing aid about $1 billion next year and an ning. She also opined that 80 percent additional $500 million in 1997, down to of foreign aid returns to the United confusion. $10.8 billion. The Senate Foreign States through job contracts and Relations Committee approved similar increased purchases of American- inefficiency and legislation on June 7 and has already made products. sent it to the Senate floor, The Post “Dozens of countries have graduated demondization." reported. from foreign aid programs and gone on to become our business partners,” wrote Mann. In a May 26 column, Mann quotes George Ferris, head of a 1990 — GAHJS PcmoMvs, FINALLY, VOICES commission to investigate the manage¬ 1 ROMAA 1/ TUOIL FROM AID GALLERY ment of AID. Ferris said Congress was 66A.D. After months of silence, the adminis¬ fighting a problem that doesn’t exist any¬ tration vocally opposed GOP-backed more. AID “has reduced the number of legislation with a barrage of pro-AID countries. They’ve stripped out layers of foreign affairs articles in the media in a management. They’ve installed modern

12 FOREICN SERVICE JOURNAUJULY 1995 CLIPPINGS

management systems and ... increased Foreign Relations poll, Lane says accountability.” Ferris continued, “We Americans want to reduce aid to all coun¬ know of no agency that has increased its tries, including Israel and Egypt. He says effectiveness to the degree that [AID “For voters, foreign aid is not of numbers Administration J.] Brian Atwood has but of values,” and most people see no brought about change and reform in link between foreign aid and its effects. AID in the last two years.” Lane continues, “The $118 billion USA Today featured an editorial in spent by AID since 1961 has played at YEARS AGO defense of foreign aid, by Secretary of most a minor role in the success of those Defense William Perry and Chairman of once-poor countries that are now doing the Joint Chiefs of Staff John well.” Lanes opines that, “Complacency “Although thousands of Shalikashvili. The two men wrote that about ideas and programs that have memorial services were the international affairs budget passed their prime is the real menace to observed for President “finances our diplomacy and when a politically sustainable American inter¬ [Franklin D.] Roosevelt at diplomacy fails, conflict often results. nationalism.” home and abroad, I Whatever the cost of foreign aid, its believe the one held in the cheaper than military combat.” They garden of the American cautioned, “Foreign aid, like defense FREEING THE 'SLAVES’ Embassy residence in Rio spending, helps preserve our national de Janeiro is worthy of spe¬ security.” OF FOREIGN DIPLOMATS cial note,” wrote Helen Jim Hoagland, in a May 25 Under a special State Department Stixrad Tewell from Brazil Washington Post column opined that program, the household help of “interna¬ in the July 1945 Journal. “House Republican leaders are pushing tional bureaucrats and diplomats” can “At four o’clock on April for legislation that would effectively shut enter the country legally, and last year 14, about 1,500 people down aid to the worlds poor.” He con¬ State issued 3,400 visas for domestics. To including representatives of tinued, “The slash-and-bum methods of get such visas, foreign employers must all the Allied nations gath¬ the House Republicans communicate a agree to proride “reasonable living and ered ... on the great lawn in deep disrespect for the executive working conditions” as defined under front of the stone terrace. branch’s historic foreign responsibilities U.S. labor laws. However, not infrequent¬ As the ambassador read and powers.” ly, live-in domestics are illegally forced to several passages from the The Post on May 27 also reported work long hours for little or no pay, Bible, a lone sailor stood at that Rep. Tony Hall (D-Ohio) has pro¬ Martha Honey reported in the May 12 attention on the upper bal¬ posed an amendment to restore $250 City Paper. “It’s slavery in the shadow of cony. Immediately below, million in humanitarian and develop¬ the Capitol,” said immigration lawyer the Brazilian Marine Band ment aid to Africa. Hall estimated that Edward Leavy. of 75 men dressed in full the amendment would attract the sup¬ Isolation and ignorance are the keys uniform of red and gold port of enough Democrats along with to control. For example, the employer lent color and drama to the Republicans to pass the legislation. takes the employee’s passport, withholds scene. “They’ll have to come a long way his salary and forbids telephone calls or “The reading was over, towards what we’re asking or there independent friendships. there was a moment of won’t be any Democratic votes” for the The World Bank and International complete silence, then the bill, Hall warned. Monetary Fund require their staffers to young sailor raised Iris At the same time The New Republic sign written contracts before visas are bugle and the sad sound of published a rebuttal to the administration issued, but neither those institutions nor “Taps” floated over the rhetoric. Columnist Charles Lane, in the the State Department do much to make quiet garden. The “Star June 12 issue, wrote, “No issue drives a sure U.S. labor laws are followed, Honey Spangled Banner” played wedge between America’s elite and the reported. According to her, the State by the Brazilian Marine American public like foreign aid. The pol¬ Department has long been aware that for¬ Band then roused us all icy mandarins like it. The public hates it.” eign domestics are mistreated and labor from these moments of Quoting from a Chicago Council on laws are violated, but no longer requires profound grief." ■

JULY 1995/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 13 CLIP PINGS

written employment contracts. An official “Distinguishing this election from previ¬ at the State Department told Honey that ous campaigns is a verbal brawl that “Foreign aid the U.S. government has no procedure to largely centers on issues that have also ensure that diplomats bringing in domes¬ hit the national spotlight.” She quotes is like opium. tics do follow the law. He confirmed that , opposition candidate the State Department is not “proactive.” on the Leadership Slate, as saying the There are Lawyer Leavv is blunter: “These folks are incumbents are not “engaged” in aiding and abetting this slavery by allow¬ Congress’s foreign affairs consolidation withdrawal ing their executives to come here and do plans: “The current AFSA leadership diese tilings.” wants to be like an ostrich with its head pains if you in the sand leaving its little bottom out there to be smacked.” remove it. ” HOT AFSA ELECTION AFSA President F.A. “Tex” Harris, who is running for a second term on IN THE NEWS ABROAD the Building Unity in Strength slate, “Dueling sound bites are coming out says AFSA should not sign on to any — Jon\ FOSTER of this years campaign for the officers of of the restructuring plans at this stage: I)I i.u:s. INSIGHT, the American Foreign Service It would lie “like buying a car which Association [AFSA] election,” Evelyn has a fresh paint job but has serious JUNE 12 Tan Powers reported in the internation- mechanical deficiencies,” Tan Powers al edition of USA Today on June 6. reported. ■

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14 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL/JULY 1995 SPEAKING OUT Tioo-Track Career Plan: Wrong Turn on Road to Personnel Reform

BY GARY SHEAFFER

The Steering Committee on of complex fiscal, personnel and pro¬ Foreign Service Personnel curement regulations. Reform has proposed radical A Foreign Service It is wrong to think that only con¬ changes to the shape of the generalist sular and administrative jobs need officer corps. The committees report rewarding general management ability. Political and eco¬ lists many challenges and problems in nomic chiefs must also be good man¬ the Foreign Service, such as weakness competence at the agers if their sections are to be effec¬ in executive direction; the poor man¬ tive. The best section chiefs have agement of resources, people, programs expense of understood this intuitively and have and policies; the need for more effective developed management skills through recruitment, career development and specialization will tireir own hard work. The Foreign training; and severe pressures limiting Service inadequately teaches manage¬ the size of the Foreign Service. be ill-equipped to ment and thus develops few good These problems are undeniable. To managers at the senior level. address them, the Steering Committee cope with an Foreign Service officers must rec¬ recommends a new personnel struc¬ r ognize that management is more than ture based on two broad career tracks. increasingly budgets and personnel. It is an essen¬ The policy management path would tial skill in making any office — con¬ include political, economic and science complex world. sular, administrative, political or eco¬ jobs. Program management would nomic — efficient and successful. include consular and administrative Management is identifying priorities, slots. To develop a wider range of then assigning resources to meet expertise, officers would be required to them. It is motivating and developing take jobs in both paths. cers cultivate another set of skills. employees. It is understanding how to Unfortunately, the committees “The basic skills and interests required lead a team, however small or large, to plan will not improve the quality of for consular and administrative work accomplish a set of goals. Foreign Service leadership. Moreover, are similar,” the committee observed Simply placing officers in consular or by overemphasizing the generalist in its report. “Another set of skills and administrative positions will not teach aspects of career development, it will interests is common to success in them management. Those skills tire not erode critical job skills needed for for¬ political and economic work.” Political learned by osmosis. How, for example, eign policy in the next century. and economic work might be similar could a political officer serve effectively The committee appears to adopt in some respects, but each demands as a consular or administrative supervi¬ and peipetuate the Foreign Service’s very different analytical skills. sor never having learned the complex long-held, but mistaken, belief that Consular and administrative work regulations governing those two func¬ only consular and administrative offi¬ share few, if any skills. A consular tions? Supervisor's must be able to guide cers need management skills, while supervisor is a posts authority on the work of their employees. Senior successful political and economic offi- immigration law and on the legal lim¬ managers such as deputy chiefs of mis¬ its to assisting Americans in distress. sion should know something about tire Gary Sheaffer is a Foreign Service An administrative officer, on the other operations of all sections of an embassy. officer in the Bureau of Consular hand, oversees the posts infrastruc¬ But expecting that two out-of-path Affairs in Washington, D.C. ture and needs an intimate knowledge assignments, as recommended by the

JULY 1 995/FORE 1GN SERVICE JOURNAL 15 S P E A KING Our

Steering Committee, will “raise the come to tlie forefront. or consular, or broaden their basic probability of successful performances” The Foreign Sendee needs officers political skills to become political spe¬ asks too much. with both policy skills and specialized cialists. Every officer would have to All mid-level Foreign Sendee jobs knowledge in key fields. Instead of dis¬ develop policy management skills. By require some specialized knowledge. solving four cones into two amorphous instituting a concurrent management The steering committee acknowledges paths, we should encourage and pro¬ training program, officers could also this, but discourages specialization by mote specialization. All officers need learn to be effective supervisors and placing greater value on generalist certain underlying skills which we now senior managers. achievements. This is the wrong attribute mostly to the political cone. The Foreign Service has never approach for a 21st-century Foreign The drafting, analytical and negotiat¬ devoted much time or many resources Service. The world has become a far ing abilities so highly sought in good to training. The committee recom¬ more specialized place. Political offi¬ political officers are fundamentals mends combining short courses at FSI cers need well-developed analytical every officer should have. widi on-the-job training. I propose the instincts and regional expertise to sift Foreign Service require training at through todays instant information. I propose we adopt functional spe¬ critical levels in a career: Administrative officers face ever- cialties. For tenuring, junior officers — Orientation classes would teach mounting volumes of operational would have to demonstrate competen¬ basic Foreign Service skills, including manuals. Economic officers cannot cy in general foreign affairs skills. At management fundamentals. hope to understand modem com¬ die mid-level, officers would special¬ — After tenure, an officers promo¬ merce without adequate education in ize in fields such as economics, sci¬ tion to die next level would require the field. New scientific issues have ence, political-military, administrative completion of a six-week course — Affordable Luxury ^ If you are relocating, a business traveler or need temporary housing, we offer the comforts of home.

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16 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL/JULY 1905 SPEAKING OUT

tin ■ee weeks of management training and three weeks of advanced job skills GEORGETOWN UNIVERSITY in die officers functional specialty. — To be promoted to FS-1, offi¬ ean, School of Foreign Service cers would have to complete another six-week course tailored to die partic¬ Georgetown University is seeking a Dean of the Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign ular skills necessary for managers in Service, the oldest and largest school of international affairs in the United States. The School offers undergraduate and graduate degrees in international their functional specialties. affairs and regional studies programs. — Several times a year, the The University seeks a candidate who will provide intellectual and organizational National Foreign Affairs Training leadership within the School, the University, and its many constituencies. Center (NFATC) would produce and This would include curricular oversight, faculty development, advancement of distribute videotape or multimedia scholarship, and fundraising. Accordingly, candidates should have distinguished programs on management topics. stature in academic and professional communities, administrative experience, demonstrated interest in public and international affairs, and the ability to These would be required viewing for articulate and implement the mission of the School. officers at overseas posts and in Applications and nominations will be reviewed commencing in early April Washington. and will continue until the position is filled. — The Senior Seminar would Applications and nominations should be submitted to: include segments addressing effec¬ Chair, School of Foreign Service Search Committee, c/o Office of the President, tive management at the department’s Georgetown University, 37th & 0 Streets, NW, Washington, DC 20057. most senior levels. Georgetown University is an Affirmative Action/Equal Opportunity Employer. I recognize that long training courses are difficult with our assign¬ ment cycle and leaner budgets, but we cannot have it both ways. If we want effective managers, dien we have to teach management skills. And Ev TAYLOR IS A this means devoting adequate RETIRED FSO & resources to die job. GEORGE GRIEVE IS A Foreign Service lacking strong A RETIRED CIVIL managers, and rewarding general SERVICE OFFICER competence at the expense of special¬ ized knowledge, will be ill-equipped to cope with an increasingly complex Everard S. Taylor George A. Grieve world. At that point, we will lose our is a full-service financial planning substantive tasks to odier agencies organization that is part of an international financial planning group. that do invest in their personnel. Products & services include: Among our specialties: For info or appt: The Foreign Service personnel Asset Allocation Financial Seminars Mutual Funds* Pre-Retirement Planning 405 Onondio Circle system needs to be reformed. Life Insurance Portfolio Diversification Vienna, I/A 22180*5927 Although fiscal austerity has become Variable Annuities* Minimizing Tax Liabilities Tel: (703) 560-2230 Fax: (703) 560-7718 our government’s watchword, we can¬ Hard Assets Overseas Client Services Stocks and Bonds* EMAIL: [email protected] not allow budget considerations alone Limited Partnerships* to shape the future of the Foreign Service. Foreign affairs in the coming We will provide you with a personal, comprehensive financial plan that will match your investment objectives and risk century wall requirt' greater special¬ tolerance levels with specific ized talents. If the State Department ———~— - ■ recommendations geared toward cannot provide capable and knowl¬ MONEY CONCEPTS reaching your individual goals. INTERNATIONA!. FINANCIAL PLANNING NETWORK edgeable officers, other agencies will. ’Securities products marketed through MONEY CONCEPTS CAPITAL COUP.. Member Firm By ignoring the demands of tomor¬ NASD/S1PC 1208 U S. Highway One North Palm Beach. FL 33408 (407) 327-0700 rows world, we could soon find our¬ selves irrelevant. ■

JULY 1995/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 17 His OWN PRIVATE VIETNAM

20 YEARS AFTER WAR’S END, REUNION REMINDS FSO OF LIFE IN A WAR ZONE

BY DANIEL A. STRASSER

hen I came back to the its sex and dope, its commitment to making love not W States from Vietnam in war, all elements the right is still trying to purge from 1972, I used to tell American society. Most people either experienced people, “Vietnam is one or the other Vietnam, but not both, as I did. not just a war, its a There is another reason Vietnam tolls twice. country. It has real There was always the Vietnam that took place then people who get up in and the Vietnam that remains with us now, seen in die morning, go to work to make ends meet and our poor efforts to recreate Vietnam through films, send dieir lads to school.’’ But I was not quite right: plays and books, or the occasional debate stirred up Vietnam was, is, an emotion, a feeling. And I can by President Clinton’s draft situation or liobert never say or think the word Vietnam without sensing McNamara’s baiting of the soul. It’s the Vietnam that an echo, a pulsation. Its the same sensation you feel Time refers to with its recent cover story, “Vietnam: from a cut or wound: it throbs. Twenty Years Later, It Haunts Us Still.” And diis year, widi all the media coverage of the It was the day McNamaras book was announced 20th anniversary of die Fall of Saigon and die end of on April 8. It was a meeting of Vietnam then and die Vietnam War, I find myself wanting to always say Vietnam now. Three Americans —I, Mark Gatanas Vietnam twice, even if I say it silently the second and Leo Cecchini, and one Vietnamese, Ho Thanh time, because there have always been two Vietnams Bach —got togedier for dinner in Washington, D.C. for me. I don’t mean die Vietnam itself that has More than 20 years had passed since we were all always been two, North and South — with the together. We were there for Bach, who had spent Central area around Hue being kind of a buffer zone five and a half years in a “reeducation camp,” in part — diat remains deeply divided even today. No, I because of his relationship with us three. This was mean die Vietnam that was always over there — the tlie first time he had visited Washington since he war, die country — and the Vietnam that was over managed to leave Vietnam for Thailand, and made it here: the passionate debate that fueled the counter- into the German Orderly Departure Program, cultural movement of the 1960s, with its universities which was designed to find permanent homes for in revolt, its draff dodgers, its refuge in rock and roll, the thousands of Vietnamese who escaped. We spent the evening getting to know each other again, Daniel A. Strasser is an FSO on detail to the catching up, showing what few old pictures we had. National Democratic Institute for International I need not retell here die story' of how a typical Affairs (NDI) as senior program officer for Latin anti-war college student of the late 1960s wound up America and the Caribbean. He manages NDI's in Vietnam working as a State Department officer Haiti and Brazil programs. assigned as a civilian pacification officer, trying to

18 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL/JULY 1995 win the hearts and minds of locals in one of South Thanh Hai was one of the “most secure” districts Vietnam’s 240 districts. All that should be said here in the so-called Republic of Vietnam. I always figured is one ironic fact: Vietnam was my draft dodge. First, that’s why they put me there, hoping I wouldn’t make graduate school was a draft dodge. When that was too much trouble, since I had been assigned to changed, I was totally exposed to the draft, but when Vietnam under protest. Thanh Hai district headquar¬ I went to Vietnam, the State Department sent my ters was nothing short of a modem day Fort Apache, draft board a nice letter saying they hoped my ser¬ a big, square compound with a perimeter made up of vice there wouldn't be interrupted by the draft. I was sandbags and concertina wire with plenty of claymore able to start the career in diplomacy I had dreamed mines dispersed throughout. of since eighth grade, but in a way that made me feel In South Vietnam, behind / need not retell here I had come as close to betraying my principles as one every Vietnamese official stood can without feeling forced into something immoral. an American adviser. No wonder the story of how a The bottom line is this: The young men of my gen¬ my Foreign Service group who eration were all victims of Vietnam, one way or arrived together that fall liked to typical anti-war another we were hurt by it, our lives were forced call the pacification program into twisted directions beyond our control. Bill Operation Prop-Up. The district college student of Clinton was one of tens of thousands, not exception¬ government was pretty much a al at all. What was lost in the rhetoric over draft eva¬ military operation. the late 1960s wound sion is that it wasn’t the risk of being killed that mat¬ up in Vietnam working tered; it was being obligated to kill without a good Perhaps we forget that reason that was abhorrent. Vietnamese young men had as a State Department the same dilemmas as young Arriving at the Phan Rang civilian airport in late Americans. Poor Vietnamese were officer. All that should afternoon in September 1970, I was met by likely to be drafted. As a middle- Maj. Mark Gatanas, district senior advisor of Thanh class Vietnamese, Bach was not be said here is one Hai District, Ninh Thuan Province, who was to be much different than me. He had my superior. I was his deputy in a district advisory been able to avoid military service ironic fact: Vietnam was team of five lieutenants and a half dozen noncom¬ by becoming a government missioned officers. Gatanas came alone, dressed in administrator; he had the educa¬ my draft dodge. fatigues, in an army jeep. A plain-talking New Yorker tion to enter the School for of Greek ancestiy, he welcomed me and explained National Service. But unlike me, Bach wasn’t in the that we were taking a short-cut to Ninh Chu, the tiny career of his choice. He was being paid little, and fishing hamlet on a small peninsula, where the dis¬ lived in Phan Rang and not Nha Trang, where his trict headquarters was based. "The long route is family lived. But he was alive, and Nha Trang wasn’t safer, but takes too long,” he said. “The short-cut that far away. takes us by Black Lady Mountain where occasional¬ I remember several conversations with Bach and ly Viet Cong snipe at us. We’ll drive fast. a friend, Vinh Ty. These were sad talks because they “Oh, by the way, the district chief got ambushed felt their lives were in suspension and that the war and badly shot up on the road going into the hamlet made no sense. These guys, my friends, had no faith last week. Too bad. But he established a routine. Big in their own corrupt government. They didn’t like mistake. He always went to visit his girlfriend in the repressive Communists, but without the Phan Rang at the same time.” I came to understand Americans as friends and advisers there would be shortly that, as a member of an advisory team that nothing to fight for. They could see their leaders get¬ drove around the countryside every day with little ting rich by ripping off the flow of U.S. assistance. security, I was much more exposed to danger daily They didn’t say it, but the truth is they were fighting than the 5,000 Air Force guys who were comfortably our senseless war. They had no more say in it than housed at Phan Rang Air Base. young Americans did, even less.

