Tomáš Marek Nalezené Monstrum Konstrukce Záznamu Ve Found

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Tomáš Marek Nalezené Monstrum Konstrukce Záznamu Ve Found Masarykova univerzita Filozofická fakulta Ústav filmu a audiovizuální kultury Tomáš Marek (FAV, bakalářské prezenční) Nalezené monstrum Konstrukce záznamu ve found footage hororu Neoformalistická analýza filmu Monstrum (bakalářská diplomová práce) Vedoucí práce: Mgr. Anna Batistová, Ph.D. Brno 2012 Prohlašuji, že jsem pracoval samostatně a použil jen uvedených zdrojů. V Berouně 22. dubna 2012 Tomáš Marek 2 Rád bych poděkoval vedoucí mé práce Mgr. Anně Batistové, Ph.D. za její cenné rady a připomínky. Dále děkuji své rodině, blízkým a známým za trpělivost a neustálou podporu a vytvoření podmínek pro mé studium. 3 Obsah 1. Úvod...................................................................................................................................5 2. Teoreticko-metodologická reflexe......................................................................................6 3. Ekonomický a kulturně-historický kontext.......................................................................10 3.1 Námět a vznik filmu...................................................................................................10 3.2 Distribuce a návštěvnost.............................................................................................11 3.3 Kritické přijetí filmu...................................................................................................12 3.4 Virální marketing........................................................................................................14 3.5 Žánrové zařazení........................................................................................................15 4. Neoformalistická analýza.................................................................................................18 4.1 Marketingové strategie v případě filmu Monstrum.....................................................18 4.2 Určení dominanty.......................................................................................................20 4.3 Naratologická analýza................................................................................................21 4.3.1 Přístup k informacím – napětí a překvapení........................................................26 4.3.2 Pozice vypravěče................................................................................................27 4.3.3 Nediegetické vsuvky...........................................................................................29 4.4 Monstrum jako paranoidní horor................................................................................29 4.5 Analýza stylu..............................................................................................................32 4.5.1 Hlediskový záběr a rámování..............................................................................32 4.5.2 Střih....................................................................................................................34 4.5.3 Zvuk....................................................................................................................35 4.5.4 Mizanscéna a product placement........................................................................35 5. Závěr................................................................................................................................37 6. Dokumentační obrazové přílohy.......................................................................................39 Literatura..............................................................................................................................44 Prameny................................................................................................................................45 Filmografie...........................................................................................................................45 English summary..................................................................................................................47 4 1. Úvod V této bakalářské práci se budu věnovat analýze filmu Monstrum režiséra Matta Reevese z roku 2008, který nejprve zasadím do kulturně-historického a ekonomického kontextu s důrazem na využití virálního marketingu a poté se zaměřím na hlavní část svého textu – neoformalistickou analýzu. V úvodní kapitole stručně představím film a své rozhodnutí jej analyzovat, dále se zaměřím na teoreticko-metodologickou reflexi, kde vysvětlím základní pojmy a postupy neoformalistické analýzy a vybraných textů Andrew Tudora a Lindy Williamsové. Film Monstrum lze zařadit do dvou žánrů (resp. subžánrů hororu), ze kterých přebírá typické dějové premisy a konvence. Jedná se v první řadě o monster movie, ze kterého využívá přítomnosti gigantického tvora, který se dostává do konfliktu s lidmi, zpravidla v hustě obydlených oblastech. Na tento subžánr se Monstrum odkazuje i některými nediegetickými prostředky. Druhým subžánrem je found footage horor, který se vyznačuje využitím ruční kamery a důrazem na docílení dojmu sledování záznamu skutečných událostí. Snímek Monstrum pracuje zejména se snahou navodit u diváka pocit, že sledovaný film je autentickou nahrávkou pořízenou během prezentovaných událostí. Cílem mé práce je tedy objasnit, jakými prostředky je zde konstruován tento záznam a jaký je jeho vztah k virální marketingové strategii a také jaký je její vliv na přípravu diváka před samotnou recepcí filmu. 5 2. Teoreticko-metodologická reflexe V následující kapitole blíže popíšu hlavní principy neoformalistické analýzy. Budu vycházet z první kapitoly knihy Breaking the Glass armor. Neoformalist Film Analysis, jejíž autorkou je Kristin Thompsonová1 Představím také texty Lindy Williamsové a Andrew Tudora, které využiji ve své práci. Neoformalistická analýza vychází z ruského formalismu 20. let a kognitivní teorie 60. let dvacátého století. Analyzovat film podle Thompsonové znamená