JULY 1995/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 19 Though Gatanas’ deputy, I was not was Mr Binh, a kind older man and a really expected to engage in military Catholic, who worked for the province advisory activities. Although I had taken senior adviser. He became my ever-pre¬ a 20-hour weapons course in sent partner and guide, steering me Washington and a week of defensive through die hamlets and villages. Later, training with the Green Berets at Fort in Nha Trang, there was Nguyen Thi Bragg in North Carolina, I wasn’t even Thanh Hien, my Vietnamese girlfriend given a gun. I was there to be Bachs and companion who taught me die “counterpart.” Bach and I rarely worked details of daily life in Vietnam. Our rela¬ together, however. Most of his work was tionship was so rooted, however, in the administrative and kept him safely in the reality mid contradictions of wartime district headquarters. As a member of Vietnam diat we dared not hold on to die pacification program — officially once I left Vietnam. We chose instead Diplomacy called Civil Operations and to say goodbye. Revolutionary Development Support I liked the odier guys on the district Has its (CORDS) —I was supposed to “win advisory team. They were not there hearts and minds,” but was given no because they believed in the war, Rewards. resources to even buy some. All funds though they believed diat they were were being put into the Vietnamese sys¬ being loyal Americans by doing their tem dirough a medley of programs duty. When you are out in a war zone, At American Service which should have trickled down to die even a fairly pacified one, it is you Center, your Al, A2, bottom. Cement, rebar and tin roofing, against the guys who want to kill you. plus bags of fcxxl commodities were die There aren’t any real issues. I func¬ NATO 1, NATO 2, or G4 life-blood of die system. It was also die tioned, though, as a member of the visa, along with a diplomatic source of massive corruption. Very ' litde team: sharing meals and doing my or official passport, allow of it got to die villages and hamlets. I weekly four-hour night duty'. you to purchase a new spent most of my time telling local lead¬ It was something of a MASH exis¬ ers diat I didn’t have items to give out. tence out there at die end of the mili¬ Mercedes-Benz at dramatic But visit the hamlets I did, because tary pipeline. Our life was interwoven savings. Contact Erik a key responsibility was getting the with the Vietnamese on the com¬ 1 Granholm, our Diplomat information for die so-called Hamlet pound: We provided electricity for the Evaluation System (HES) — one of entire compound from our generator, and Tourist Sales Manager. tiiose typical U.S.-in-Vietnam efforts justified on the basis of our own secu¬ A native of Munich, to quantify everydiing, including, in rity; and the once-a-night movies pro¬ Germany, Erik has keen this case, loyalty to the government. It jected against a wall from our with ASC for 29 years. was stupid, but it wits a good excuse to screened-in porch were the delight of visit these places and ask a lot of ques¬ the Vietnamese soldiers who gathered tions in a veiy official way, as if die on the ground outside. It was only answers might bring some reward, months after I arrived that 1 discov¬ some change in the situation. The only ered the little bar down the road was change was diat my Vietnamese got to connected to our generator and that be pretty good. the steaks and fried chicken served were also courtesy of die air base. Three Vietnamese taught me about But my life was pretty much with 585 North Glehe Road, dieir country during diat period. the Vietnamese. Binh and 1 would Arlington, VA 22203 Bach was one. We usually got together spend all day visiting the hamlets and after hours or on weekends. We would villages. Usually our visit was a cause of 703-525-2100 go over to a nearby beach and have a some festivity and entertainment. I was Telefax: 703-525-1430 beer and chat away in either a Nguoi My — an American, but I Mobile: 703-795-1829 Vietnamese or English. His English was spoke their language and diat was a a weird version of French. Then diere source of fascination for them. These

20 FOREIGN SERVICE JOVRNAL/JULY 1995 simple rural people received me with be die political adviser to the head of great joy and hospitality. It was rare that the pacification program for die entire we would not be offered to share food, military region — there were only four and we were always offered a cup of such regions — in Nha Trang. I didn’t rather bad tea. I remember being invit¬ have to think twice. Nha Trang was a ed back for several weddings. Back at city of about 200,(XX) and a former die District compound, after lunch on beach resort town, sort of the Nice of Sundays, while die lieutenants played Vietnam. I took over the job of a former bridge and die noncommissioned offi¬ embassy officer, his villa, liis maid, liis cers poker, I usually slipped out of die Ford Bronco, his gun. The embassy front gate to mingle in Ninh Chu with had decided to give up “provincial die locals, who helped me understand reporting” and turn it over to diose how diey felt about the conflict. assigned to pacification. For me it was a One time, I forced Bach and Vinh step closer to being a real FSO. Ty to accompany me on mi evening It was a job widi freedom to travel mission. It was only right that, if we throughout half of Vietnam, meeting all were arming local civilians to defend kinds of people and writing political THE WINSTON HOUSE tiieir villages from the Vietcong, we reports. A lot of it was about whether Luxury living should spend some time widi them. I and why some province chiefs were at its finest remember sitting mound giving a pep effective in winning die loyalty of locals, talk about why democracy was better but I also delved into issues of land -SHORT OR LONG TERM STAY- than communism. The moon was shin¬ reform and Montagnard affairs. Just Furnished one and two bed¬ ing bright and we had just put a man on about die time I moved to Nha Trang, so room apartment homes the moon. I pointed up and said that did Bach. Since it was his home town, I Fully equipped with washer and right at that moment Americans were met liis whole family and frequendy vis¬ dryer in each apartment on the moon and the Russians couldn’t ited their humble home. Bach’s aging Garage parking available do that. That really impressed diem. I fadier and mother — he in white paja¬ 24-hour front desk don’t know if it really meant anydiing mas and she in black, bodi with black Fully equipped exercise center with dressing rooms and saunas other dian, “We’re better than diey are teedi from incessant chewing of betel Richly decorated library so stick widi us.” There was a certain nut — were delightful and always and entertainment suite exhilaration to doing this and sharing, friendly. Bach had the habit of coming On-site deli, dry cleaners even briefly, the risks. by my house — an old opium trader’s and beauty salon One of die things that would even¬ lair, with an inner living room with no Attractive rooftop sundeck tually get Bach into trouble widi the windows and a hidden cellar behind a with lounges Communists was his trip to the United bookcase — in the morning and we Short walk to Farragut West, States. Besides the norm til U.S. gov¬ would go off to have a bowl of noodles Foggy Bottom Metro, Dupont Circle ernment invitation to Washington, togedier before work. Sometimes in die Nearby shopping, grocery, Bach visited my mother mid her hus¬ evenings we would go to one of Nha restaurants, and theaters band in Los Angeles, where they took Trang’s many coffee houses, widi their Attentive, service-oriented him to all the tourist attractions. I still low tables and chairs, dim lighting from staff to pamper you remember a silly picture of him in a candles or tiny light bulbs, and young Under per diem rale big Mexican sombrero on Olvera Vietnamese in small groups listening to 90-day minimum stay Street. In New York, my Moms romantic and sad Vietnamese music on

younger brother took him around. He die stereo. The coffee was always strong, THE WINSTON HOUSE also visited Cecchini’s family. made by the old European method of 2140 L Street, N.W. individually chipping each cup, and Washington, DC 20037 My time at Thanh Hai only lasted sweetened with condensed milk. Tel. (202) 785-2200 about six months, enough to Eventually, Bach got a job in Saigon, Fax. (202) 785-5185 become tiuent in Vietnamese. I was the capital. It was a step up, with the given a chance to get out when Dick potential for more advancement. 1 was % Owen, a fellow FSO, asked if I’d like to sorry to see him go. There he met a OPPVITOHITY JBG PROPERTIES

JULY 1995/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 21 young woman, Hoa, whom he married. send representatives to the province When Senior U.S. Adviser for Military capital to live in a special compound Region II John Vann came to Nha built for them. Instead, the South -s Trang he immediately ordered me to Vietnamese ambushed the VC dele¬ ExecuStay, Inc. regularly visit tire embassy and other gates before they could make it to mission elements in Saigon. I took Dalat. 1 saw the last U.S. troops, a group 1-800-735-7829 advantage of these visits to see Bach, as of advisers, leave Dalat, mid remained 301-212-9660 well as a group of Foreign Service as one of two U.S. officials there. Fax: 301-212-9665 classmates who liked to get together. Life in Dalat was pleasant but pre¬ 1 left Nha Trang mid Vietnam in carious. I rented a small house and Member of the February 1972. By that time we all relied on an old watchman with a Washington knew there soon would be a major shotgun for protection. One night I Reservation Centre North Vietnamese offensive. I had was awakened by the guard who alert¬ offering over 1,000 fully been one of the first to come back from ed me to uniformed armed men mov¬ furnished locations throughout a hip along the border with Cambodia ing about the street. Daylight uncov¬ the Washington Metropolitan area for 30 days or longer. to announce mi apparent build-up. I ered their activities: They had stolen said goodbye to John Vann and wished all the copper electrical wiring on the him luck, but he would later die in the entire residential street. No amount offensive, directing B-52 strikes from of complaining to the electrical com¬ his helicopter against North pany or province authorities brought Vietnamese units in the highlands. new wiring. I got tired of living by candlelight and drawing well water, so I would return to Washington to I broke my lease and moved to anoth¬ study Portuguese; later, I was er block with electricity. assigned to Rio de Janeiro, but after Bach and his wife visited me in only six months, I was ordered to Dalat. We took in the nearby lakes ■ Fully furnished apartments return to Vietnam: In January 1973 and waterfalls and picnicked. I was and private homes. Secretary' of State Henry Kissinger able to see them once or twice in ■ Customized to meet your had orchestrated a cease-fire agree¬ Saigon as well. However, I returned to lifestyle. ment among the four sides, and I was Brazil in 1973, got married and ■ Quality housewares including to be one of 50 FSOs to assist as cease¬ returned to the United States. linens, fully outfitted kitchens and decorative accessories. fire observers. It was in Washington that I read ■ All expenses including phone Assigned as U.S. consul to the love¬ about the collapse of South Vietnam. service, utilities and cable ly highland mountain resort city of I received a letter from Bach saying television on one bill. Dalat, I dedicated my time to cultural that the country was falling and ask¬ ■ Maid service upon request. matters, such as laying the ground¬ ing if I could help him out. It was ■ Pets accepted at many work for a new binational center, followed quickly by another letter locations. ■ Washers and dryers. teaching English, befriending local saying that Bach and his family had ■ Close to shopping and artists mid making religious and edu¬ fled Nha Trang for the south and entertainment. cational contacts. that they had “lost” his father. I tried ■ Many locations on public During my stay in Dalat, my princi¬ to send a message to the U.S. transportation routes. pal duties were to keep up with the embassy on Bach’s behalf, but the Major credit cards accepted. ■ affairs of the small cease-fire team of State Department would not send Most Importantly... Canadians, Poles, Iranians and any more messages. Things were Indonesians, who largely became gilded happening too fast. All that was left ■ You make the decisions, we prisoners of the Vietnamese govern¬ to do was to watch as Saigon fell and provide the service. ■ We meet your budget. ment authorities. The war was officially wonder what happened to Bach and over, but low-level fighting continued. I his family. 7595 Rickenbacker Drive would later report one of the worst early Gaithersburg, Maryland 20879 cease-file violations here: The North Six years went by without a word Vietnamese mid VC were supposed to bom Bach. I did not contact him

22 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL/JULY 1995 for fear I would only endanger him. SMITH BARNEYSHEARSON Then he wrote me, saying he had A I'KIMERICA Company been in a “reeducation camp,” was We make money the old-fashioned way. We earn it.SM very ill and wanted some money to help him get out of Vietnam. I sent what 1 could through his brother liv¬ ing abroad. The next I heard, Bach Professional Investment Services and his wife were in Germany, hav¬ ing escaped through Thailand. The couple, who had a son, kept in touch with me over the years, exchanging Christina Parra photos and letters at least once a Financial Consultant, President's Council year. Germany was tough for the Christina is a Financial Consultant with 10 years experience at Smith Barney family. Eventually, Bach and his wife Shearson in Washington D.C. opened an Oriental food and delica¬ Christina focuses on providing individuals in the U.S. and abroad with com¬ cy store in Kaiserslautern and prehensive investment, retirement and educational planning using: acquired German citizenship. His • Stocks & Bonds • Government securities sister opened a Vietnamese restau¬ • Mutual Funds • Municipal Bonds rant nearby. Bach and his son visited • Professional portfolio • Annuities management • Asset Allocation the United States several times and To discuss vour investment needs call: visited my mother, though I was never in the States during his visits. 202-861-5080 or 1-800-522-3546 Christina D. Parra, Financial Consultant Our reunion was a real treat. Bach 1050 Connecticut Avenue, N.W.—Suite 225 talked about life in die reeducation Washington, D.C. 20036 camp, how difficult it was to survive by 11*13 Smith Barney Shearson Inc. Member S1PC bribing guards for extra food. He said he had been lucky because he knew of those who lived in the camps for 12 years. He said die North Vietnamese kept mid-level officials locked up because they were afraid they would reorganize the population against A Classic All-Suite Property diem. Would democracy ever come to Ideally Located in Historic Foggy Bottom. Vietnam? Even if it did, he thought it might provoke conflict between Our 255 spacious suites offer full kitchens, mini-bars, Northerners and Southerners. Bach and comfortable living areas. The higlily acclaimed Garden Cafe revealed that his older brother, who features contemporary American regional cuisine and had left home when Bach was 4 years seasonal outdoor dining. old, had turned out to be a VC general Convenient to the State Department, the Kennedy Center, all those years. Now 64 and penniless, Georgetown, Metro, and the free MUSEUMS AND MONUMENTS. he was living with Bach’s aging mother Special AFSA rates available. in Nha Trang. McNamara’s book was merely mentioned. The reunion was a aStb moment of friendship. It’s difficult to explain how relationships forged during a war are different and more bonding. Emotions run deep. We 2117 E Street, NW, Washington, DC 20037 had each left a part of ourselves in (202)861-8200 ♦ (800)424-2859 the custody of the other. Being together made me feel whole. ■

JULY 1995/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 23 THE DILEMMA OF ISLAM

MIDEAST, NORTH AFRICA FUNDAMENTALISTS

THREATEN WEST AS NEXT ‘EVIL EMPIRE’

BY HUME HORAN

ommunism is defunct. U.S. to Middle East peace, the security of Israel, and C diplomats, soldiers and intelli¬ the stability^ of Egypt, should Islamic fundamen¬ gence officers must now seek talists prevail in the region? out new missions and new for¬ But deeply emotional factors are at work, too. eign threats, for reasons good Up to modem times, the Middle East has both and bad: Analysts need jobs, attracted and repelled Westerners. To some, it agencies need budgets and gov¬ offered relief from the stuffy conventions of the ernments find external challenges helpful to Victorian age: Sir Richard Burton and French internal solidarity. That being said, external chal¬ novelists and painters such as Pierre Loti and lenges do abound in the post-communist world: Eugene Delacroix saw it as a romantic backdrop environmental degradation, population growth and playground for behavior not allowed in and the spread of AIDS. None of these chal¬ Europe. Today', their sun-burned descendants lenges, however, carries the emotional charge crowd the Club Med beaches across North and resonance, the color, the necessary specifici¬ Africa. ty, to stand in for the Soviet Union, “the Evil To others, however, the Arab Middle East Empire.” This function, in todays world, is per¬ seemed a deformed, backward, and sometimes haps best filled by political Islam, especially in its menacing rival to their own civilization. This Middle Eastern and North African forms. “critical” school — whose antecedents date back Why? There’s realpolitik. The West has impor¬ to the Crusades and beyond — is today gaining in tant interests in the area: Its prosperity, as well as strength. With communism gone, the recovered that of , is closely linked to the Middle East memory of Central Europeans again sees the — hence the U.S.-led rescue of Kuwait’s and Turks at the gates of Vienna — or Frankfurt or Saudi Arabia’s oil fields by Operation Desert Berlin; the French see the Arabs at the gates of Storm. Europeans, especially the French, are Tours, or opening mosques in Lyons. rightly worried as they see fanaticism and chaos Europeans are frightened to see religious engulf Algeria. What if this spreads to North extremism rising among Arabs — just as secular Africa’s surplus populations — young, unskilled extremism in the Arab world seemed, finally, to and increasingly militant? And what will happen be on the wane. Thinking back, Westerners remember the outrages of secular Arab extrem¬ Hume Horan, ambassador to Cote d’Ivoire, is a ists: the Munich massacre of Israeli athletes, career FSO. He was ambassador to Cameroon Libya’s blowing up of Pan Am 103, the murder of and Equatorial Guinea from 1980-83, Sudan from the crippled Leon Klinghoffer aboard the Achille 1983-86 and Saudi Arabia from 1987-88. Lauro; the murder of U.S. ambassador to Sudan,

24 FOREICN SERVICE JOURNAL/JULY 1995 Cleo Noel, and his deputy, Curt Moore; and the Classical Sunni political philosophy is not the bloody attacks on the Rome and Athens airports. place to look for explanations for the violence Then they remember the even more recent tormenting Algeria or Egypt or Sudan today. The outrages of Arab religious extremists: the assassi¬ political agendas of modern-day Islamists such as nation of Anwar al-Sadat, the blowing up of the Sayyid Qutb, Sa'id Hawa or Maulana Maudoodi U.S. embassy and Marine barracks in Beirut, the would, in fact, sound astonish¬ murders of Col. William Higgins and William ingly un-Islamie to their prede- Buckley, also in Beirut, and the bombing of die cessors in the Muslim Middle World Trade Center in New York. Even the Ages. In classical Islam, the state This dilemma affects hostage-taking of U.S. embassy workers in Iran is provided the external framework often, wrongly, debited to Arab extremism by to Muslims’ social and religious radical Islamists those who can’t distinguish between Arabs and lives. It had no powers of legisla¬ Persians. On the same religious note — but in a tion — that was the domain of everywhere, but can be minor key — some also recall that Islamic Saudi the Shari'a. The notion that the especially acute for Arabia, our friend and ally in Desert Storm, state’s competence should allows no elections, no women to drive, nor extend to social, judicial, and Arabs. Despite the Christians and Jews to practice — even privately even religious issues would have — their religion. seemed absurd at that time. To a explicit aniversalism The secular and religious ideologies behind medieval gacli, the moral life, these outrages differ. The ideas behind the the life that one needed to live in of the Qur'an, many Ba'thism of Syria's Hafiz al-Asad, or the Marxism order to be saved, was best spent of George Habbash and Nayef Hawaatmeh are outside of the state machinery, Arabs have a propri¬ not those behind the Palestinians of the Hamas as a participating member of the movement or the Algerians of the extremist religious community. etary feeling about armed Islamic group GIA. All, nevertheless, use Viewed in such an historical Islam and Islamic his¬ terror and violence to force upon others their context, the claims of today’s exclusive view of the just society. radical political Islamists seem tory. They're proud to A gloomy picture. An observer must ask: Why ludicrous. An insolent and cor¬ are Arab societies not happier? Why are Arabs, rupting impiety, even. But descend from the who have so much in common (race, language, viewed in the context of contem¬ climate, history) so often opposed to each other porary ideology, it’s probably founder — but are — as peoples and governments? Why, after more more accurate to see these than a half-century of independence, have they claims as superficially Islamic, confused about why not yet found more stable, political common but in essence driven by a world ground? view based upon the very Islam's stock has fall¬ Western or Marxist concepts en, and resent their Americans, looldng at the relative harmony they oppose. Is political Islam a achieved across a far greater spread of racial, sort of Christian or Marxist own loss of status. ethnic and religious differences, are likely to heresy? One recalls that the wonder what is lacking in the political culture of notion of “The CityJ of God On .... the area. Will the Arabs — like citizens of other Earth,” be it a secular or reli¬ developing nations — find the American secular, gious “city,” be it Plymouth Plantation or fairly tolerant, democratic example useful to Salamanca or Geneva, or Moscow or Havana, or Arabs’ needs and problems? Or must future some Muslim town in North Africa, has its ori¬ occupants of the World Trade Center continue to gins firmly in the West. This is why, upon exami¬ worry? nation, the temper of radical Islam seems to have

JULY 1995/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 25 much more in common with Che the true faith seemed to diverge yet Guevara than with the founders of It was in the 19th century diat further from worldly power. What the four great schools of Islamic Arab Muslims experienced the to do? jurisprudence. first intimations of changes to come. Their first response had to be The British conquest of Mogul religious. Moderate reformers, The radical Islamists’ psychologi¬ was followed by Napoleon’s influenced by liberal, scientific cal approach to their problem is defeat of the Egyptian mamelukes trends in Western Europe, suggest¬ a contemporary one. But their prob¬ in 1806, and by subsequent ed that with only minor changes, lem itself — the disassociation they encroachments of imperialism: Islam could regain its purity — and perceive between Muslim right¬ France attacked Algeria in 1831, also the power and glory — of its eousness and worldly power — has and the British seized Egypt 50 past estate. Fundamental change its origins in the founding days of years later. The Grand Sanussi in was unnecessary — unthinkable, Islam. Pre-Islamic Arabia was spiri¬ Libya, Muhammad 'abd al-Wahhab even. Muhammad ‘Abduh, his disci¬ tually and socially undeveloped and in Arabia, the Mahdi in Sudan, and ple Rashid Ridda and their succes¬ chaotic. The prophet Mohammed Othman Dan Fodio in , sors tried to draw a line between (d. 632 A.D.) had not only to spread were among the Islamic reformers what was immutable in Islam and his gospel, he had also to found a who tried to respond to the chal¬ what might be purified. But they polity capable of sustaining and pro¬ lenge of the 19th-century West. could never make these distinctions tecting it. Hence the long passages But these Western challenges to practical in the life of the common in the Qur’an prescribing for every¬ Muslim power — and the Muslim man. Nor could they win the sup¬ day life: marriage, inheritance, response — did not much affect the port of the more rigidly orthodox criminal law. And to this day, deeper waters of society in the Arab who opposed (and still do) any Muslims must regard all of the heartland. They did not change the change whatsoever in traditional Qur’an, even those portions that world view of the average Arab Islam and Islamic law. seem to echo the finest print of Muslim in the Ottoman Empire. Up Other more radical Arab Leviticus, as the infallible, literal to World War I, most Arab Muslims thinkers, however, went further to word of God. No exegesis for them. lived comfortably in a “steady state” try' to explain and resolve the prob¬ And after Mohammed’s death, tra¬ universe, where Muslim righteous¬ lem of Arab powerlessness. To close ditions based upon his life, sayings ness was reflected in Muslim power the gap between “righteousness” and behavior became a further, — and vice-versa. and “power” they looked to Western infallible source of guidance. The fall of the Ottoman Empire institutions and technology. The Qur’an amply affirms the all- in 1918, however, exposed its peo¬ Parliamentary democracy, fascism, things-transcending obligation of ples to triumphant European eco¬ Nazism, and most recently, commu¬ the individual Muslim to do God’s nomic, intellectual and military nism, Ba’thism, and socialism all will. But for a thousand years after might — a challenge for which they were tried. None succeeded. In Mohammed’s death, there is little were unready. Sir Hamilton Gibb 1967, Israel humiliated the Arabs reason for Muslims to conclude, as a writes: “Islamic society’s sterilized for the third time in a generation. community, that they were God’s brain could not effectually conceive And the gap between Arab power chosen people. Muslims could any idea that lay outside the narrow and that of their perceived oppo¬ adduce first the stylistic splendor of range of its experience and tradi¬ nents continued to widen, as a gen¬ their Holy Book, the Arabic Qur’an. tion, nor could it meet any situation eration later die West quickly rout¬ Then the “miraculous” speed of the which deviated from the path traced ed Iraq’s armies in Operation Muslim conquests of Eastern by routine.” Desert Storm. And this gap widens Rome, Sassanid Persia, and The Ottoman Empire’s fall yet further, as Algerian Islamists Visigothic Spain by the Prophets caused many Arab Muslims to ask shoot unveiled schoolgirls in the immediate heirs. A third proof, was themselves: “What does this mean? name of Islam, while young women the lack of serious external chal¬ Haven’t centuries of Islamic history (and men) in the West plug into the lenge to Islamic society: Until the suggested a link between worldly- World Wide Web. 19th century, significant power rank and religious justification?” Faced with continued reverses shifts in the Islamic Middle East And their concern continued to and humiliations, Arabs look to their were always to other Muslim rulers. mount in the 1930s as possession of own religion and history for answers.

26 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL/JULY 1995 And therein — for many — lies a What should the West — includ¬ The spectacle of Egypt and dilemma. It can be stated syllogisti¬ ing the United States — do? In an Algeria, however, is discouraging. c-ally as follows: In the present, as in active sense, there’s very little we Their governments seem to have the past, worldly success reflects can do. We can try to show more nothing with which to combat an di\ine favor; and divine favor must tact, understanding and forbear¬ idea — albeit a negative idea — but come, in the present as in the past, ance; yet if we understand little their fists. Nor has the Quaker from scrupulously doing God’s will enough about the psychology of attempt to teach Gazans the Arabic as revealed in the Qur’an. But if troubled individuals in our own cul¬ classics in a way consistent with worldly success is not forthcoming, ture to know what interventions are modern literary standards received the cause must be (a) Muslims are helpful, how much less can we act the support that it deserved from not practicing their religion hard helpfully upon a non-Westem civi¬ the West or from the Arabs them¬ enough or well enough, or (b) their lization. Anything we tiy to do, will selves. This is a pity, because a approach, i.e. their religion, was be misinterpreted; our Muslim crit¬ responsible, insightful reading of wrong from the start. Islamists can ics would assume we were acting in the Qur’an and the classics of Sunni only choose the first option, and bad faith. One should not repeat the philosophy is too important to be thereby lock themselves into a author’s mistake of 1973, when as a left to the self-appointed keepers of vicious circle of religious escalation young charge d’affaires in Jidda, he orthodoxy. As it is, the rising distem¬ and frustration. The harder they try, suggested to King Feisal at a diplo¬ per of radical Islam and the timidity the further their efforts seem to matic audience that Saudi Arabia of reformers causes one to ask move them from the desired goal. So could help promote Muslim- whether the true obstacles to peace they try harder still, and so on. Christian ties by sending some of its in the Middle East don’t go much This dilemma affects radical young scholars to divinity schools in deeper than politics and economics Islamists everywhere. But it can be the United States. Feisal merely and inter-governmental relations. especially acute for Arabs. The smiled and shook his head. Time is a factor, too. And as Qur’an was revealed in Arabic. The Any solution to the Islamists’ author Robert Kaplan and others first Muslim empires were Arab. dilemma can only come from have pointed out, it is in diminishing Accordingly, despite the explicit Muslims themselves. Histoiy sug¬ supply. Arabs today are challenged universalism of the Qur’an, many gests, furthermore, that this solu¬ by a population growth that in the Arabs have a proprietary feeling tion is more likely to come from the next generation will equal their about Islam and Islamic history. borders of today’s Muslim world, entire present numbers. The cultur¬ They’re proud to descend from the and not from the Arab heartland. al problems this poses are almost as founder — but are confused about The closer Muslims find themselves overwhelming as the economic ones why Islam’s stock has fallen, and to this heartland, the more power¬ — in a region where both land and resent their own loss of status. fully — immovably — they find culture are fast being degraded. themselves gripped by language, The Middle East has been both It’s no wonder then, that while tradition, and a glorious past. As in the cradle and the grave of many radical Islamists are angry at the the case of natural selection, the civilizations; mostly, these births West, they especially hate the most successful adaptations often and deaths happened far from us in United States. U.S. power and pros¬ emerge on the margins of a habitat time and space. We observe them perity represent a threat far, far and of a population pool. as we would developments in a dis¬ beyond the social and political. It’s We must hope that a solution will tant star system. What does the col¬ not just that our consumer economy come soon, and hope that God’s lapse of St. Augustine’s North lures Arabs from their traditional promise to Muslims that His com¬ Africa mean to us today? Or the fall folkways — it’s rather that our munity will not be allowed to drift of Constantinople? But the decline power implicitly seems to refute the into error will soon be fulfilled. and fall of a major civilization in truth of Islam itself and the bases of Muslims could make a start by ori¬ our time, and in our own neighbor¬ Islamic identity in history. And to enting themselves more to the pur¬ hood, would leave its mark upon rub more salt in the wound, we all suit of righteousness, and less to Europe and the West. It would the time seem indifferent, patroniz¬ that of power: more “Amos” in our menace the West’s security. It ing or even contemptuous about the terms, and less “Joshua, Judges, and would leave the entire human fam¬ effect we are having on the Arabs. I and II Kings.” ily impoverished. ■

JULY 1995/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 27 HAS CNN REPLACED ENVOYS?

MODERN AMBASSADORS NEED TO DISTINGUISH

BETWEEN PUBLIC AND PRIVATE MESSAGES

BY JOHANNA NEUMAN

t is an article of faith in foreign policy cir¬ interview, Baker explained that he was not talking so I cles these days that the advent of instanta¬ much to the troops as to Saddam Hussein, sitting in neous and global diplomacy has given the his bunker in Baghdad. It was more direct to con¬ news media more of a voice in internation¬ vey die message through CNN than it was to send al affairs mid robbed diplomacy of its right¬ die message through an ambassador. ful place at the helm. The power of images But if public messages are now relayed over die broadcast in real time — bombs falling in public airwaves, confidential messages between gov¬ Baghdad, Marines landing on the beaches of ernments are still transmitted in more conventional Mogadishu, a Russian White House set on fire by ways. Diplomats have no want of work to do in keep¬ die-hard Marxists, a paratrooper landing in Haiti — ing up with the traffic of information that floods their has never been greater. offices by cable, telephone, fax and computer. British Clearly, gone is the striped-pants courier with his Ambassador Sir Robin Renwick makes the point classified pouch, earning state secrets on a mission of tiiat, while technology allows a prime minister to pick utter confidentiality. CNN President Tom Johnson up the telephone and converse directly with a presi¬ said recently that CNN “in many ways has replaced dent, he “cannot do it all the time. They both have tlie diplomatic pouch.” A diplomat at die United other things to do.” Disputing the contention that the Nations was even more blunt, lamenting that CNN media and new technolog)' have replaced the diplo¬ had become “die sixth vote on the Security Council.” matic pouch, Sir Robin argues that “the job of the And former Secretary of State James A. Baker ambassador is to try to involve himself in the* deci¬ III was unblinking about the shift of the traditional sion-making process before the decision is taken.” message-carrying role from diplomats to journalists. For such a task, the media are the worst possible In die days before die Persian Gulf War, Baker conveyance for information. Once CNN is on the made a speech to U.S. airmen in a hangar in Taif, story, the media drumbeat begins, public opinion is Saudi Arabia, in which he warned that the United engaged, and a diplomats options recede. So it is States was “on the brink of war” with Iraq unless important to look at which kind of messages have Baghdad withdrew its troops from Kuwait. In a later been usurped by the media to distinguish between the public message and the private one. Johanna Neuman, the foreign editor for USA Today Former Assistant Secretary of State Rozanne and an Annenberg visiting fellow, is writing a hook Ridgway recalls her delight when Soviet Foreign about the impact of technology on journalism and Minister Andrei Bessmertnyk confessed that the diplomacy. This piece is based cm a recent panel dis¬ Soviet Foreign Ministry had access to CNN. cussion sponsored by the Annenberg Washington “Marvelous,” she thought. “Now we don’t have to Program, “Ambassadors: Relics of the Sailing Ships?” get together and argue about what happened. Now

28 FOREIGN SERVICE JOVRNAIJJVLV 1995 we can get together and argue about what to do But others are convinced that technology, particu¬ about it.” The media and new technology may have larly the real-time satellite television that brings world usurped from governments the role of describing crises home as they happen, is die real danger. facts on the ground, but not the more substantive George Kerman, die diplomat who fadiered the job of outlining options for action. Far from ceding West’s Cold War containment policy, was critical of this function to the media, most governments have U.S. intervention in Somalia entered the new media age with a vengeance, because he believed policy-makers acquiring their own new t(x>ls of message con¬ were bullied into action by televi¬ Former Assistant veyance. In fact, diplomats nowadays complain that sion pictures diat evoked an emo¬ their home capitals can find them anywhere, on tional response from the public. “If Secretary of State every modem communication device from a satellite American policy from here on out, Rozanne Ridgway- phone to a computer uplink. The lament is that the particularly policy involving the capital can update instructions and even change uses of our armed forces abroad, is recalls when the directions before an envoy even touches down. to be controlled by popular emo¬ Robbed of their ability to freelance policy, diplomats tional impulses, and particularly Soviet Foreign sometimes blame the media. ones provoked by die commercial This tighter leash may annoy some ambassadors, television industry, dien diere is no Ministry" confessed but it does not make them less necessary. On the con¬ place — not only for myself, but for trary, envoys are still needed to deliver messages pri¬ what have traditionally been it watched CNN. vately and confidentially, even under the watchful regarded as die responsible delib¬ a eye of the media — witness former President Jimmy erative” voices in government, he Marvelous, " she Carter in Haiti or North Korea, former U.S. ambas¬ wrote before U.S. Marines landed thought. ‘Wow we sador and special envoy to Somalia Robert Oakley, or at Mogadishu. The only hostile former Secretary of State Cyrus Vance in Bosnia. “An group they encountered was jour¬ don t have to get ambassador in a country can speak now with much nalists, whose bright lights mitigat¬ more authority and on a much more current basis ed the eff ect of die soldiers’ night- together and argue because he or she has instant knowledge of the gov¬ vision goggles. To Kennan, these ernment’s position,” says former U.S. Ambassador to cameras looked like the enemy. about what hap¬ Yugoslavia Warren Zimmermann. ‘Today you don’t Former Secretary of State have to make it up. You really know. You are in con¬ Henry Kissinger has been among pened. We can argue stant communication with your capital.” those lamenting the media’s usurpation of the public message, about what to do. ” What has changed, then, is the content of the pri¬ telling audiences diat foreign gov¬ vate message, not the necessity of its delivery. ernments used to ask him what Some observers, like Zimmermann, argue that tire they should do about an important matter. Now, speed of message delivery in the information age is Kissinger notes, they tend to ask him what they less a concern than die quality of messengers who should say about it. This is the sound-bite-has- deliver it, that tire tradition of presidents naming polit¬ replaced-substance school of thought, a fear that die ical allies to 40 percent of U.S. ambassadorial posts is technologically-emboldened media have made obso¬ the real danger. “It just seems to me that something is lete the more substantive concerns of geopolitics. A not quite right when in living memory we have had variant on the theme is the concern that political fig¬ only one professional ambassador to London and only ures in the age of real-time television are forced to two in Paris,” he said. ‘The problem is that this deni¬ “do somediing” about the latest crisis because of die gration, on a large scale, of professional diplomats, pressure of microphones thrust in the face. saps the effectiveness of all of our diplomacy.” He calls Former CIA director Robert Gates notes that “it diis “a kind of diplomatic Gresham’s Law, which is that takes extraordinary discipline” to duck questions. For bad diplomacy drives out good.” Gates, even watching CNN is a luxury policy-makers

JULY 1995/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 29 should avoid “because you can’t con¬ one else will fill it.” Or in otiier words: Carlson. “If it rains, you operate wet.” centrate, you can’t think about what The real-time news media have die Diplomats are learning to operate wet you were paid to do, which ... [is] to first crack at setting the international — learning to adapt to a seemingly make policy.” Oakley has suggested that agenda. Stan Schrager, a career diplo¬ ever-present media and to handle the governments worldwide proclaim a 48- mat who the U.S. embassy spokesman new role of bringing context and inter¬ hour ban on answering crisis-driven in Haiti during the recent political cri¬ pretation to the public debate. questions, that they simply tell sis, recalls a diplomatic adage: The first Others doubt the technology has reporters to wait. draft on the table wins. eviscerated the role of governments, or Tins attempt to preserve contem¬ The media often have the first draft, their ambassadors. “Edward R. plative time for leaders is likely to back¬ but tiiis does not vitiate die need for Murrows ultimate truth [was] that the fire, argues Marvin Kalb of Harvard ambassadors. It may, however, change most important part of any message is University's Joan Shorenstein Center of their role, requiring them to be more the last three feet,” notes Schrager. The the Press, Politics and Public Policy. interpreter and less reporter, a fate, not last tiiree feet separate die viewer from “You have to be prepared to pay the coincidentally, diat has also befallen a television set, or a listener from a price.” The price: an “instant analysis” print reporters. That is one of the roles radio, or a reader from a newspaper. by the media that delay in making pro¬ of the ambassador in die age of die The last three feet require a communi¬ nouncements about tire latest crisis Internet, to cull from die cacophony of cator to turn raw footage into com¬ suggests a government is clueless. sounds the notes that are most impor¬ pelling television. That is fu st and fore¬ To Israeli diplomat Ruth Yaron, all tant for his or her government to hear. most what great diplomats have always this talk of ducking questions and buy¬ After die Persian Gulf War was been: communicators. Despite former ing time for thought is anathema. “The over, one Marine officer was asked presidential aspirant Ross Perots 1992 media, especially electronic media, why' the Marines did better dian die critique that embassies “are relics of the need to fill air time,” she notes. “They Army at dealing with die media. “We days of sailing ships,” and no matter the need those sound bites. And if you are regard diem as an environmental fea¬ latest inventions of technology to not die one jumping in with die first ture of the battlefield, land of like assault die diplomatic profession, com¬ reaction, tiiere is a vacuum, and some¬ rain,” said Chief Warrant Officer Eric municators they always will be. ■ The Remington Fits Your Washington Schedule.

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30 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL/JULY 1995 American Foreign Service Association

Governing Board President: F.A. "Tex" Harris State Vice President.Todd Stewart AID Vice President: Garber Davidson Jr. USIA Vice President: Razvigor Bazala Retiree Vice President: Donald R. Norland Secretary: Catherine Barry Treasurer: Gail Lecce State Representatives: Sue Saarnio, Janet Shafer, David H. Shinn, Lannon Walker, Meg Hawley Young/Andrew Young AID Representatives: Lee Ann Ross, James R. Washington USIA Representative: Bruce K. Byers JETT WEINER STANTON Retired Representatives: Kathryn Clark- Bourne, Joseph M. Kemper, M. Bruce Hirshorn, Edward L. Peck FAS Representative: Weyland Beeghly FCS Representative: Patrick Santillo AFSA HONORS FSOs WHO MAKE A DIFFERENCE Staff Executive Director: Susan Reardon Business Department BY DEIRDRE FERNANDES ambassador to ; Janice Weiner, Controller: Kara Harmon Ebert 38, political officer at U.S. Embassy Ankara; General Ledger Accountant: Sheree L Beane Intern Executive Assistant: Leslie Lehman and Gregory H. Stanton, 49, political officer in Administrative Manager: Dianna Dunbrack he fight for democratization and human the Office of United Nations Political Affairs. The Administrative Assistant: Eunice Blau O Labor Management rights distinguishes this year's three win¬ three were honored in an awards ceremony on General Counsel: Sharon Papp June 29 in the Benjamin Franklin Diplomatic Coordinator: Richard C. Sissors ners of the annual AFSA awards for "extraordi¬ Representative: Peter Gaaserud nary accomplishment involving initiative, integrity, Reception Room of the State Department, where Staff Attorney: Colleen Fallon each received a check for $2,500. USIA Labor Relations Specialist: Carol Lutz intellectual courage and constructive dissent," Law Clerk: Monica Riva according to the awards instructions. At all levels Grievance Attornies: Audrey F. Chynn, Jett's Initiative Accelerates Ava-Lisa F. Macon of the Foreign Service, these officers "made a Office Manager: Judy Shinn commitment, took a courageous individual act Mozambique National Elections Member Services Ambassador Dennis C. Jett won the Christian Director: Janet Hedrick and made a difference," pointed out Bruce Representative: Catherine Gray Laingen, awards committee chairman. A. Herter Award for senior officers, given in Retiree Liaison: Ward Thompson memory of the late secretary of State and for- Professional Programs The winners include Dennis C. Jett, 50, Professional Issues: Richard S. Thompson Continued on page 3 Director of Development: Lori Dec Congressional Affairs Director: Ken Nakamura Congressional Liaison: Rick Weiss Scholarship Administrator and Information • AFSA Dateline • Systems Manager: Theresa Auricchio

Internet Addresses: • The AFSA Governing Board unanimously However, disregarding the board's decision, the [email protected] (Association) department terminated the employee. The dis¬ [email protected] (President) resolved to file an amicus (friend of the court) brief in the D.C. Federal Court of Appeals sup¬ trict court later upheld the Grievance Board's authority to make the final decision in these type AFSA Headquarters: (202) 338-4045 porting the position that the Foreign Service FAX: (202) 338-6820 Grievance Board, rather than the Secretary of of case. In late April, the department appealed

Labor Management: (202)647-8160 State, has the final authority to determine whether this decision. Because this issue is so important to FAX: (202)647-0265 an employee should be terminated for miscon¬ the integrity of the grievance system and to the due process rights of all Foreign Service employ¬ USIA Headquarters: (202)401-6405 duct. In the case at issue, the Grievance Board FAX: (202)401-6410 determined that the department had not estab¬ ees, AFSA will file an amicus brief supporting the lished cause for the employee's termination. employee's position. Continued on page 2

AFSA NEWS .JULY 1 995 1 DATELINE applicant to the posts that have adequate KEEPS EYE ON HILL AFSA medical care for his dependent, but whether AFSA Continued from page 1 the applicant could go to a post unaccompa¬ he president's threat to veto for¬ nied by his dependent. The EEO office O • Kaye Boesel of the Department of State eign affairs legislation has found that the agency had the authority to has received the AFSA Award for changed the legislative dynamics. The June order an "unaccompanied tour" and that sep¬ Excellence in Writing given annually to a 8 vote in the House on H.R. 1516, "The arate maintenance allowance was available member of the National War College class. American Overseas Interests Act of 1995," to the employee. She received that award at a June 8 cere¬ showed that the Republicans do not have mony at the National War College. the votes to override a presidential veto; JOURNAL WINS 2ND AWARD Republican leaders now must determine what it would take to get a bill through. • AFSA has received a $5,000 grant he Foreign Service Journal has AFSA will seek to make changes in the from The Dillon Fund and a $1,000 grant received an APEX '95 Award Helms bill that are outside the major con¬ from The Marks Foundation to support the for Publication Excellence in the "Most solidation issues, pointing out proposed World Issues Forum and Diplomats Online Improved Magazines and Journals" cat¬ legislative "fixes" that AFSA believes will outreach programs. egory. More than 500 magazines detrimentally impact the Foreign Service. entered the 1995 competition spon¬ AFSA also will continue to urge the presi¬ • A recent Department of Agriculture case sored by Communications Concepts, dent to maintain a strict position regarding establishes an important precedent for Inc., of Springfield, Va. the veto. Foreign Service employees and applicants This is the second award won by the In addition, the Foreign Operations and for employment. The Office of Equal Journal in seven months. In November, the the Commerce, Justice, and State appropri¬ Employment Opportunity (EEO) found that Journal won a Gold Award in the "Most ations bills are starting down the track. the Foreign Agricultural Service (FAS) had Improved Magazine" category for the edi¬ AFSA will continue to seek the best num¬ discriminated against an applicant for the torial content and art design from the bers possible. Because these bills, howev¬ position of foreign agricultural officer on the Washington Edpress Association, based in er, will be below the FY 95 levels, the basis of the applicant's dependent's disabili¬ Alexandria, Va. The Journal was question is how is the money to be redis¬ ty. The EEO office correctly identified the rel¬ redesigned in July 1994 by the tributed. AFSA has argued and will contin¬ evant issue - not whether FAS is required Washington-based Magazine Group. ue to do so that operations budgets are under the Rehabilitation Act to assign the extremely important.

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2 AFSA NEWS • JULY 1995 AFSA HONORS FSOS Seasoned diplomats are aware of Weiner Dedicated To Truth Continued from page 1 the risks involved in high-profile con¬ In Human Rights Reporting frontations, and after 23 years in the Janice Weiner won the William R. mer governor of Massachusetts. Jett Foreign Service, Jett said he knew he Rivldn Award for mid-level officers, named received the award in recognition of his risked losing the support of both the host in memory of the late ambassador to efforts to advance democracy in government and Washington in the Luxembourg, and The Gambia, Mozambique. Jett arrived in Mozambique wake of public criticism. However, for her "unflinching advancement of U.S. in October 1993, a year after a peace Moose noted that "Jett forged ahead in human rights objectives ... demonstrating accord was signed that ended 17 years spite of the risks. Thanks in no small rare intellectual and physical courage, total of civil war between the government of measure to his vision and courage, integrity,... and unshakable dedication to Mozambique (GRM) and the National Mozambique has shown Africa that it is the truth," wrote Weiner's nominator, then- Resistance of Mozambique (Renamo). possible to recover from warfare, mis¬ Ambassador to Turkey Richard Barkley. "In Yet, there was no sign that Mozambique rule and humanitarian crisis." the give-and-take between the embassy was moving toward democratization, and Since Moose and Jett did not always and department on the annual Human both sides still retained an arsenal of agree on the appropriate tactics, Rights report, she challenge^] every weapons. "Ambassador Jett recognized Moose's nomination of Jett for the biased, inaccurate, insufficiently sourced, more quickly and clearly than either his col¬ Herter Award was a true tribute to Jett, overly simplistic or inflammatory statement, leagues in Maputo or in the department the noted Martin Brennan, director of the regardless of whose ox [was] gored." dangers in a failure to forcefully counter the office of Southern African affairs. Jett Barkley praised Weiner's professional GRM's increasingly intransigent attitude," allowed that the differences between skills, noting that she used her legal training wrote George Moose, assistant secretary the two were about tactics. "Some to grasp the subtleties of legislation and to for African affairs, in nominating Jett. would prefer quiet diplomacy, but I follow tortuous Turkish trial procedures. He "Knowing full well that his actions would believed that the situation required added that her reports on her travels to expose him to scathing criticism in stronger action," Jett said. inaccessible, dangerous and unfriendly Mozambique and would be questioned in Jett was born in Massachusetts and parts of Turkey received high praise from the department, Jett delivered a pointed graduated from the University of New the department for shedding new light on address - not seen beforehand in Mexico with a B.A. in economics. Before political Islam in Turkey. Washington - to a large audience at the joining the Foreign Service in 1972, he Barkley noted that in the 's Independence Day reception." worked as an economist for the govern¬ community, "she is known as the best- According to Moose's nomination, Jett's ment of New Mexico. He has served in informed and most articulate human rights address "was a bombshell, provoking thor¬ , Israel, and . specialist of all the diplomatic missions." ough public discussion of the government's The runner-up for the Herter Award According to Barkley, Weiner has had failure to live up to its commitments under the was Charles P. Ries, 44, minister-coun¬ to confront government officials "who shad¬ Peace Accord." A few weeks later, in selor for economic affairs at the U.S. owed her movements, hindered her access October 1994, the Mozambicans voted, Mission to the European Union in or attempted to intimidate her interlocutors. forcing both Renamo and the GRM to com¬ Brussels. Ries assisted in promoting U.S. Under such conditions, Weiner stood her ply with the peace accords and demobilize. objectives relating to the European ground." Barkley also noted that she was According to Moose, the elections Union. equally hard on "knee-jerk" Washington wis¬ would have been delayed had Jett not con¬ dom, correcting public misconceptions of vinced U.N. officials and influential donor department and congressional visitors. nations that postponement would be futile Her efforts seem to have paid off - since and costly. 'That Mozambique enjoyed its LANGUAGE AWARDS her arrival in Ankara, Weiner said, she has first democratic elections is due in no small seen a greater willingness by the Turkish Ohe winners of the part to the courage, skill and tireless deter¬ government to discuss human rights viola¬ Matilda W. Sinclaire mination of Dennis Jett," noted Moose. tions. But, she said in an interview, she Awards for distinction in the Jett's key role in convincing donors to wants the Turkish government to make poli¬ study of a hard language and toughen their stand on economic reform cy changes ... because "it's the right thing its associated culture are: was equally controversial. In a phone inter¬ to do. It's frustrating ... trying to figure out view, Jett said that since his request to what's going on here ... which shade of Phillip L. Antweiler, Indonesian donor nations, there had been a 36 per¬ gray something is, and constantly doubting Charlie H. Ashley, Polish cent reduction in defense expenditures and the conclusions that I have already drawn Matthew Boyse, Polish a 40 percent increase in health and educa¬ and be willing to question them." Katherine Howard, Hebrew tion spending for Mozambique. Weiner was born in Iowa City, Iowa, Laurence Kerr, Georgian "Ambassador Jett's efforts to encourage and completed her undergraduate studies Linda Lazarevic, Polish the Mozambicans 'to do the right thing' at Princeton and graduate work at Jessica Lecroy, Georgian ensured him continuing status as a favorite Stanford. She worked at a law firm for a James C. Martin, Uzbek target of vitriol in the GRM-controlled year prior to joining the Foreign Service in David D. Pearce, Persian media," noted Moose, adding that "the November 1987. Before arriving in Daniel M. Perrone, Bengali ambassador invariably bore such assaults Ankara, she was posted in the now-defunct with equanimity and good humor." Continued on page 4

AFSA NEWS - JULY 1 995 3 Scheffer wrote that Stanton "is an author¬ ity on genocide and ... is one of the few Award for Lifetime Contributions experts on ethnic conflict to have con¬ ducted field research in Rwanda and to American Diplomacy Burundi, where he lived in 1988-89 before joining the Foreign Service." Stanton began his fight against injustice Service in 1 935. Two years of lan¬ as a voting rights worker in college. He s i iI Johnson,r was guage training in Japan was fol¬ founded the Cambodian Genocide the first recip¬ lowed by assignments to Seoul, Project, Inc., in 1980 to gather evidence ient of a new AFSA Tientsin and Mukden. Interned 1941- to bring to trial before the International a award for "Lifetime 42, he then spent two years in Court of Justice those responsible for the Contributions to Brazil. He headed the Yokohama mass murders in Cambodia. American Consulate 1945-49. Back in Stanton was a law professor at the Diplomacy". Washington, he had a key role deal¬ American University School of Public JOHNSON Ambassador ing with the Korean conflict from Affairs from 1991-92. In 1992, before Johnson was hon¬ 1950 until the 1953 armistice. joining the State Department, he helped ored as the embodiment of the While ambassador to the Constitutional Commission of the career Foreign Service in the post- Czechoslovakia 1953-57 he served Ukraine Parliament draft a new constitu¬ World War II era. He consistently as coordinator of the 1 954 Geneva tion. Stanton jokingly describes his career demonstrated professionalism, loyal¬ Conference and maintained contact choices as a model of "downward mobili¬ ty, dedication, and good judgment. with China in Geneva 1 955-57. ty," since he started off as a corporate As deputy under secretary of State Ambassador to Thailand 1958-61, lawyer, then became a law professor for political affairs 1961-64 he he was deputy under secretary of and is now a State bureaucrat. strengthened cooperation with other State for political affairs 1961-64, and He said he joined State late in his agencies, especially Defense, and then spent a year in Saigon as deputy career because he realized that he could established the State Department ambassador. Johnson was ambas¬ have a greater impact on justice from Operations Center. As Under sador to Japan 1966-69, and then inside the government. "I am convinced Secretary for Political Affairs 1969- became under secretary for political that the rule of law is the best [humans] 73 he brought a steady hand and affairs under Secretary William P. can do in social life," he said. "I am con¬ wisdom to the demanding foreign Rogers. He was the U.S. negotiator at vinced that there is a moral force that all policy issues of that time. the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks social movements should use to achieve Ural Alexis Johnson was born 1973-77, when he retired. their ends. It means that you focus on the October 1 7, 1 908 in Falun, Kansas, Ambassador Johnson was married personal consequences of injustice. and graduated from Occidental to the late Patricia Ann Tillman and People respond to the personal." College. He entered the Foreign has four children. The Harriman Award is in memory of the former under secretary and ambassador to the Soviet Union and AFSA HONORS FSOS senior adviser and counsel to the U.S. per¬ Great Britain. The runner-up for the Continued from page 3 manent representative to the U.N. in Harriman Award was Richard Washington, one of three nominators of Holtzapple, 30, a political officer at German Democratic Republic and then at Stanton. Stanton has also "written with fore¬ Embassy Zagreb, who was active in the bilateral embassy to Belgium. sight about the dangers of new genocide in attempting to resolve the Serb-Croat The runners-up for the award were Burundi and Rwanda," and has quietly and conflict and was outspken in challeng¬ Leonard A. Kuznitz, 39, a political officer at courageously pushed for a broader evalua¬ ing U. S. policy when it was warranted. Embassy Guatemala; and Philip N. Suter, tion of U.S. policy on Rwanda, Scheffer 42, of the Office of International Security wrote. His cables and memos on the dan¬ The Delavan Award, presented to and Operations, Bureau of gers of genocide in Burundi and Rwanda Foreign Service secretaries who con¬ Political-Military Affairs. played a crucial role in helping U.S. policy tribute "to effectiveness and morale makers re-examine and formulate policy, beyond job responsibilities," is shared this JO Helped Create Tribunal added Scheffer. year between Diana Clayton, 36, and For Those Accused of Genocide "He has challenged conventional think¬ Charlotte Sfottman, 58. Clayton was hon¬ Gregory Stanton was honored with the ing, contributed unique skills to the difficult ored for her active involvement in post W. Averell Harriman Award for his "uncon¬ decisions that are required in the post- Cold management and organization in ventional solutions" to fighting genocide War era and shown that a junior officer Damascus. Besides her job as embassy around the world, most recently in Rwanda. can make a difference," wrote Scheffer in secretary, Clayton served on the He assisted the Commission of Experts in his nomination. Community Liaison Office (CLO) advisory Rwanda in August 1994 and "was instru¬ An international lawyer and cultural board, and as the volunteer chairperson mental in the creation of an international tri¬ anthropologist, Stanton has long been influ¬ of the American Embassy Employees' bunal to try those responsible for the enced by moral issues such as genocide Association (AAEA). Through her work at Rwandan genocide," wrote David Scheffer, and human rights, he said in an interview. AAEA, Clayton boosted the morale of the

4 AFSA NEWS »JULY 1 995 AFSA Achievement Awards

The winners of American Academy of Diplomacy the AFSA and earlier as Executive Director of Achievement the National Commission on the CLAYTON STOTTMAN Awards are Public Service. Stephen A. Klaus, A native of Minnesota who grad¬ American employees in her small commu¬ AID officer in uated from St. Olaf College, he nity, wrote Theodore Kattouf, deputy chief Cairo and L. joined the Foreign Service in 1949, of mission at the Damascus embassy and Bruce Laingen, serving tours in Germany, Iran, Clayton's nominator. Clayton has rebuilt KLAUS retired State and Afghanistan, before AAEA's foundation, so that operations Department FSO. becoming ambassador to Malta are efficiently and profitably run, he said. Klaus was cited for establishing from 1 977-79. In 1 979 he 'The responsibilities she assumed over the AFSA Cairo chapter and for his returned to Iran as the charge d'af¬ this past year exceeded even the high important initiatives, particularly on faires and was taken hostage and standards of dedication and skills which medical issues. Klaus has been the held from 1 979-1 981. He retired in characterize Foreign Service secretaries AFSA rep or otherwise active at four 1987. around the world," wrote Kattouf. posts over 25 years. Sandra M. Muench, an Clayton graduated from the University Receiving a degree from George Information Management Specialist, of Maryland and joined the Foreign Williams College in Chicago, Klaus receives honorable mention for ded¬ Service in 1990. She was previously post¬ worked as a YMCA director before icated service as a member of ed in Jerusalem and is going to London. joining AID in 1968. He has served AFSA's Committee on Education, Similar sentiments were expressed by in Vietnam, at Fort Chaffee helping State Standing Committee, and Ambassador to Croatia Peter Galbraith, Vietnamese refugees, in Malawi, Elections who nominated Charlotte Stottman, his Dar Es Salaam, Nairobi, and Committee. Since secretary in Zagreb. Galbraith wrote Cairo. entering the that throughout the past year during Ambassador Laingen has been Foreign Service in ceasefire talks, Stottman has been "a pil¬ an active chairman of the AFSA 1979 she has lar of our embassy community." Stottman Awards Committee and assisted served in Amman, joined the Foreign Service in 1965 and AFSA in many other ways. He was Pretoria (AFSA has been posted in Paris, Montevideo, selected for his tireless advocacy of rep.), Karachi, , Sofia and Georgetown. the importance of professionalism in Vienna, and LAINGEN diplomacy, as president of the Washington, D.C.

with Russian orphans and at Russian soup quences of leaving loved ones behind. kitchens gave her the opportunity to "help Scott's nominator, Robert Marshall, State them better understand that America and administrative officer, described how Scott Americans were no longer Russia's enemy." helped develop new sources of food for Bridgman was born in Beirut and grad¬ the mission, often making trips to Bulgaria uated from the University of Virginia. She and Hungary for needed supplies. has worked as a journalist and is currently Marshall's letter concluded, "Belgrade in BRIDGMAN SCOTT the communications officer of the Board winter in better times was a fairly grim on Children and Families of the National place, and last winter was the worst of The winner of the Avis Bohlen Award, Research Council of the National times. For many people, Denine made which according to committee instruc¬ Academy of Sciences. The Bohlen Award Belgrade a bearable place to serve and tions, honors "a member of a family of was established by the Harriman family in live."Scott is a native of Michigan and a Foreign Service employee whose rela¬ memory of Avis Bohlen, wife of the late now lives in Berlin with her family. tions with the American and foreign com¬ Ambassador Charles E. Bohlen. The runners-up for the Guess Award munities at a Foreign Service post have The runner-up was Carol Ross, spouse of were Oya Cofman of Embassy Baku and done the most to advance the interests of the American ambassador in Damascus. Cheryle Ennis of Embassy Brazzaville. the United States" was Anne Bridgman, The winners of this year's AFSA awards 36, the spouse of FSO Keith Eddins. The M. Juanita Guess Award is a new represent the best of America overseas, Bridgman was cited for her work award given to an outstanding CLO according to Laingen. "This country's ulti¬ with orphans in Russia, giving them officer. This year's winner was Denine mate strength is in the example we set as a "more love in a year than most had L. Scott, 42, former CLO at U.S. Embassy country, what we do at home and abroad," known in a lifetime," wrote Eddins, who Belgrade. Scott is credited for helping fam¬ he said. "These individuals are in the front nominated his wife for the award. ilies deal with the economic collapse of lines, setting examples, especially in the According to Eddins, Bridgman's work Belgrade and the psychological conse¬ field of human rights."

AFSA NEWS • JULY 1 995 5 MERIT S c H o L A I

The AFSA/AAFSW Merit Scholarship Awards were estab¬ High school students who are graduating in spring 1996 and lished in 1 976 to recognize high school seniors who have who wish to apply for the 1996 AFSA/AAFSW Merit Awards

demonstrated academic excellence and outstanding lead¬ should request an application in October 1995. The application

ership during their high school years. deadline is Feb. 15, 1996. Dependents of Foreign Service per¬

This year, 20 merit awards of $ 1,000 and 12 honorable men¬ sonnel in the State Department, AID, USIA, Commerce or

tions were given in honor of all AFSA Scholarship Programs support Agriculture, who have outstanding academic records are urged to

ers, without whom Merit Awards and financial aid scholarships would apply. An Art Merit Award and financial aid awards are also

not exist. Funds for the awards are provided jointly by the American available. For more information, please contact: AFSA Scholarship

Foreign Service Association Scholarship Fund and the Association of Department, 2101 E Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20037, or

American Foreign Service Women whose major fundraising event is by e-mail: [email protected]., please put "scholarships" in the subject

the Bookfair held every October at the State Department. heading. Following are profiles of each merit award winner:

James B. Ahn Jr.: Graduate of St. Sarah Blackwill Graduate of Claire Bloom: Graduate of Walt Shimoe M. Cross: Graduate of Paul's School, Concord, N.H.; Concord-Carlisle HS, Concord, Whitman HS, Bethesda, Md; National Cathedral School, son of James (AID) and Kim Ahn; Mass.; daughter of Ambassador daughter of Peter (AID, ret.) and Washington, D.C.; daughter of Peter School Citizenship award, Robert (State, ret.) and Anne Gretchen (AID) Bloom; National and Kumiko (State) Cross; AP Honors, Ferguson Scholar finalist; attend¬ Blackwill; National Merit Finalist, Merit Commended Scholar, National Merit Commended Scholar, ing Brown. attending Stanford. attending Wesleyan. attending Brown.

Kathryn Hamilton; Graduate of Alexandra D. Huddleston: Samuel F. Jacobs: Graduate of Geoffrey A. Kish: Graduate of West Potomac H S, Alexandria, Vir.; Graduate of Phillips Academy, Langley HS, McLean, Vir.; son of Mount Saint Agnes Academy, daughter of John (State) and Donna Andover, Mass.; daughter of Robert Barry (State, ret.) and Susan (State) Hamilton, Bermuda; son of Stephen (State) Hamilton; Governor's School (AID, ret.) and Vicki (State) Jacobs; McLean Youth Achievement (State) and Marie (State) Kish; attendee; attending University of Huddleston; National Merit Award, football, class president; Bermuda Scholar Athlete; attending Virginia. Scholarship; attending Stanford. attending University of Virginia. College of William and Mary.

6 AFSA NEWS ‘JULY 1 995 SHIP AWARD WINNERS

Jeannette Y. Louh: Graduate of Jennfcr A Mandefc Graduate of The Nicole Martin: Graduate of Patricia A. Meeks: Graduate of Cherry Hill HS East, Cherry Hill, American School, Tokyo, Japan; International School, Islamabad, Bruton HS, Williamsburg, Vir; daugh¬ NJ.; daughter of Phillip (State) daughter of Lawrence (State) and Pakistan; daughter of John (AID) and ter of William (AID, ret.) and Joann and Evelina Louh; National Merit Judith Mandel; National Merit finalist, Linda (AID) Martin; Scholar Athlete of Tench Meeks; National Merit finalist, Finalist, Rutger's Dean's Summer Thespian Award in crew work; attend¬ the Year, National Merit Com¬ Governor's French Academy; attend¬ Scholarship, attending Harvard . ing Stanford. mendation; attending Georgetown. ing Tulane.

Nicholas H. Penfold: Graduate of Catherine Quinones: Graduate Aaron K. Roth: Graduate of Ulla M. Rickert Graduate of The American School, Tokyo, of South Lakes HS, Reston, Vir.; Eleanor Roosevelt HS, Greenbelt, Saint Andrew's School, Japan; son of John (State) and daughter of C. Kenneth (State) Md.; son of Richard (State) and Middletown, Del.; daughter of Consuelo Penfold; National Honor and Julie Quinones; Honor Roll, Carol (State) Roth; National Merit Jonathan (State) and Gerd Society; Most Valuable Player, bas¬ High School Diplomat at finalist, Maryland Distinguished Rickert; Williams College Book ketball; attending Yale. Princeton, attending Stanford. Scholar, attending Harvard . Award; attending Princeton.

Erin Rupprecht Graduate of West Christina Svendsem Graduate of Cathleen M. Teffh Graduate of Nathan H. While: Graduate of Potomac HS, Alexandria, VA; the American International School, West Springfield HS, Springfield, Walter Johnson HS, Bethesda, Md.; daughter of Erhardt (AID, ret.) and Vienna, Austria; daughter of Eric Vir.; daughter of John (State) and son of Jeffrey (State, ret.) and Martha Christine Rupprecht; National Merit (State) and Nancy Svendsen; Mariella Tefft; National Merit White; , Maryland Distinguished finalist, All-Metropolitan crew team; National Merit finalist, National Commendation; attending Uni Scholars finalist, French Honor attending University of Virginia. Honor Society; attending Harvard . versity of Virginia. Society; attending Dartmouth.

AFSA NEWS ‘JULY 1 995 7 AFSA/AAFSW AWARDS OUTSTANDING MERIT AWARD = HONORABLE MENTIONS BEST ESSAY he 1 2 recipients who received • BY CHRISTINA SVENDSEN • O honorable mention in the AFSA/AAFSW Scholarship Award com¬ petition were awarded a $ 100 check Bends in the Road and a certificate commemorating their achievement. The following students 've lived overseas have met many Peace I received honorable mention awards: seven of the past 10 I believe in Corps volunteers. Their sto¬ years, and it shows. I ries of living and working in • Roger Bock: graduate of Bethesda- have a strange tendency the sacredness the bush made me want to Chevy Chase High School, Bethesda, Md.; to spell colour with a "u," of the unforeseen, imitate them. Not only son of State employee J. Richard Bock and to avoid McDonald's, were they doing their small Corazon Bock. and to eat my spaghetti the surprises, part to make the world a with a spoon. I speak better place to live in, but • Lauren Butcher: graduate of Yorktown the bends in High School, Arlington, Vir.; daughter of English to my parents, they were also experienc¬ state employees Larry and Suzanne Butcher. German to my cat, and the road that ing first hand how average French to half my friends. I can't see people in the Third World • Dianna Der Koorkanian: graduate of Living overseas has live. Finally, my vague res¬ Manchester High School Central, N.H.; influenced not only my around. olution to spend a large daughter of retired State employee actions, but also the goals part of my adult life as an George Der Koorkanian and Cora Der I've set for myself in life. expatriate was also most Koorkanian. My decision to major at likely caused by the root¬ college in foreign lan¬ lessness and constant travel * Emily Farbman: graduate of Rabat American School, Rabat, Morocco; daugh¬ guages and literatures is at of my childhood. ter of AID employee Michael Farbman least partially the result of having lived Paradoxically enough, however, my and Susan Farbman. abroad off and on ever since the age of Foreign Service experience has influ¬ two. My passion for the literature of enced my personal goals most by mak¬ « Satah Hanick: graduate of Washington- other languages began when I was ing me realize how ultimately unimpor¬ Lee High School, Arlington, Vir.; daughter of about nine years old and read my first tant they are. Moving abruptly and (for State/USIA employee Philip Harrick and short story in French. I was fascinated to a small child) inexplicably from conti¬ Barbara (State, ret.) Harrick. realize that languages can't be translat¬ nent to continent every few years has ed directly, as if one were decoding bred in me a sort of benign fatalism. I * Margaret Jones graduate Lisgar Institute, Ottawa, Canada; daughter of something. To me, translation is a sort of believe in the sacredness of the unfore¬ State employees David and Teresa Jones. interpretation because no exact equiva¬ seen, the surprises, the bends in the lent for most phrases exists across lan¬ road that I can't see around. Goals are < Emily Leonard: graduate of American guages. Connotations, associations, and useful for orienting one's life in a particu¬ Cooperative School, La Paz, Bolivia; shades of meaning change. Learning lar direction, perhaps, but in the long daughter of AID employee Carl Leonard new languages helped me to think in run the future is too distant and unimag¬ and Glynne Leonard. new ways and to break out of the cultur¬ inable to try to pin down with plans and * Ann Mason: graduate of Langley High al mind-set of American English. In the objectives. Ten years from now, so School, McLean Vir.; daughter of State end, I have to credit my Foreign Service many opportunities and possibilities will employee Nancy Mason and Rodney experience with having first kindled my be open to me that I can't even dream (State, ret.) Mason. interest in the nuances of languages by of now. Certainly, it is necessary to immersing me in the culture of foreign think about the future, and the paths I'd * Michele Parker: graduate of countries. like to follow, but making rigid plans or International School, Manila, The My hope of joining the trying to control how life will unfold is Philippines; daughter of State employee someday also probably owes its birth to simply useless. Rather, I'll have to Patricia Parker and Bruce Parker. my Foreign Service experience. Living in adapt myself and my goals in life to the * Jeanette Silver: graduate of W. T. two different West African countries, I new circumstances I will find myself in, Woodson High School, Fairfax, Vir.; just as I have adapted to a new environ¬ daughter of USIA employee Charles Silver Christina Svendsen, who recently graduat¬ ment each time I've moved. This philos¬ and Moo-Lan Silver. ed from American International School in ophy is one of the greatest gifts my Vienna, will be attending Harvard Foreign Service experience has given r Megumi Zorn: graduate of Richard University this fall. Her father, FSO Eric me. It allows me to approach life with a Montgomery High School, Rockville, Md.; Svendsen, had been posted in Senegal, the certain joy, counting on nothing for cer¬ daughter of State employees Yoshie and former Yugoslavia, and Austria. tain except the exhilarating unexpected. Richard Zorn.

8 AFSA NEWS • JULY 1995 Mum StT' TEENS WRITE ABOUT TRIALS OF NOMADIC LIFE

BY DEIRDRE FERNANDES an effort to include me," wrote Bloom. She students who wrote about the culture shock Intern recalled that because she did not under¬ they experienced in their host country. stand the United States, she rejected its cul¬ When Geoffrey Kish got off the plane in Life in the Foreign Service can be ture. She did not wear brand-name clothes, Israel, his first impression of the country was extremely difficult, especially for teens. watch soap operas, or hang out at the that of a pristine paradise: "The sun was Sometimes, this nomadic life is harder on malls. She has now reconciled her differ¬ shining, reflecting off the multitudes of sand them than on the Foreign Service employ¬ ences with American culture, and that seemed to be everywhere, and it took a ees themselves, especially upon return to the writes,"There are many flaws in our society long time for my eyes to adjust," said Kish. United States. today, but there are also many good values However, his first impression was deceiving. Nonetheless, none of the Foreign and beliefs." He was unaware of the problems that were Service Merit Scholarship winners would Others, such as Patricia Meeks, chose to ensuing in the country, until he had lived trade their experiences overseas to have assimilate. Prior to her homecoming, Meeks there for some time. The knowledge of the lived in Hometown, U.S.A. Their foreign lived in , Pakistan and Haiti. When fear that the people lived in forced Kish to experiences have shaped their personalities she came to America, she became grow up fast. "Much of my childhood inno¬ and their life's goals. enthralled with Western inventions, such as cence was lost as I became accustomed to The winning essays in the 1995 AFSA television, spending hours watching "Star seeing weapons and soldiers on a daily Scholarship Competition highlight both the Trek." To complete her integration into this basis. difficulties of their nomadic lifestyle and the alien culture, Meeks said that she refused to Unlike Kish, Ulla Ricker* saw Foreign lessons they learned. They share in common speak French, in which she was fluent, even Service life as a sheltered life, where every¬ many of the same challenges and experi¬ to her parents at home. body seemed to live in racial harmony. ences, but the lessons of each applicant are Erin Rupprecht considered herself a "Although my foreign experiences have uniquely personal. Foreign Service veteran; whenever her exposed me to different customs and cul¬ For many of the students, there was no father was moved to a new post she had no tures, paradoxically, I know I have led a culture shock in arriving in a foreign culture. problem "fitting in." Rupprecht knew what sheltered life. I had assumed that the har¬ Kathryn Hamilton wrote, "In Costa Rica, I to expect in these foreign lands - the pover¬ mony among races in the Anglo-American became part of the Costa Rican life easily, ty, the foreign language and the unreliable school and the diplomatic community were assuming the local mannerisms, blending in. electricity were not surprising. But coming natural," Rickert wrote. I loved it there because I felt so much a part to America, she was shocked. Jeannette Louh, who spent six weeks as of things." However, Hamilton, like many "The opulence of American life stag¬ an exchange student in Japan, assumed that other teens, was surprised to find that the gered me. The streets seemed bare without Japanese culture was based on the history United States, the country she always con¬ swarms of begging urchins and stray dogs. she had studied. However, she wrote, "I sidered home, was as much a foreign coun¬ The houses seemed vulnerable without high came to the greatest realization and com¬ try as any she had visited. brick walls to hide behind," wrote prehension of Japanese culture when I final¬ Similarly, Aaron Roth was always eager Rupprecht. "I had slipped into the 'Third ly understood the puzzling differences ... to return to the United States when he was World mode.'" were caused by the distinct mentality that overseas. In he thought often kept Japanese culture unique." about McDonald's, Blockbuster Video and Many of the merit scholarship win¬ Culture shock is most damaging when it 7-11, the staple institutions of American cul¬ ners were stationed in countries is not expected. When Shimae Cross and ture. However, once he was in the United with profoundly different social and her family were transferred to Japan, she States, he began to miss his life in Portugal. political systems than that of the United thought that as a Japanese-American, she "This realization led to a deep depression States. Nathan White lived in Sweden, would fit right into the culture. With regret during the first several months [in America]. where socialism was the policy, and Russia, she wrote, "Looking back, however, I real¬ It was without doubt the most emotional where communism ruled. When he ize that I have never entered a situation as period I had experienced, and it had pro¬ returned to the United States he realized blindly ignorant and unprepared as I did in found consequences for my later develop¬ that Americans do not fully appreciate their Japan." ment," Roth wrote. While he discovered his freedoms, nor are they aware of the events In Haiti, it took Alexandra Huddleston a love of science and mathematics, and outside their limited frame of reference. "I while to understand the culture. When greater self-knowledge during this period, found that many Americans were simply Huddleston arrived in Haiti, she immediately he also became quiet, whereas once he unaware of the rest of the world around hated the country. "I could not take it all in. had "led his friends into temptation." them and all its wonders.... not only were I wanted to hide behind the walls of our Claire Bloom, who lived mostly in Asia, many people unknowledgeable, they were unfamiliar home. I cried. I regretted. I also found it difficult to fit into American cul¬ content with their ignorance and content to wished. I wished I was in Washington, ture, and during her first year back, made remain focused in their narrow-minded D.C., with my friends, watching movies, TV, friends of students with international back¬ American viewpoint," White wrote. lying around in suburban America, " wrote grounds similar to her own. "I didn't feel Although most of the essays focused on Huddleston. "I wanted to be in a country lost talking to them ... because they made culture shock in America, there were many Continued on page 10

AFSA NEWS • JULY 1994 9 been fortunate to meet people of diverse standards. In Honduras, Portugal and LIFE AS A NOMAD backgrounds and beliefs. A few years ago, Colombia, Penfold said, cheating is not Continued from page 9 she met a young man from El Salvador who as morally repugnant nor is expressing where everyone didn't stare at me because swam with his family across the Rio Grande one's individuality as important, as it is in of the color of my skin." to live in the United States. Her meeting with the American culture. Therefore, he was She was lifted out of her depression, this man made her aware of the plight of torn between assimilating to each coun¬ however, when she watched an exhibition the less fortunate, and has influenced her try's belief system, or retaining his own of ritual dances. As she listened to the beat goal to become a doctor and practice med¬ standards and ideas. of the drums, she began to realize the beau¬ icine among Hispanic immigrants. There are many pros and cons to ty of the nation where she lived. She slowly Being raised in a variety of diverse being a Foreign Service child, but it is discovered that the art, the history and the cultures, many of these students see them¬ undoubtedly a learning experience. culture of Haiti were more beautiful than the selves as a melange of different cultures. Some, like Samuel Jacobs, have come to best kept lawn in suburbia. "In the end, the Nicole Martin was born in Nairobi, sur¬ realize the impermanence of life. As a voodoo drums pounded away the walls of rounded by many different languages, child living in El Salvador in 1989, he shock and rejection. I began to enjoy the from English to a tribal dialect called lost a teacher and friend to the violence culture of Haiti," wrote Huddleston. Margoli. Although she shared many simi¬ that was plaguing the country. His The extreme poverty of the Third World larities with the children of her host coun¬ teacher was simply an innocent often comes as a shock, even when it is try, she also recognized the differences. bystander, whose house was in the path expected. Sarah Blackwill realized though, These similarities and differences of a grenade. "It was impossible to dis¬ that poverty and lack of the best equipment "became the base for the identity crisis I tance myself from the gunshots or the is not the end of the world. Blackwill went would face later as an American who did screams of widows, something no text to Bolivia to build a dormitory for a camp not know how to live in my own country, can ever capture, " said Jacobs. This and program. Both her new work boots and a though it enabled me to survive in places other events Jacobs witnessed forced him cement mixer did not arrive on time. such as Kenya, Sudan and Pakistan, to conclude "that life is too short to be a Blackwill wrote that when the cement mixer recalled Martin. passive observer. I attack my opportuni¬ finally arrived, she missed the comradeship It is difficult to retain one's own identi¬ ties and my experiences, knowing that of working together. "After a week of mixing ty and individuality moving from place to everything could end in a twinkling. In hundreds of bags of cement in a small place, as Nicholas Penfold described in the end, all anyone has is their memories. wooden box, three of us hoeing at once, his essay. Each country has its own I am determined to enrich mine, to live forging lanes' through the thick, sticky mix¬ norms, its own moral code and its own with as little regrets as possible." ture, laughing and singing, we now had a machine that could do those hours of work for us, and I somehow regretted it," recalled Blackwill.

There is no doubt that Foreign Service life greatly influenced the lives of the merit scholarship winners. Many of the students plan on a career in or language studies. On a deeper level though, their Foreign Service experi¬ ence also influenced their world view. Jennifer Mandel, Cathleen Tefft and Catherine Quinones all believe the greatest benefit of being a Foreign Service child is the exposure to different cultures. "Through NOT AT THE PATTERSON SCHOOL! my father's work in the Foreign Service I have tasted the life of various peoples as Located on more than 1400 acres in the more than a tourist; I now want to draw on Blue Ridfie Mountains. The Patterson School offers that experience to understand their soci¬ the Exceptional Education: eties," wrote Mandel. The opportunity to Brow academically. Physically and Quinones wants to be a film director and share with others the beauty that she has seen spiritually in a Place which is not limited entirely by the around the world. 'The most important aspect four walls of buildings. of making movies is the visual image," wrote • Co-educational • Grades 7-12, Boarding & Day Quinones. " I have been exposed to many dif¬ • College Prep • Christian Non-denominational ferent scenes throughout the course of my • Athletic and Work Programs Foreign Service experience: a mountainside Buddhist temple, endless rice paddies, the pat¬ THE PATTERSON SCHOOL P.O. Box 500 • Patterson NC 28661 terned sand of a Zen rock garden." 704-758-2374 • 800-953-9904 • FAX 704-758-9179 During her travels, Tefft said she has

10 A F S A NEWS • JULY 1 995 Independent Auditor’s Report

Governing Board of the American Foreign Service Association and Associated Organizations

We have audited the accompanying combined balance sheet of American Foreign Service Association and Associated Organizations as of December 31, 1994, and the related combined statements of activity and changes in fmtd balances, and cash flows for the year then ended. These combined financial statements are the responsibility of the Association’s management. Our responsibility7 is to express an opinion on these combined financial statements based on our audit.

We conducted our audit in accordance with generally accepted auditing standards. Those stan¬ dards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audit pro¬ vides a reasonable basis for our opinion. hi our opinion, the combined financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the combined financial position of American Foreign Service Association and Associated Organizations as of December 31, 1994, and the combined results of their operations and their cash flows for the year ended in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles.

Information for the year ended December 31, 1993 is presented for comparative purposes only, and was extracted from the financial statements presented by separate funds for that year on which an unqualified opinion dated April 11, 1994 was expressed.

Lang + Associates, P.A. Bethesda, Maryland April 5, 1995

AFSA ANNUAL REPORT 1994 • 1995 1 1 AUDITOR’S REPORT 9 9 4

American Foreign Service Association and Associated Organizations Combined Balance Sheet December 31, 1994 (With Comparative Totals for 1993)

1994 1993 AFSA Capital Restricted- General Maintenance Scholarship AFSA Combined Combined Fund Fund Fund Funds Total Total

Assets

Current Assets Cash and cash equivalents $207,243 $ 23,652 $ 101,492 $ 48,934 $ 381,321 $ 425,931 Accounts receivable, less allowance for doubtful accounts of $8,000 60,566 60,566 96,559 Interfund receivable (payable) (57,660) 16,309 56,004 (14,653) — ~ Prepaid expenses and other 22,324 — 22,324 17,325 Accrued interest and dividends 9.178 2.095 11.273 11-273

Total current assets 232,473 39,961 166,674 36,376 475,484 551,088

Land, Building and Equipment, net of depreciation 253,233 441,376 2,998 5,494 703,101 557,463

Other Assets Endowment fund marketable securities — — 829,448 174,156 1,003,604 957,458 Marketable securities - at lower of cost or market 36.266 745.586 _Jufi42 786,901 767.267

Total Assets $521.972 $481.337 $1.744.706 $221.075 $2-969.090 $2-833.276

Liabilities and Fund Balances

Current Liabilities Accounts payable $ 31,811 $ — $ - $ - $ 31,811 $ 46,194 185,479 277,026 36,380 498,885 529,914 Deferred revenue 24,374 Accrued expenses 17,525 1,096 1,676 20,297 33,604 Current portion of mortgage payable Current portion of note payable 35.116 35.116

Total current liabilities 234,815 35,116 278,122 38,056 586,109 634,086 96,108 Note Payable, less current portion — 96,108 — - - 637.136 637,136 Deferred Revenue 637,136 — 1,271,222 Total liabilities 234,815 131,224 915,258 38,056 1,319,353

Fund Balances Unrestricted Undesignated 237,157 314,077 — 8,863 560,097 234,483 Designated 50.000 36.036 — — 86,036 370,113 Endowment 829.448 174.156 1.003.604 252.45S 287.157 350.113 829.448 183.019 1.649.737 1.562.054 $2.833.276 Total Liabilities and Fund Balances 5521.972 $481.337 $1.744.706 $221,075 $2,969,090

12 AFSA AUDITOR'S REPORT 1994 • JULY 1995 American Foreign Service Association and Associated Organizations Combined Statement of Activity and Changes in Fund Balances Year Ended December 31, 1994 (With Comparative Totals for 1993) 1994 1993 AFSA

Capital Restricted- General Maintenance Scholarship AFSA Combined Combined Fund Fund Fund Funds Total Total Revenue Membership dues $1,242,341 $ - $ _ $51,849 $1,294,190 $1,189,832 Advertising sales 323,216 — — — 323,216 307,550 Corporate sponsors — — — 108,564 108,564 121,021 Subscriptions 4,168 — — — 4,168 10,211 Gain on sale of marketable securities — — 1,974 9 1,983 46,718 Dividends and interest 5,212 1,194 86,521 14,848 107,775 95,438 Other 28.566 — (25) 28.541 26.576 1,603,503 1,194 88,470 175,270 1,868,437 1,797,346 Support Contributions 72.600 125.386 84.877 282.863 219.355 Total revenue and support 1.676.103 1.194 213.856 260.147 2.151.300 2.016.701

Program expenses - Journal 455,783 455,783 368,187 Labor relations 317,733 — — — 317,733 343,148 Legislative action 88,632 — — — 88,632 42,310 Club 67,872 ■ — — 67,872 98,528 Outreach — — — 181,127 181,127 202,911 Membership 245,077 — — — 245,077 146,085 Election — — 7,427 Scholarship — — 208,905 — 208,905 216,198 AFSA Fund — — — 93,638 93,638 124,524 Capital Maintenance — 77,230 — — 77,230 39,538 Alumni 57,043 — — — 57,043 59,327 Board and committee 47.503 — 47.503 Total program expenses 1,279,643 77,230 208,905 274,765 1,840,543 1,648,183

Management and general 237,663 - — — 237,663 304,273 Fundraising 4.951 14.119 19.070

Total expenses $1.517.306 $77.230 S212J356 $288.884 $2.097.276 Si.952.456

Excess (deficiency) from current activity before capital additions $158,797 $(76,036) $ — $(28,737) $ 54,024 $ 64,245

Capital additions Gain on sale of marketable securities ~ — 1,826 156 1,982 37,470 Contributions 46.000 46.000 55.200

Excess (deficiency) from current activity after capital additions 158,797 (76,036) 47,826 (28,581) 102,006 156,915

Fund Balances, beginning of year 227,628 330,113 783,458 220,855 1,562,054 1,405,139

Fund transfers (84,945) 94,200 - (9,255) - ...

Realized gains on endowment funds utilized - 1,836 (1,836) -- ... -

Unrealized loss on investments (14.323) (14.323)

Fund Balances, end of year $287,157 $350.113 $829.448 $183.019 SI.649.737 $1,562,054

AFSA AUDITOR'S REPORT 1994 • JUCY 1995 13 American Foreign Service Association and Associated Organizations Combined Statement of Cash Flows Year Ended December 31,1994 (With Comparative Totals for 1993) Increase (Decrease) in Cash and Cash Equivalents 1994 1993 AFSA Capital Restricted- General Maintenance Scholarship AFSA Combined Combined Fund Fund Fund Funds Total Total Cash flows from operating activities Excess (deficiency) from current activity $ 158,797 $(76,036) $47,826 $(28,581) $102,006 $156,915 Adjustments to reconcile excess (deficiency) from current activity to net cash provided by operating activities: Depreciation 8,031 65,694 835 1,555 76,115 63,889 Loss of disposal of equipment 453 1,865 24 — 2,342 1,355 Gain on sale of marketable securities — — (3,800) (165) (3,965) (84,188) Interfund transfers (84,945) 96,036 (1,836) (9,255) — ~ Change in assets and liabilities: (Increase) decrease in accounts receivable 35,993 _ 35,993 (9,118) (Increase) decrease in interfund receivables and payables (17,208) (25,937) (21,221) 64,366 (Increase) decrease in prepaid expenses (4,999) -- — — (4,999) 50,512 Decrease in accrued interest and dividends — — — — — 6,880 (Decrease) increase in accounts payable (14,383) — — — (14,383) 20,069 (Decrease) increase in deferred revenue (26,773) — 19,760 (24,016) (31,029) (28,580) (Decrease) increase in accrued expenses -L6-4S9) m 1.676 (4.077) 5.325 Total adjustments (110.330) 137.658 (5.492) 34.161 55.997 26.144

Net cash provided by operating activities S 48.467 SMLS2Z $42.334 $ 5.580 $158.003 $183.059 1

Net cash provided by operating activities $ 48.467 $ 61.622 $ 42.334 $ 5.580 $ 158.003 $ 183.059 Cash flows from investing activities Acquisition of equipment (224,095) (224,095) (88,103) Proceeds from sale of marketable securities — — 273,387 56,478 329,865 501,195 Purchases of marketable securities (357.905) (48.098) (406.0Q3) (425.729)

Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities (224,095) (84,518) 8,380 (300,233) (12,637) Cash flows from Financing activities Payments on mortgage payable Proceeds from note payable (33,604) (33,604) (162,533) Payments on note payable — 150,000 — •• — 150,000 — — (18.776) — — (18.776) — Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities (33.604) 131.224 - —, 97.620 (162.533) Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents 14,863 (31,249) (42,184) 13,960 (44,610) 7,889 Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of year 192.380 54,901 143.676 .34,9?i 425.931 418.042 Cash and cash equivalents, end of year S2Q7.243 $ 23.652 $ 101.492 $ 48.934 $.3.81,321 $ 425.931 Supplemental disclosure of cash flows information: Cash paid during the year for interest S 1.084 $ 7.456 $ - $ - $ 8.540 $ 8.974

14 AFSA AUDITOR'S REPORT 1994 • JULY 1995 PROPERTY and your Arlington or Fairfax public transportation, safe and SHORT-TERM RENTALS M 1 1 I 1 II II County home than PEAKE secure neighborhoods and a good MANAGEMENT, INC. Call, write or rental market for your home when Foreign Service Associates can ABLE REALTY offers complete FAX LINDSEY PEAKE 6842 Elm Street, you go overseas. provide fully furnished apartments professional management of resi¬ Suite 303, McLean, VA 22101. Tel Having provided exclusive rep¬ just 5 minutes from the new FSI dential rental properties in (703) 448-0212, FAX (703) 448- resentation as a buyer agent for facility and one block from SA-15. Northern Virginia. Allow our ded¬ 9652. Foreign Service personnel over the We have efficiencies, 1 bedrooms, icated professionals to personalize J.P. 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AFSA NEWS • JULY 1995 1 5 Classifieds

VACATIONS & Specialize in Foreign Service GRIEVANCES: MANDATORY RESORTS and overseas contractor situa¬ RETIREMENT OR SEPARATION? tions, VIRGINIA M. TEST, CPA DEFECTIVE EER? WEST VIRGINIA GETAWAY 2595 Chandler Ave., #18, Las Attorney with 16 years successful near Washington. Vacation home Vegas, NV 89120, (702) 795- experience SPECIALIZING IN FS of former Foreign Service officer 3648, FAX (702) 433-9191. GRIEVANCES will represent you available by week/weekend. CPA-SPECIALIST in offshore to protect vital interests in these or Large fully furnished 4 bedroom U.S. taxpayer issues. 35 years other career matters including | redwood house on 180 acres of experience. Tax and estate plan¬ non-promotion, selection out, non¬ meadow and woodland. Huge ning and RETURN PREPARA¬ tenuring, disciplinary actions at State, AID, USIA ana Commerce. |j deck overlooks pond, barn and TION; all federal and all states. Call Bridget R. Mugane beautifully landscaped yard. 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We oldest and the largest international BORING, PARROTT & PILGER, Suite D, Planning your Vacation? Beautiful process returns as received, callback phone companies in the 307 Maple Ave., W., Vienna, VA Family Resort 2BR 2BA Condo, without delay. Preparation and world. For rates or service, contact 22180. Tel. (703) 281-2161, FAX All Amenities, Sleeps 6. Clean, representation by enrolled Ira Roffel, special Telegroup (703) 281-9464. Guarded Ocean Beach, 8 Pools, agents, avg. fee $195 includes Foreign Service representative. Active Tennis Program, Golf return and TAX Trax, unique, Phone 515-472-5000 ext. Nearby, Children's Camp. mini-financial planning review 5440 or Fax: 515-472-0845. Weekly: May/Oct. $500; with recommendations. Full Telegroup, 505 N. Third, June/Sept. $700; July $850; planning available. MlLTON E. Fairfield, IA 52556, USA Aug. $950. Discounts for Longer CARB, EA, and BARRY B. DE Stays. 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16 AFSA NEWS • JULY 1995 WILL THE PRINTS YOU BOUGHT IN PRAGUE BE COVERED IN BOMBAY?

Some day, the pieces that stole your heart may be stolen from your home abroad. Chances are, if you bought your insurance overseas, you may not be covered for theft. And, if you were counting on the coverage provided by the U.S. Government Claims Act, you may be at a loss again. Because on paintings and pictures, including frames, the Government will only reimburse you up to $500 per item, and $3000 maximum per claim. On other items such as jewelry, furs, cameras and antiques, similar limitations apply. What’s more, the Government doesn’t base reimbursement on what it would cost you to replace your articles. So you may wind up feeling as if you’ve been robbed twice. And, if you can’t prove that you exercised “reasonable care” in protecting your goods, the Government might not pay you at all. On the other hand, if you had the “all-risk” AFSA Plan-sponsored by the American Foreign Service Association-your insured possessions would be covered for the cost of their full replace¬ ment value and the issue of “reasonable care” would not be raised. The AFSA Plan has been specifically designed for members of the American Foreign Ser¬ vice Association on active duty abroad. Through the Plan, AFSA Desk, The Hirshorn Company you can also get comprehensive moving insurance, 14 East Highland Avenue personal liability insurance, fire and catastrophe coverage, Philadelphia, PA 19118 Telephone: 215-242-8200. and itemized valuable articles protection. In Wash. D.C. Area: 202-457-0250 So don’t wait until your best loved pieces wind up in Please send me your free brochure that some unknown places. Call or send for your free brochure answers questions about overseas insurance. today. Name Address

THE Mr3/1 INSURANCE PLAN City Don’t go overseas undercovered. Instate Zip The AFSA Plan is underwritten by Federal Insurance Company, one of the Chubb Group of Insurance Companies. Focus

THE GROWING CLOUT OF NGOS

PRIVATIZATION OF INTERNATIONAL AID

CHANGING THE DYNAMICS OF GIVING

BIJ Francine Modderno

ven before Congress began pondering die future of the U.S. Agency for International Development (AID), much of the agency’s work was being carried out by a growing group of pri¬ vate-sector foot soldiers working for nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), These groups will be carrying out even more U.S. foreign assistance work if AID succeeds in its the New Partnership Initiative (NPI). And if AID is folded into the State Department, as the GOP is advocating, NGOs and private voluntary organizations (PVOs) may be the only winners in Washington. Under AIDs new initiative, die amount of funds for private-sector-sponsored international development pro¬ jects is expected to be dramatically increased. Until now, about 28 percent — or $1.5 billion — of AID development assis-

32 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL/JULY 1995 Focus

Not only will AID be giving more money to NGOs to manage, but it will change the way it manages its remaining funds.

tance money has gone to NGOs. In the next five years, the Actually, AID has been experimenting with die part¬ agency plans to increase the money it gives to them to 40 nership concept for quite a while. “For at least two percent of its budget, according to AID officials. decades there’s been an increasing degree of collabora¬ In its efforts to streamline bureaucracy and fulfill the tion through NGOs in carrying out AID’S program,” government-wide mandate to cut staff and increase pro¬ agrees Lou Stamberg, director of AID’s Office of Private ductivity, AID has been relying increasingly on NGOs to and Voluntary Cooperation. A major push came in 1993, deliver services directly to grassroots recipients. In the when Congress allotted $410 million for the Freedom last decade, AID has been devoting more of its efforts to Support Act, to assist NIS countries set up free-market encouraging privatization in developing countries. First economies, support humanitarian assistance and estab¬ in Latin America and recendy in die Newly Independent lish legal, social and media infrastructures for democra¬ States (NIS). Now, the agency is practicing what it tization. Despite rumblings from Congress about die preaches and using its dwindling resources to provide failure of tins program to deliver quick changes, otiier seed money to indigenous NGOs to devise and manage “partnership” approaches have achieved key results. development projects themselves, ratiier than develop¬ For example, AID’s University Development Linkages ing and funding projects witii government counterparts. Project (UDLP) is a pilot experiment tiiat offers American Recent World Bank studies show tiiat when aid recipi¬ colleges grants to establish partnerships with institutions ents actively participate in project selection and design, die for projects tiiey devise themselves. Successful applicants projects are more successful, last longer and are more cost- receive AID seed money to get diem off die ground. effective tiian when decision-making is more centralized. Through UDLP, a partnership was created between the Not only will AID be giving more money to NGOs to Coalition of Community Colleges for International manage, but it will change die way it manages its Development in Dayton, Ohio, and a coalition member, remaining funds. More of AID-managed funds will be Sinclair Community College and four colleges in Madras, used to provide loan guar antees and credit to help small- India, to start a vocational training center. ‘The first tiling and medium-sized businesses and toward setting up we did was draw up a resource development plan for ways training and internship programs between small busi¬ the center could get money to survive beyond 1997, when nesses in die U.S. and developing countries. AID money will run out,” says project leader Jean Cook. As a way to increase cooperation between AID and Thanks to its resource development plan, the project is indigenous NGOs, the agency opened a Washington-based getting more funding from Indian sources each year and office of NPI in March, headed by Catheryn L. Thorup. has begun to generate some income itself by establishing a “The three principles [of partnership] are private sec¬ sliding-scale tuition structure and renting out office space. tor involvement, mutual benefit and market sustainabil¬ “Anodier benefit of die UDLP model is tiiat there are no ity,” says John D. Kasarda, director of the Kenan indirect costs for AID, which is very rare,” says Peter Kellams Institute of Private Enterprise at the University of North of St. Louis University, program director of a linkage project Carolina, in testimony before the Senate Foreign with four post-secondary technical schools in Guyana. ‘The Relations Committee (SFRC) in March. Kasarda, who’s program is extremely cost-efficient.... I’ve had enough expe¬ involved with a project to push private enterprise in rience with AID to know that this Ls one of the more efficient Thailand, says that delivering aid through the private programs in the sense of meeting U.S. government goals.” sector increases the projects impact and reduces costs. Among AID staff, the debate over whetiier NGOs Francine Moclderno, a freelance writer, is a former and PVOs are good development vehicles has been Foreign Service spouse who lives in Northern Virginia. Con tinued on page 35

JULY 1995/FOREICN SERVICE JOURNAL 33 Focus

WHAT ARE NGOS? Non-government organizations (NGOs), Pan American Development Foundation and include both not-for-profit private volun¬ Caribbean/Latin American Action. tary organizations (PVOs), as well as spe¬ Many on AIDs list — about 51 percent — are cial interest groups, such as chambers of com¬ involved in health care. This includes Children’s merce. NGOs range from small domestic commu¬ Health Fund, Planned Parenthood and U.S. nity groups, such as 4-H Councils and Rotary Committe for UNICEF. Some 53 percent deliver Clubs, to large multinational organizations involved food aid, including Food for the Hungry and in international activities, such as the World Global Hunger Project. Fifty-one percent work in Wildlife Fund and Amnesty International. The microenterprise development. Among these are U.N.-affiliated Union of International Associations, the Credit Union National Association and The based in Brussels, recognizes 14,500 international Resource Foundation, Inc.; 43 percent work in NGOs. training, including the U.S.-Baltic Foundation and The U.S. Agency for International Development San Diego State University Foundation; 34 percent (AID) uses both NGOs and private businesses to work in education, including WorldTeach and the carry out international development work. AID Institute of International Education, Inc.; and 32 technical assistance contracts can also go to for- percent work in technical assistance, such as profit organizations. TechnoServe and Appropriate Technology To qualify as a FVO, an organization must be a International. Twenty-nine percent are involved in charitable nonprofit and receive some funding from humanitarian relief, for example, Mennonite donations or foundations. American PVOs on AIDs Central Committee and Catholic Relief; 26 percent register include the American Refugee Committee work on children’s issues, including Save the and Mercy International Health Services. AID Children Federation and Children International; Registrar Mary Newton says AIDs official list now and 26 percent work in community development, includes 431 PVOs, which officials say is not complete. institution building and disaster assistance. The number of PVOs has more than doubled Examples are Red Cross International and Church since the beginning of the decade, when it hovered World Service. Twenty-three percent of PVOs work around 200. Many of the new additions are the in womens issues, such as Pro Women, Equality result of large funding initiatives to help build Now, Inc., and 23 percent in environment, such as democracy and market economies in the Newly Sierra Club Foundation, Center for Wildlife Independent States (NIS) and Eastern Europe. Conservation; and 11 percent each are involved in The last several years has seen an increase in PVOs family planning, such as The Population Council focused on Vietnam, as the U.S. government began and Pathfinder, International; and work with moves to reestablish representation in that country. refugees, such as the International Rescue About 29 percent of PVOs registered with AID are Committee and the Islamic African Relief Agency. involved in Africa. They include the African- Most American PVOs receive direct funding American Institute and Africare, among others. from AID, says Julia Taft, head of the Washington- Some 20 percent are involved in Asia and the Near based InterAction, a powerful Washington-based East; among them the Asia Foundation and Asian- coalition and lobbying group of 160 PVOs. The American Labor Institute; 20 percent in rest receive AID assistance in the form of com¬ Europe/NIS, including Partners for Democratic modities and small grants for transportation of Change and Citizens Democracy Corps, Inc.; and food donations. ■ 31 percent in Latin America/Caribbean, including — F.M.

34 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL/JULY 1995 Focus

Continued from page 33 pioneers of family planning services. Forty years ago, the long and loud — and continues. Development experts local family planning association, an recognize that working with grassroots groups abroad pro¬ International Planned Parenthood Federation (IPPF) motes mutual respect and an understanding of what each affiliate, planted die seed that by 1995 became a nation¬ group can do best. It is therefore tire best known way of wide program of more dian 400 NGOs and government providing “sustainable development,” the buzzword term groups working on health and family planning issues. In at AID. For example, in Haiti, AID professionals saw die the 1990s, the government, working with AID and other need for reforestation programs and worked widi PVOs to donors, provided the lion’s share of services, but the accomplish mutual environmental goals. NGOs’ work has been in die forefront of innovations, such Many NGOs rely on volunteer help as well as staff to as establishing community-based programs using women cany out projects. Mail)' AID activities, such as delivering workers and establishing quality standards. Still otiier humanitarian relief and food aid, benefit from PVOs’ NGOs have pioneered fee-for-services in a dual effort to expertise. But, when a particular type ofexperti.se is need¬ make their own programs more sustainable and to ed, some PVOs may subcontract work to for-profit entities. encourage self-reliance in clients. Now the NGOs’ role is “AID has long recognized that NGOs are effective in even more important, and they must prove dieir worth canying out foreign assistance goals,” says Stamberg. again as diey carry out an even more ambitious reproduc¬ “Channeling aid to the grassroots is a major goal that ben¬ tive health agenda they helped create. efits the United States because in the short term it is a The role of both U.S. and indigenous NGOs in shaping more efficient way to deliver humanitarian aid, and in the policy comes to the forefront as preparations for die long term, it creates more stable societies diat wall not September U.N. World Conference on Women continue. direaten world peace and will provide new hading part¬ China offered to host die conference in Beijing, as well as a ners for die United States.” parallel unofficial NGO conference. But instead of kudos But with so many funds being spent by non-govem- from the 41,000 NGO women around die world who want ment groups, are U.S. foreign assistance goals being com¬ to attend the conferences, the Chinese have found them¬ promised or diluted? Some development experts also selves criticized not only by die NGOs, but by various worry diat the agendas of NGOs can become more national governments for trying to control die womens important than U.S. administration goals. They say diat influence by assigning them a site more than 40 miles from when AID money is mingled widi private money, AID die main conference in central Beijing. U.N. Secretary priorities can be lost in the process. Giving “power to the General Boutros Boutros-Ghali was urged to negotiate widi people” means that strong organizations within the the Chinese for a better NGO site. After negotiations, the United States and influential indigenous groups may women’s forum organizers accepted die site, but only after push local priorities more than administration goals. But winning a sharp increase — up to 36,000 participants — in Stamberg sees it differentiy. He says AID can ensure U.S. die number allowed to attend. government goals are met because it has the power to target its funding — and that strengthening indigenous The growth and power of NGOs have been building groups can only mean that they will be able to help them¬ steadily for die last decade. In 1992, some $8.3 billion selves rather than rely on U.S. assistance. in mutilateral and bilateral aid was funnelled fiuough NGOs Others point out that PVOs’ ability to influence policy to developing countries, representing 13 percent of devel¬ is limited by their lack of continuity in many countries — opment assistance worldwide, Peter J. Spiro noted in a 1995 typically, when AID funding runs out and the project is Washington Quarterfi/ article. In contrast, U.S. government over, diey leave. In other cases, as government initiatives assistance funds administered by AID have been averaging grow, NGOs are shunted aside or dieir role changes. between $7 billion and $7.5 billion in die last few years, widi Bangladesh offers a case in point. According to Nancy 28 percent of funds channeled dirough NGOs, according to Piet-Pelon, former Asia regional director of AVSC, previ¬ Richard Nygard, director of AID’s budget office. ously known as die Association of Voluntary Surgical Privatization of international aid is supported by pow¬ Contraception, indigenous NGOs in Bangladesh were die erful American and multinational companies. “[NGOs]

JULY 1995/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 35 Focus

promote efficiency by [combining] public funds with site. The economic benefits of competitive advantages U.S. private funds and host country funds, making eco¬ Japan reaps from its foreign aid program are striking.” nomical use of volunteers and working to make programs Yet there are warnings within the international devel¬ host country responsibilities,” says Enron Vice President opment community against a partnership model driven Linda Powers. The Houston-based company is one of the by business interests. largest integrated natural gas companies in the world. “In recent years, a kind of monoculture has developed Powers recendy testified at congressional hearings on in economic thinking,” says Martin Khor, a Malaysian foreign assistance that die United States should stop economist with the Third World Network, an interna¬ spending taxpayer dollars on development activities diat tional lobbying NGO that promotes the interests of private parties are willing to undertake. A recent developing countries. “At its heart is the notion that the Newsweek article pointed out diat in 1991, international unfettered operation of the so-called free market will in agencies provided most development loans, but in 1994, some magical way solve all of our social problems. And according to World Bank figures, private institutions pro¬ yet many of us working at the grassroots believe it is pre¬ vided more than $150 billion hi loans compared to only cisely because of this approach — which is fueling the $50 billion in international agency loans. current trend toward globalization, liberalization, dereg¬ Powers worries about competition in international ulation and privatization — that we are experiencing such markets. “For example,” she says, “Japan spends its official increases in poverty, inequity and social disintegration.” development assistance primarily on infrastructure pro¬ jects ... It leaves the general policy and sector reform work And soon, fewer AID development dollars are to the multilateral institutions. ... the U.S. does the oppo¬ expected to be available. In trying to balance its

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national budget by 2002, the United States is not alone previously held in check by Soviet control. “The U.N. in cutting back on foreign aid. The Organization for spent $3.6 billion on peacekeeping in 1993,” says the Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) administrator of the United Nations Development says that between 1992 and 1993, contributions for Programme (UNDP), James Gustave Speth. “That’s an development assistance from its relatively economical¬ amount roughly equivalent to what it spent on peace¬ ly advantaged member nations dropped 10 percent — keeping in the first 48 years of its existence.” from $60.8 billion to $54.8 billion — and the propor¬ U.S. economic health is dependent on developing tion of donor countries’ GNPs allocated for develop¬ nations, who owe U.S. banks about $73 billion. And the ment fell to .29 percent, the lowest figure in more than American unemployment problem is directly tied to 20 years. tire purchasing power of the developing world, which This comes at a time when, according to AID has been the fastest-growing market for U.S. goods in Administrator J. Brian Atwood, there has never been a the last decade. From 1986 to 1993, U.S. exports to greater need for international assistance. The end of developing countries more than doubled — from $71 the Cold War, like the end of World War II, has left a billion to $180 billion — and now represent nearly 40 large part of the world in economic and social sham¬ percent of total U.S. exports. In addition, the develop¬ bles, and has eliminated the USSR as a major source of ing world’s social and health problems become foreign aid for many developing countries around the Americas at a rate that increases with the speed in world. And U.N. money is now needed for humanitar¬ transportation and communications networks. On ian relief and peacekeeping efforts to manage the long- more fronts, the Economic War, rather than the Cold simmering brush fires of ethnic and binational conflicts War, is the new driver of foreign policy. ■

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INSIDE THE

GLOBE’S MOST ‘DIPLOMATIC’ NGO

EMBRACES ALL THE WORLD’S WOES

BIJ Ellen Rafshoon

TLANTA — In the world’s most prestigious fraternity of for¬ mer U.S. presidents, Jimmy Carter is unique. One can plainly see the difference between Carter and the other men who have occupied the White House. Recently, while Carter was recounting his peacemaking in Haiti and North Korea and his involvement in disease-eradication efforts in Africa at a press conference, Iris presidential cohorts were recovering from a day of golf in California. A photo on tire front page of the New York Times that morning depicted Gerald Ford, George Bush and on the greens at the Indian Wells Country Club, where the trio was competing in a Bob Hope charity event.

38 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL/JULY 1995 Focus

Carter founded The Carter Center in 1982, a year after leaving the White House. Today, it has grown to include 200 staff people, 130 volunteers and 100-plus interns.

Just as Carter stands out among former presidents, The moral and ethical standard that I would exemplify in my Carter Center has charted a diff erent path than most non¬ own life as an individual,” Carter said during his 1976 governmental organizations (NGOs) involved in global campaign for tire presidency. affairs. Neither a philanthropic organization, nor think- His moralistic tone has accorded him both respect and tank, nor relief organization, The Carter Center is a little ridicule. This was true when he was in the White House of all ffiree. But not exactly. So what is The Carter Center? and it remains true today. Yet Carter’s spirituality remains The center’s executive director, John Hardman, key to his work at the center. Carter’s aides emphasize the answers obliquely: “We’re a facilitator. We coordinate. benefits of the former president’s moral vision. Ken Stein, We bring diverse groups together. We have our own a Middle Eastern history professor and the center’s first agenda. Yet we bring other organizations together to director, says it was Carter s spirituality that drew Anwar facilitate their agenda and coordinate with them and Sadat and Menachem Begin to trust him as a mediator for enhance what they do without giving them grants. Our their breakthrough peace settlement. But others, especial¬ prime focus is action and outcome.” ly Washington pundits, cynically inteipret his Social Such vagueness is understandable because the center’s Gospel activism as “do-goodism.” According to Stein, that activities are so eclectic and its mission so ambitious: attitude is fueled in part by Caller’s failure as president “to “Fighting disease, hunger, poverty, conflict and oppression play die political game die way people in Washington through collaborative initiatives in the areas of democrati¬ wanted it played.” In addition, diere’s simply natural turf- zation, global health, and urban revitalization,” according protecting instincts at work. “Some people don’t want to to an official Carter Center publication. It’s a tall order, but share credit for anything beyond die Beltway,” he says. one that center officials say is consistent with the diverse Carter founded The Carter Center in 1982, a year after interests and idealistic vision of its founder. leaving the White House. But its staff and mission were minuscule compared to what it has grown to today — an An engineer by training, Carter is also naval officer, active player in the international scene with 200 staff peo¬ fanner, businessman, Sunday school teacher, ple, 130 volunteers and 100-plus interns. The students, poet, professor, politician, Nobel Peace Prize who obtain experience in international affairs, are mosdy nominee, and, oh yes, he was the 39th president of the from Emory University in Adanta. Staff have come from a United States. In liis “spare” time, Carter fishes and builds wide range of fields — academia, healdi care, government houses for poor people, usually under another program in and odier non-governmental organizations. Hardman, die which he is an active participant, “Habitat for Humanity.” executive director, is a well-known Georgia hospital admin¬ He’s also a 70-year-old father of four and a grandfather. istrator who began working on tobacco control and mental Next year, he celebrates his 50th wedding anniversary with healdi issues at die center. Only one top official was recruit¬ his wife Rosalynn, who shares his active life. ed from Carter’s political past: Robert Pastor, now the A devout Baptist, Carter has always infused his work director of the Latin American and Caribbean Program, with a deep religious faith. “I don’t ever want to do any¬ who was a foreign af fairs adviser in the Carter White House thing as president that would be a contravention of the and served on the National Security Council. The center has attracted other top talent, such as Dr. Ellen Rafshoon, a freelance writer and a Ph.D. can¬ William Foege, former Carter Center executive director didate in U.S. diplomatic history at Emory who supervises the center’s health programs and who was University, last contributed to the Journal in 1990. director of the Adanta-based U.S. Centers for Disease

JULY 1995/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 39 Focus

Control from 1977 to 1983. He was one ol the leaders of campus each year. Last year, the center and Emory cement¬ the worldwide effort that successfully eradicated smallpox. ed their ties when the center became officially af filiated with Andy Agle, director of the Global 2000 health and agricul¬ the university — but with a separate budget and Board of tural development program, also was part of the smallpox Trustees. About a half-dozen of Emory’s faculty also have campaign and worked for the U.S. Agency for joint appointments as fellows at The Carter Center. International Development (AID) on disease-fighting pro¬ From 1982 to 1986, the center was housed at Emory. grams in Africa. The person in charge of determining the Today, its 100,000 square feet of meeting places and center’s programs, Marion Creekmore, was a career offices occupy 35 acres of beautifully manicured park Foreign Service officer (FSO) who served as ambassador land in a raciallv-mixed working class neighborhood to Sri Lanka. I larry Bames, who heads the conflict resolu- about four miles from the campus. From the picture win¬ tion program, is another career FSO who was ambassador dows surrounding the four circular buildings tiiat make to Chile. The center also has two diplomats-in-residenee, up the center, there’s a clear view of downtown ’s who bring much needed expertise and contacts: Gordon skyline. Attached to the center is The Carter Presidential Streeb, former ambassador to , and Vincent Farley, Library. The center has a $25 million annual budget; former deputy cliief of mission to die Cote dTvoire. among funding sources are the MacArthur, Ford, Carnegie, Robert Wood Johnson and Hewlett founda¬ Emory and the center have been linked since its tions, more than 100 corporate donors, 125,000 individu¬ founding; Carter taught and lectured at the univer¬ als and various governments, including support for indi¬ sity during those early years. Now he’s too busy to vidual projects from Japan, the Scandinavian countries teach, but holds several question-and-answer sessions on die and the United States through AID funds.

40 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL/JULY 1995 Focus

The center’s founding priority was the “unfinished for¬ ing on Arab-Israeli issues. eign-policy agenda” of the Carter administration, with an The center is best known for Carters recent missions emphasis on the Middle East and arms control, according to regions of conflict, such as Haiti and North Korea. to Stein, a former Emory history professor who met Carter Ironically, it has been diese personal interventions diat at a university cocktail party. Restimulating interest in the have garnered the most criticism for the center, a portion Arab-Israeli peace was a major part of Carters work, espe¬ of so-called “crisis peacemaking” diat center officials say cially because he felt die Reagan administration was ignor¬ accounts for only 10 percent of the centers annual work. ing the Arab countries of die Mideast. The center invited And although Carter appeared to enter both crises at academics and government officials from Arab nations to die last minute, die former president and his staff had work at die center. Carter would privately offer advice to been toiling on those conflicts for many years, Creckmore various leaders about American policy in die Middle East. says. Carter would never have gotten involved if die cen¬ And the former president would make periodic visits to ter had not had some prior involvement, he says. “cultivate an environment for learning and intellectual In the case of North Korea, Carter had been invited to exchange” to ensure ideas about peacemaking would con¬ visit leader Kim II Sungs Stalinist regime in 1991 to discuss tinue to be generated, Stein says. When die center expand¬ issues related to its decades-old feud with Soudi Korea. In ed its operations in 1986 to include conflict resolution, die fall of 1992, Carter planned a visit to North Korea, Global 2000, and the Latin American program, the Middle which was canceled when Bush administration officials told East program became die model for die centers odier pro¬ him diey frowned on trips to a country the U. S. had not rec¬ grams. But the Middle East program itself was disbanded ognized. At that point, however, officials from North and in 1990 when the Bush administration began actively work¬ South Korea began discussions on their own, according to

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JULY 1995/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL Focus

Creekmore. And when President Clinton took office, Haiti, by helping restore democratically-elected president Carter discussed playing a role in reducing tensions in the Jean-Bertrand Aristide to power, was the result of a longer Korean Peninsula. But because of the conflict with the commitment to Haiti and its problems. Pastor attributes North Koreans over their refusal to permit inspections of the peaceful capitulation of Haiti’s military rulers to efforts nuclear facilities, Clinton officials rejected Carters offer. It dating back to 1986. At that time, the center held a conf er¬ was only last summer, when U.S.-North Korea relations ence on promoting democratically-elected governments in reached a crisis level tliat Clinton agreed to Carters offer to Latin America and encouraged the establishment of an visit, which would help to defuse the conflict. informal group of former and current leaders from the What was crucial in the Korean situation, Carter told region, called the Council of Freely Elected Heads of reporters, is that he and his staff refused to label American Government. Filled with optimism, Carter, Pastor and opponents — even dictator Kim — as “subhuman devils.” It Belize’s Prime Minister Manuel Esquivel traveled to Haiti is that sort of approach that lues led some critics to denigrate in hopes of salvaging elections threatened by tire assassina¬ Caiters work as “appeasement.” But Carter Center officials tion of a presidential candidate. The team, which had defend their boss’s methods. Says Richard Joseph, a Carter hoped international pressure could save the day, was still adviser on Africa, “In many cases, people would like to make green. The elections were aborted. At the time, Pastor says, a move but they don’t want to give ground. They can’t make they were “still groping for an adequate way to enforce the concessions without losing political mileage.” Carter’s style of democratic process” and had failed to make an impact. diplomacy gives such leaders that opportunity and has made Carters Latin American program had little impact in headway where others have failed, aides say. Panama in 1989, when Manuel Noriega stole the election. Carter’s September success in averting a U.S. war in But by 1990, Carter’s efforts were beginning to pay off,

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42 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL/JULY 1995 Focus

when he successfully monitored elections in fractious eral reasons. First, Carter has pledged that his center will be Nicaragua. With that experience under his belt, he was devoted to “filling vacuumsIn other words, tire center will invited by all parties to do the same in Haiti. Carter was operate in areas overlooked by tire U.S. foreign policy an observer at Haiti's elections in December 1990, when establishment. Africa has always been a low priority in U.S. Aristide became the nations first freely-elected leader. foreign relations and die civil and infra-national conflicts The fragility of Aristide s leadership — he was ousted tiiat have wracked the continent art' beyond die U.N. juris¬ after only seven months — impressed upon Carter and diction. And witii U.S. foreign aid slated for major cuts, his staff that free elections were merely the first step in Africa is not expected to improve its lot in die next few planting democracy in nations with little history of it. years. The second factor contributing to die centers con¬ “People pin their hopes on democracy to improve their centration on Africa is Carters personal interest in the quality of life,” says Carter Center spokeswoman region; as president, he devoted greater attention to Africa Deanna Congileo. So they decided that in countries — especially to black-ruled nations — than any previous where the center assisted with elections, a holistic president. Carter was die first American president to make approach would be taken to ensure the continuation of a state visit to a black African country: In 1978 he traveled democratic practices. This has meant work in economic to Nigeria and Liberia. In addition, Carters first ambas¬ development, health care and human rights protection. sador to the United Nations, die Rev. Andrew Young, became die first black to hold such a high diplomatic posi¬ In fact, aldiough missions to Somalia, North Korea, tion and was well-liked by black African leaders for his crit¬ Haiti and Bosnia make front-page news, much of the icism of the continents repressive white regimes. Today, centers programs are devoted to Africa. There are sev¬ Young, a former Atianta mayor, sits on die centers board.

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JULY 1995/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 43 Focus

Perhaps the most important reason the Carter Center itor elections diere. As a result, for the first time in a major is involved in Africa is simply stated by Richard Joseph, the African country, the incumbent was defeated and a multi¬ head of The Carter Centers African Governance Program part)7 system was created. The Carter Center has continued from 1988-1994: “There are a lot of problems in Africa,” he to work with Zambian officials, who have visited the center says, ranging from disease epidemics to civil wars. for advice on economic development and governmental Fighting disease, especially in Africa, takes up a fourth of reforms. The following year, The (farter Center conducted the centers time and money, according to Hardman, die election monitoring in Ghana. Although the military gov¬ executive director. And it is in this arena that tire center has ernment in power since 1981 remained in office, it was the scored its most dramatic successes. For example, the nations first democratic presidential election in more than Global 2000 project headed the collaborative effort diat is 30 years. Elections tire scheduled in Zambia and Ghana in close to eradicating Guinea worm disease (dracunculiasis). 1996 and center staffers hope to return to help. Since 1991, An ancient scourge, Guinea worm disease is known as the The Carter Center also has been involved in Liberia — a “fiery serpent” in Africa because of the excruciating pain country ravaged by a civil war so severe that it has lost thou¬ victims suffer when tire wonn — a two- to three-foot crea¬ sands to death and turned its population into refugees. The ture — exits after a year-long odyssey from its victim’s body centers commitment to the country is proven by its choice via feet, amis, legs or breasts. In 1987,3.5 million people in to locate one of its two satellite offices in that country. (The 18 African and three Asian countries were infected with other is in Guyana.) In Liberia, peace has been elusive Guinea worms. Last year, thanks in large prut to The Carter between various armed factions. Center, there were only 100,000 reported cases. The Carter Center has matured in its 13 years; its Although the disease-fighting is an end in itself, as annual agenda is largely determined by die center’s areas Hardman notes, it also goes a long way towards endearing of expertise, according to Creekmore. Carter has dictated The Carter Center to foreign governments and warring that project expenses cannot exceed the center’s budget. factions so the organization can pursue democratization But each week, some 1,000 pieces of mail arrive at the and conflict resolution efforts. “If you talk to them about center’s doorstep, including hundreds of requests for help health-related issues that are not controversial ... then from Carter or his center. They include pleas for media¬ you’re building up trust, building a relationship and so tion, medical intervention and from those who say they when they do have issues related to human rights or major are victims of human rights abuses. Carter makes the final conflicts then its much easier to enter in,” Hardman says. decision about whether the center will be involved. Even though Carter is only at the center five to 10 days This is a propitious time to be involved in conflict each month, his presence overshadows much of what goes resolution in Africa, according to Joseph. While on. “The Carter Center will always be focused on the the West was rejoicing over the fall of the Berlin vision of Jimmy Carter,” Congileo says. But center offi¬ Wall in 1989 and the freeing of Eastern European cials, and even Carter himself, realize tiiey must prepare nations from over 40 years of Soviet domination, a sim¬ for the day when Carter’s presence is not dominant, par¬ ilar yet little noticed development was occurring in ticularly in the area where his direct involvement was so Africa. “They had a wave of democratization,” says successful: conflict resolution. Joseph, a former Rhodes scholar and Ford Foundation Hardman is heartened diat on any given week, die cen¬ official in Senegal who recently returned to full-time ter is host to bickering factions from all comers of the globe teaching in Emory’s government department. Joseph’s who take part in negotiating workshops that do not involve African Governance Program began monitoring transi¬ Carter. “One of the results [of the end of the Cold War] is tions to democracy on the continent in 1990. diat ... ethnic conflicts are a growth industry,” observes The democratization efforts began with meetings with Creekmore. And because edmic conflicts and civil wars are African experts, policy-makers and NGO representatives usually not mediated by another nation because of policies from die continent in 1989 and 1990. In 1991, Zambia’s banning intervention in another country’s domestic affairs, head of state, Kenneth Kaunda, was pressured by opposi¬ Creekmore is confident The Carter Center will remain a tion groups to invite Carter and other organizations to mon¬ player on the world scene for a long, long time. ■

44 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL/JULY 1995 BOOKS

FROM THE MOUTHS tions of quotations. The ror,” “structural adjustment pro¬ Dictionary contains terms linked gram” and “humanitarian inter¬ OF DIPLOMATS specifically to diplomacy, such as vention.” But these are minor crit¬ “demarche,” “non-paper” and icisms of a wonderful addition to “legation.” It also covers generic the literature of diplomacy. As Diplomat’s Dictionary concepts like “justice,” “peace” 19th century Prussian diplomat Chas. W. Freeman Jr., National and “strategy." The number of Baron Heinrich von Bulow said, Defense University Press, 1994, entries per subject varies: There “Diplomacy is a first-class stall $20, softcover, 603 pages. are 16 items for alliances, 44 for seat at the theater of life.” ambassadors, 52 for negotiations BY DAVID H. SHINN and 65 for diplomacy. David Shinn is an FSO who is There are many gems. All new¬ director of East African Affairs at The well-known “Bartlett’s comers to the White House should the Department of State. Familiar Quotations” dates back to be reminded of William 1855 and is now in its 16th edition. Shakespeare’s admonition in King Lawyers, doctors, clergy, soldiers Henry VI: “How should you gov¬ US SPYMASTERS and even comedians have had ern any kingdom that knows not their specialized collections of how to use ambassadors?” Or per¬ EXTRAORDINAIRE quotations for years. Chas. haps Henry Kissinger’s advice Freeman’s enjoyable, and some¬ should be shared with both the time roguish, compilation allows executive and legislative branch: Gentleman Spy: The Life of diplomats to join their ranks. It’s “No foreign policy — no matter Allen Dulles about time. As French diplomat how ingenious — has any chance Peter Grose, Houghton Mifflin, Francois de Callieres wrote, of success if it is born in the minds 1994, $30, hardcover, 576 pages. “Diplomacy is a profession by of a few and carried in the hearts Blond Ghost — Ted Shackley itself which deserves the same of none.” Former U.S. diplomat and the CIA’s Crusades preparation and assiduity of atten¬ Ellis Briggs offers sage counsel to David Com, Simon is- Schuster, tion that men give to other recog¬ diplomats on dealing with opposi¬ 1994, $27.50, hardcover, 507 nized professions.” tion parties: “Always be in with the pages. Freeman’s Dictionary is a com¬ outs.” Also appreciated was U.S. bination of quotations about diplo¬ diplomatic historian Thomas BY CHARLES MAECHLING macy and a treasure of definitions, Bailey’s guidance: “Distance weak¬ many crafted by Freeman, rele¬ ens power. Great distance weakens Of these two recent works, the vant to the profession. Entries are power greatly.” former is the more important — carefully organized and well- I would suggest some titles that both in and out of government, indexed by subject and author. might be included in the next edi¬ former CIA director Allen W. There is also a convenient listing tion: “Third World,” “aligned,” Dulles was a personality of great and brief description of all persons “non-aligned,” “transnational,” stature and influence; Ted quoted. Freeman draws from well- “global environment,” “borders,” Shackley was not, and his career in known sources as well as those “boundaries,” “refugees,” “dis¬ CIA covert operations is of inter¬ often not found in major collec¬ placed persons,” “balance of ter¬ est today mainly to reformers and

JULY 1995/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 45 BOOK S

intelligence junkies. Gentleman macy as third secretary in the U.S. into a single narrative. Spy, however, is likely to be the embassy in wartime Vienna, 1916, Of the two periods, Allen’s stint most authoritative reference work and went on to be one of Lansing’s in wartime Switzerland is in many on the Dulles era of the CIA for bright young men at the Paris ways the most interesting. Cut off some time. Peace Conference of 1919. He for 20 months in Berne, he single- Allen Dulles is the most inter¬ stayed on in the State Department handedly built up America’s first esting spymaster in American his¬ for another six years, going to law overseas intelligence network in tory, and not merely owing to his school at night, and then resigned the most sensible way imaginable. eight-year tenure as CIA director. to join the Wall Street law firm of Recognizing that with no foreign He was also the prototype of an Sullivan & Cromwell, where assets of his own he could not pos¬ extinct breed, the cultivated, cos¬ brother Foster was already manag¬ sibly penetrate the Nazi hierarchy mopolitan American gentleman. ing partner. in time to be of any use in the war, Raised in an upstate New York Allen’s two great periods of lie opened shop under the lightest parsonage and educated at intelligence service were as Office of covers as assistant to the U.S. Princeton, he was the grandson of of Strategic Services (OSS) repre¬ ambassador and invited the one secretary of state, John W. sentative in neutral Switzerland German resistance, such as it was, Foster; the nephew of another, during World War II, and then as to beat a path to his door. The Robert Lansing; and the younger reorganizer and first civilian direc¬ scheme worked and in a short time brother of a third, John Foster tor of Central Intelligence from Allen developed a small web of Dulles. He got his start at the top. 1949-61. Both stories have been informers and began sending Allen began his career in diplo¬ told before; Grose unites them intelligence reports back to

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46 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL/JULY 1995 London and Washington. As the and a headquarters that rivals the network to funnel agents and sup¬ war in Europe drew to a close, State Department in size and visi¬ plies. Together with the Pentagon Allen moved out of intelligence bility. it developed the U-2 spy plane. collection into secret operations, The Eisenhower years were the But Allens role came to a dismal acting as an intermediary to bring glory days for Dulles and the CIA, end in 1961 with the Bay of Pigs about the surrender of German with brother Foster being secre¬ fiasco, and six months later he left forces in Italy. tary of state and Allen running office. Until his death in 1977, In his second incarnation, after secret intelligence and covert Allen remained in private life a brief return to law practice in operations. The CIA funded anti¬ except for service on the Warren New York, Allen first served on a communist governments all over Commission and short stints as a presidential committee to reorga¬ the world, connived with sinister presidential adviser. nize the CIA for a role in the post¬ Third World generals, and pro¬ Blond Ghost recounts the war world, and then came to moted coups against populist, career of Theodore G. Shackley Washington full-time, first as the democratically elected leaders like Jr., a longtime officer in the CIA’s CIA’s deputy director of opera¬ President Jacobo Arbenz of clandestine directorate of opera¬ tions and thereafter as DCI. He Guatemala, Premier Mohammed tions who both overseas and in built up the CIA from its early Mossadegh of Iran and Cheddi Washington masterminded a few shaky foundations — President Jagan of Guyana. During these now notorious Cold War activities. Truman was dubious about the years the CIA created a Cuban- It also covers Shackley’s second whole idea — to the behemoth of exile invasion force to overthrow career — apparently still continu¬ today, with a budget of $28 billion Castro and a global air transport ing — as industrial espionage con-

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sultant and private operative involved in dubious causes like Iran-contra. Most of the book is a detailed account of many of the same An International Education for the 21st Century covert operations brought to light ♦ Coeducational, boarding, grades 9-12, PG 13th grade by Sen. Frank Church’s commit¬ ♦ University-preparatory studies: International Baccalaureate, Advanced tee hearings in the mid-1970s, but Placement, and US High School Diploma featuring Shackley’s personal role ♦ Excellent US and International university/college placement — directing sabotage operations Full US and European Accreditation ♦ in Cuba, supporting guerrillas in ♦ Caring family atmosphere in comfortable residences Laos, subverting the legal Allende ♦ Recreation, Europe-wide educational cultural excursions ♦ Summer and winter sports; "Skiing at the LAS Doorsteps!" government in Chile, the murder¬ ♦ Located in beautiful, peaceful Alpine resort, above Lake Geneva, ous Phoenix program in Vietnam. close to metropolitan Lausanne, Geneva, and Montrec Shackley himself emerges as a dim, somewhat repressed person¬ Leysin American School in Switzerland ality whose considerable manage¬ Thomas F. Rouillard, Admissions PO Box 4016, Portsmouth, NH 03802-4016 rial skills and total Cold War ded¬ Tel: 603.431.7654 ication managed for a brief peri¬ Fax: 603.431.1280 od to elevate him to the No. 2 position in the operations direc¬ torate. Apparently his involve¬ ment with the notorious Edwin Wilson, later convicted of arms MARTENS VOLVO smuggling to Libya’s Col. Moammar Quadhafi, plus some Dedicated to Diplomacy over-exposure in the Senate hear¬ Worldwide Delivery to Diplomats ings, compromised his usefulness and Members of International Organizations in this post. He retired in 1979, a victim of the shake-ups instituted by DCIs James Sehlesinger and Stansfield Turner. The author, David Corn, is an investigative journalist and edi¬ tor of The Nation. A high level of indignation is maintained throughout, though how the author can speak with such authority, and even reproduce dialogue, about clandestine activities and the personal feel¬ ings of the actors, at such a remove in time and distance is a Contact: Dana Martens, Diplomatic Sales Director mystery.

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economic developments in Asia. in Fallows’ overview of the East But it lacks the right tools — the Asian system: China. While Llong right theories — to give that infor¬ Kong, Singapore and Taiwan are mation coherence and shape.” given generous treatment, Fallows • Furnished studios to Fallows’ theory is that Japan is devotes only a few pages to the 3 bedroom residences the spiritual and material leader of country whose success or failure • Minimum 30 days an economic and political system over the next decade will most that operates under distinctly dif¬ directly affect the balance of • Rates within per diem ferent rules from those followed power in the region. • Fully equipped kitchens by the United States. It is hard to Fallows describes Japan as a disagree with the proposition that “one-function country” in which • Individual washers/dryers Asia is different. Where the author the political system shortchanged • Cable T.V. & local phone falls short is in presenting convinc¬ “consumers, women and urban included ing evidence that a regional system salarymen. ... The country’s politi¬ • Utilities included is at work there, particularly in the cal system gave them almost no face of the substantial anecdotal way of exerting control over the • Optional Maid service evidence of diversity among the nation’s policy.” • On site fitness center & East Asian countries. The consequential decisions memberships to local health It is easy to document the cru¬ were made, year in and year out, clubs cial role that Japanese firms play by the elite bureaucrats in the throughout East Asia, and how the most powerful central government • Pet friendly locations Japanese economic model has cap¬ ministries — Finance, Education, • Major credit cards accepted tured the imagination of many Construction, International Trade. Asians. But that does not make an Election results had almost no • One statement billing economic — let alone political — impact on the decisions they • Locations in Virginia, system. Nor does a restatement of made.” After describing much of Maryland and D.C. close to the impressive inroads Japanese East Asia as “acted upon,” he new NFATC industry has made in its neighbor¬ seems now to declare the Japanese ing countries tell very much about people “acted upon” as well. Virginia Locations how East Asia will develop over Ironically, this assessment smacks Annandale, Arlington, Ballston, the next several decades. If any¬ a bit of what Fallows accuses Courthouse, Crystal City, thing distinguishes economic and Americans of being particularly Fairfax City, Falls Church political developments in the enamored of — that American Maryland Locations region over the past two decades, assumption that all people want to Bethesda, Gaithersburg, Rockville, it is the emergence of nations with become Americans. Silver Spring strong national identities, and Perhaps the average “urban District Locations strong commitments to making salaryman” has actually voted Dupont Circle, Foggy Bottom, Upper their own way in the international rationally over the past few Northwest, Waterfront community. decades in support of what he sees There are few shrinking violets as his own interests. Although his Inquiries (703) 506-3993 in East Asia. With China, one can interests may be changing, that (800) 776-5057 make a credible argument that it does not necessarily mean he is FAX (703) 506-3997 will cede political or economic waiting to be set free from the leadership to Japan. In fact, in the elite bureaucrats. LET US SHOW YOU HOW boardrooms of Tokyo, the concern WE OPEN DOORS TO HOMES is much more likely how to deal Jason Hyland is an FSO in long¬ AWAY FROM HOMES! with China’s economic challenge term training as a visiting foreign than how to put the finishing scholar at the University of Tokyo. 8230 Old Courthouse Road touches on Japan’s new system. Hyland has served two Foreign Suite 450, Vienna, VA 22182 This leads to the most telling gap Service tours in Japan. ■

50 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL/JULY 1995 IN MEMORY

Harry E. Bergold, 63, former Bergold, who works at the State phoma. ambassador to Hungary and Department in Language Sendees. Mr. Crowley was born in Nicaragua, died of cancer on May 16 Albuquerque, N.M., and earned a at his home in Paris. Mr. Bergold bachelors degree from West Virginia earned both a bachelors and a mas¬ University and a master’s degree in ter’s degree in history at Yale Josephine M. Brand, 78, a English from . University. retired Foreign Service senior secre¬ After teaching English at the He joined the Foreign Service in tary and the wife of retired FSO University of Puerto Rico’s 1957 and served in Honduras, Robert A. Brand, died of leukemia on Mayaguez campus, he joined the Mexico, Spain, Panama and Feb. 15 in State College, Pa. Foreign Service in 1952. He served Washington, D.C. In 1967 he A Washington, D.C., native, Mi’s. in Peru, Belgium, Washington, began his service as political-mili¬ Brand was a secretary at the Pentagon Ecuador, the Dominican Republic, tary counselor at the U.S. Embassy during World War II. After the war- she Venezuela and as ambassador to in Madrid for five years. For four was a senior secretary in the Foreign Suriname. He earned a degree from years at the Department of Sendee, first in Paris and then in Rome, the National War College in 1970. Defense, he was deputy assistant where she met her husband. They were He became the senior inspector secretary of Defense for European married in 1950. The Brands were post¬ with the Inspector General’s office and NATO Affairs, and then princi¬ ed to Munich, the Hague, Manila, Paris, and then seived as the U.S. deputy pal deputy assistant secretary of Lagos, London and Melbourne and had permanent representative to the Defense for Legislative Affairs. He three assignments in Washington. Organization of American States in held the office of assistant secretary Mrs. Brand was very active in com¬ Washington, D.C., from 1984-86. of Energy for International Affairs munity activities. She helped at the During his tenure there lie was from 1977-79. Association of American Foreign appointed U.S. representative to the Following his ambassadorships Service Women (AAFSW) and worked Inter-American Council on Science in Hungary and Nicaragua, Mr. with local aits, education and church Education and Culture. After his Bergold became a fellow at the organizations wherever she was posted. retirement in 1986, his continued Center for Strategic and After the Brands retired to interest in Latin America was appar¬ International Studies. He also Pennsylvania, Mrs. Brand continued to ent in his numerous book reviews for served as visiting professor of be active in community volunteer work. the Foreign Service Journal and Eastern European History at She is survived by her husband; a other publications. George Washington University. daughter, Susan Alice Belding, of Geneva, He is survived by his wife, Ileana; He retired in 1989 after 32 years N.Y.; two sons, Nicholas Moulden, of two daughters, Gail-Marie C. in the Foreign Service. He then Chevy Chase, Md, and Allyn Morgan of Brenny of Annapolis, Md., and Nita taught for four years at the Institute Washington, D.C.; a sister, Marian M. C. Sayre of Argentina; and one for European Studies in Vienna. Blackburn, of Hilton Head S.C.; three grandson, Christian Joseph Sayre. He is survived by his wife, nephews; and seven grandchildren. Karlene Knieps, an FSO assigned to the U.S. Delegation to the Organization for Economic Albert B. Franklin III, 86, an Cooperation and Development in John Joseph Crowley Jr., 67, FSO for 31 years,J died Nov. 26 in Paris; and his stepdaughter, Celeste died Feb. 10 of non-Hodgkins lym¬ New York City.

JULY 1995/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 51 IN MEM O R I

Mr. Franklin received his masters and doctorate degrees in romance philology in 1938 from Harvard University, where he was Phi Beta Kappa. He taught at Williams College and the University of Maryland. He spent a year in Ecuador on an assignment spon¬ sored by the Rockefeller Foundation. In 1943, Mr. Franklin joined the Foreign Service and served as cul¬ tural attache in Uruguay, Cuba, Argentina and Burma. In 1954, he HOMEAWAY became dean of the Foreign Sendee Institute in Washington, D.C., for two years. He later held posts in FROM HOME Israel, Honduras and India. In 1968, he became a professor of political For FARA Members science and the director of the Center at Kansas State For all FARA members we are proud to provide University, retiring in 1974. the best hotel values in the Washington, D.C. He is survived by his wife, Nancy Metropolitan Area. Our housing inventory offers Bush; four children, Woodman of properties featuring studios, one-bedroom, two Brooklyn, N.Y., Ana Michels of bedroom apartments, spacious suites and hotel Shirley, W. Va., Charles of Redondo rooms. You make the choice. Beach, Calif., and John of New York Each location has unique proximity to City; and four grandchildren. major federal centers around the Nation’s Capital including FSI, State Department, the Pentagon, Arlington, National Airport, Old Town Alexandria, John D. Gough, 77, died of res¬ Foggy Bottom Metro Station, Georgetown, the piratory failure on July 15, 1994, in Kennedy Center and the White House. Roseburg, Ore. For more information on location, fea¬ After serving in the U.S. Army dur¬ tures and rates of participating FARA hotels call ing World War II, Mr. Gough joined the Foreign Sendee in 1950. He served Direct: (703) 684-1825 in Germany, the Azores, Denmark, India. Honduras and Bolivia. Fax#: (703)548-0266 He is survived by his wife, Evelyn; his daughter, Joanna Gough FREE SHUTTLE SERVICE Roy, of New York City; his two sons, TO N.F.A.T.C. John D. Jr. of Costa Mesa, Calif., and Stephen of Roseburg; and five para grandchildren. FOREIGN AFFAIRS RECREATION ASSOCIATION Laurie Anne Johnston. 40, an FARA HOUSING DIVISION, 610 Bashford Lane, Alexandria, VA 22314 FSO, died Feb. 9 at her home in

52 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL/JULY 1995 CeaVe your

Arlington, Va., after a prolonged ill¬ Cooperation Administration (ICA), ness. the predecessor to the Agency for most She graduated from the College International Development (AID). of William and Maiy with highest Among his many contributions to honors and attended a one-year Turkeys development were the important scholarship program at the hie teller adaptation and introduction of the School of Law and Diplomacy at western typing keyboard to the Tufts University. Turkish language, an innovation that investment She joined the Foreign Service in continues as the country’s standard June 1977, serving in Baghdad, today. Oporto, Lisbon, Amman and In 1960, while in Turkey with with the Washington, D.C. NYU, he joined ICA. In 1961, Ms. Johnston was appointed to when ICA became AID, Lanza management the Persian Gulf War task force. Her continued his work with the final overseas assignment was in Turkish government. In 1965 he Lahore. She was selected in 1990 for returned to Washington, where he projessionals a year’s senior training at the served as AID’s director of the National War College in Office of Education for the Asia Washington, D.C. She was also the and Near East Bureau until 1968. you trust. recipient of several State He later served in Pakistan, Department awards, including the Afghanistan, Guatemala and Rental and Management Superior Honor Award and the M. Washington. Following his retire¬ Sinelaire Award for achievement in ment, he continued as senior advis¬ of Tine Properties in language studies. er to State’s Office of Overseas Northwest TX2, CheVg Chase, In August 1994, she was appoint¬ Schools. Pethesda and Potomac ed State Department senior adviser Survivors include his wife, to the U.S. Commission on Carmela A., of Alexandria, Va.; two Immigration Reform and served in sons, Kenneth A., of Vienna, Va., this capacity until her death. and Gary D., of Woodbridge, Va.; She is survived by her parents, his mother, Frances, of Ridgefield, Margaret and Lee Johnston of N.J.; a brother, Joseph, of Batesville, Va.; a sister, Caryn Lee Ridgefield, N.J.; a sister, Angela Johnston Foster, of Newport, R.I.; a Frillo, of River Edge, N.J.; and four brother, Lee Robert, of Columbia, grandchildren. Md.; and two nephews.

Thomas J. Maleady, 96, died in Executive Housing Anthony R. Lanza, 69, died of San Rafael, Calif., on March 14. Consultants, Inc. bone marrow cancer on Feb. 3 at Upon serving in World War I and 7315 Wisconsin Avenue Alexandria Hospital in Alexandria, graduating from Georgetown Suite 603 East Va. University’s School of Foreign Bethesda, Maryland 20814 Mr. Lanza earned a bachelors Service, Mr. Maleady joined the 301/951-4111 degree, masters degree and doctor¬ Foreign Sendee in 1922. He was ate in education at New York posted in Edinburgh, Mexico, “We care Jor your home University (NYU) and in 1953 joined Argentina, Bolivia, Bermuda and the faculty there. In 1955, he joined Quito. He retired in 1959 after as if it Were our oWn. ” NYU as an education consultant to nearly 40 years of federal service. the Turkish government, where he He is survived by his wife, worked with the International Antoinette O., of San Anselmo,

JULY 1995/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 53 / N M E M O R )

Calif.; one son; one daughter and daughter, Susan Ford, of Spain; She retired to New Mexico, one grandson. and six grandchildren. where she raised Afghan hounds.

Daniel Lee McCarthy, 76, Margaret J. McClellan. 76, John Kirby Simon, 33, died died of a stroke on Feb. 17 in died Feb. 21 of a massive gastro- April 14 in Taipei after a brief ill¬ Spain. internal hemorrhage in Silver City', ness. After graduating from N.M. She was buried at sea by the Mr. Simon graduated from Yale Northwestern University, Mr. U.S. Navy. University and earned a master’s McCarthy worked for Parker Pen Ms. McClellan graduated from degree in international studies Co. He joined the Foreign Service Vassal' College in 1937. After work¬ from Columbia University. in 1949, serving in Rome, Athens, ing as a private tutor in France, giv¬ He joined the Foreign Service Jakarta, Port-au-Prince and ing riding lessons and serving as a in 1992 and a year later was Bucharest. He retired from the lieutenant in the U.S. Navy, Ms. assigned to Taiwan on his first Foreign Service in 1971 and took McClellan joined the Foreign tour of duty. Mr. Simon was the up photography and painting. His Service in 1947. She subsequently author of “The Mind of the work was exhibited in Europe served in Prague, Bratislava, Missile,” a play produced at Yale while he lived in Spain. Moscow, London, Vienna, in 1984, and frequently con¬ He is survived by his wife, Anne; Washington, D.C., Port Elizabeth tributed to foreign affairs periodi¬ his son, Kevin, of Germany;7 his and Nairobi. cals. ■ J

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2 Block Walk to State Ramona Brandt Short-term Condo Rentals for all your Remington Condo Real Estate Needs! Corner 24th & G Streets CRP, CRS, Buyer Representation Included RE/MAX Lifetime Achievement RE/MAX Hall of Fame • One Bedroom Condominiums RE/MAX International TOP 100 • Fully Furnished w/Balconies Ranked #2, RE/MAX Central Atlantic Region NVAR Top Producer • In-Unit Washer/Dryer Life Member, Million $ Sales Club • Weekly Housekeeping Services RE/MAX International Corporate Relocation Team • On-Site Manager for Check-In Ramona has successfully helped over 1,000 • Complete Kitchen; All Linens families from the U.S. and abroad relocate to the Northern Virginia area. Call Ramona • Telephone Service; Cable TV and ask for one of her signature Relocation Packages—packed full of information to $80.00 per night, tax included answer all your questions! No deposit, No minimum stay Small pets accepted Office: (800) 3-RAMONA (703) 242-9622 Remington Short-Term Housing Home: (800) 966-6663 (703) 620-2454 B.J. Knight, Coordinator Fax: (703) 242-9623 601 24th Street, NW, #801

RE/MAX Washington, D.C. 20037 Preferred Properties 380 Maple Avenue, W. #100 Vienna, VA 22180 (800)225-3847 • (202) 223-4512 Each office independently owned and operated FAX: (202) 452-9541

56 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL/JULY 1995 REAL ESTATE

C/xecutwe World-Class Real Estate jSocfjinj Service.

TKtern alio es As foreign service spouses, Joan and Lucille have lived and moved Interim Accommodations for many times throughout Corporate and Government Markets many places abroad. This Rock Solid team has more than apartments, 30 years of combined experience as licensed REALTORS®. They're committed... and 0own/iouses <£ dedicated to delivering the best real estate Stnple ~?amitp ~Homes service into or out of the Washington, DC metro area. And, their complimentary skills and personalities “FOR THE EXECUTIVE ON THE MOVE” give you the best of both worlds... for the price of one. So...whether you're moving around the corner * or around the world, call Joan and Lucille for real Locations throughout Northern Virginia and D.C. estate results. They're world's apart from all the rest. Units fully furnished, equipped and accessorized Lucille Ryan & Joan Zerolis Many “Walk to Metro” locations 1-800-536-5301 Pet Friendly 703-518-7626 • 703-518-7289

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Sales, Rentals, Investments SEE YOUR AD HERE Property Management Advertising in the Journal allows advertisers to target D.C., Maryland, and Virginia a market of more than 13,000 affluent Americans, 40 per¬ Among Our Agents The Following cent of whom live abroad, unable to shop for the real Are Foreign Service Affiliated estate services they may need. Reach those consumers in these pages.

'—I Yes, I would like to get more information on Christina Griffin advertising in the Real Estate Section of the Foreign Josephine W. Holliday Service Journal. Mariella Lehfeldt Lynn Moffly Magruder Name: John Y. Millar Robert Skiff Address: John M. Turner

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JULY 1995/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 57 NCG Call for FINANCIAL any book PLANNING Former State Department Employee " • Immediate shipment worldwide Stationed Overseas Understands Unique • Credit cards or check • All books in print Financial Situation of Foreign Service available • Ask about our over-night gift delivery nationwide • Ask about BOOK Services Include: CALL’s Readers' Rewards • Mail orders Retirement Planning welcome • Open 24 hours every day The Preparation and Strategies Analysis: Insurance and Investments Lump Sum Retirement Options In CT or Worldwide (203) 966-5470 FAX (203) 966-4329 MARY GORNELLA GINN e-mail: [email protected] 4550 Montgomery Avenue, Suite 442N Bethesda, Maryland 20814

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58 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL/JULY 1995 SHOP IN AN AMERICAN 220-VOLT DRUG STORE BY MAIL! VOLVO EXPORT PRODUCTS An ice cream soda is one of the Free I.AudioVisual Products Catalog Factory-Set Discounts Il.Computer & Suppplies Catalog, & few items we cannot mail. Drugs, To Diplomats Posted III. Appliances Catalog for EXOs cosmetics, sundries mailed to every coun¬ Stateside and Abroad try in the world. We U.S., U.K., European, or maintain permanent Overseas Specs family prescription records. SEND NO Overseas and Domestic MONEY — pay only after satis¬ Deliveries factory receipt of order. JERRY GRIFFIN DIPLOMA TIC SALES SPECIALIST Audio-Visual Products, Computers Bilingual keyboards,Printers,Copiers 12 TEARS EXPERIENCE Smalt & Major Appliances, Electronics Multisystem TV/VCR,Fax, Water Distillers Transformers,UPS,Plugs,Supplies,ETC. 1231 W. Broad Street Falls Church, VA 22046 EMBASSY 5810 Seminary Rd,Falls Church,Va.22041 Washington, D.C. Metropolitan Area ®(7<)3) 379-6100 (703) 237-5020 (Washington D.C.Area, 10 minutes from FSI) Fax: (703) 237-5028 Fax:(703) 820-9385 lnternet:em/>[email protected] moRcai ■■■■CompuServe: 71023,151 aSMh pharmacy wmmm VISIT OUR SHOWROOM OR W 3001 P Street, N.W. WRITE,CAU,FAX,0R E-MAIL YOUR ORDER Credit-Card/Purchase Orders Welcome Washington, D.C. 20007 dbDon Beyer Volvo WE PACK & FREIGHT AP0/FP0/ WORLDWIDE FAX: (202) 337-4102

ADVERTISING INDEX Automobiles Insurance MGMB/57 Inn at Foggy Bottom/42 American Service Center/20 Clements & Co./l Professional Property Mass. Ave. Property/47 Chrysler/OBC Ilirshorn/31 Mgt./49 Oakwood/40 D.B. Volvo/59 Jannette/11 Professional Property Remington/30 Ford/IFC Unirisc/37 Mgt./56 RemingtonCondos/56 Martens Volvo/48 Property Specialist/55 River Inn/54 Passport BMW/10 Miscellaneous Prudential, Zerols/57 State Plaza/23 Book Call/58 Remax,Brandt/56 Virginian/10 Exports Classifieds/AFSA News/14-16 Stuart & Maury/55 West Park Hotel/AFSA Embassy Exports/59 Morgan Pharmacy/59 News/6 National Public Radio/9 Housing Winston House/21 Interstate Van Lines/43 Barton House/2 Finance Security Storage/6 Chase at Ballston/16 Schools Dean Witter/4 Chase at Bethesda/14 Christ School/36 MCG Financial/58 Real Estate ir Exclusive Interim/50 Georgetown FS Program/17 Money1 Concepts/!1 1 „ , , , , , Eropertu Management Execustay/22 Leysin American School/48 Smith, Barney, Shearson/23 ,, ,, , ® J , Century 21 Royal/55 Executive Housing/53 North Country Day Mate Department Credit Diplomatic Properties/56 Executive Lodging/57 School/ll Union/41 J.P, Properties/55 FARA/52 Patterson School/AFSA Long & Foster,Cornick/IBC Georgetown Suites/46 News/10 Long & Foster, Simunek/58 Hotel Anthony/49

JULY 1995/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 59 ’ REPUBUOUt FRANCAISE'

POSTCARD FROM ABROAD Reliving the Warmth of the Fren ch

BY ALAN LUKENS

On Easter Day, I returned to members of die Rouen press as well as Vieux-Manoir, a small French There are those who the village notables. We went first to village northeast of Rouen, die Monument aux Morts, the same where the Battery A, 413th Armored ewe pat off by the obelisk that had stood unchanged for Field Aitillery, 20th Armored Division 50 years. There she produced a wreath, had been billeted for a month in French apparent which we placed to honor the French February 1945. I was the first and Americans who had died in 1944- American soldier and probably the only reserve, but behind 45. In reply to her welcoming speech, I American to visit there in 50 years. said diat it had been my weeks in In 1945, our division was scattered the swface there Vieux-Manoir that had given me such through the Normandy countryside. an appreciation for France and die Only about 100 of its members were ewe none more French, reflected in my subsequent in Vieux-Manoir, and as the only one diplomatic career in francophone who spoke French, I was able to hospitable. Africa. The protocol-minded French befriend many local citizens and occa¬ villagers could not get over that a sim¬ sionally to swap cigarettes for calvados ple soldier would return 50 years later — a strong liquor made from apples as a retired U.S. ambassador and pay — and omelettes cooked by French Andree, and daughter, Janine, accepted homage to those who had welcomed rather than GI chefs. The Canadians me as one of die family. Henri Ducroq, him so warmly years before. had liberated the area in September who ran die hugest farm and calvados As in all French ceremonies, 1944, and when we arrived, the operation in die village, welcomed us to speeches are succeeded by toasts, in

French were enjoying their freedom, his home, where we spent many this case mostlvJ with calvados. We even though times were harsh and evenings devouring madames omelettes were then treated to a tour of the vil¬ material goods scarce. We remained washed down by monsieur’s calvados. lage, and we revisited the Cuchois there until mid-March and left for die Before my return trip I wrote the farm, where Andree pointed out the German front on Easter Day. new mayor and listed die names of my hay bam which had sheltered us for My first friends were Marcel and old friends from 1945, in case any were over a month. The day ended at a Andree Cuchois, owners of the farm still around. When my wife, Susie, and magnificent country auberge, where where we slept, some in die hay bam, I arrived at Vieux-Manoir, we found Janine s husband, Gerard LeVieux, some in die ciders lied and otiiers, like more than half die village — at least had arranged a five-star repast for a me, in die hen-house. The baker, Alain 200 residents — including the mayor dozen of us. L’Auberge de la Varenne Philippe, became a friend, as we shared and die Municipal Council. The mayor, will long remain in our memories as the same first name. His son Alain, then Marie Soulas, had assembled most of matching any restaurant that the 5, benefited from GI candy rations that my 1945 friends who were still alive. Guide Miehelin can prescribe. I provided in exchange for croissants. Alain Pliilippe, die 5-year- old, had suc¬ There are those who are put off by My best friend was die mayor and sole ceeded his late father as die boulanger; the French apparent reserve, but schoolteacher, Edgar Leroy, whose wife, Edgar Leroy had died but liis widow behind the surface diere are none and daughter were diere, as well as more hospitable. I am sure that other Akin Lukens, a retired career officer, Andree Cuchois, the widow of die GIs who have returned to France to served as ambassador to the Congo, pre¬ farmer. visit those met during the war have ceded by other assignments in Africa, Mayor Soulas had invited several shared our warm feelings. ■

60 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL/JULY 1995 Destination Washington, D.C.? Let Long & Foster, the Area’s Largest Real Estate Company, Lead the Way Long & Foster, the leading real estate firm in the nation’s capital, is noted for customer satisfaction and has been helping people buy and sell homes for over 26 years. If you are being assigned to the Washington, D.C. area, put Long & Foster’s expertise, experience and market knowledge to work for you.

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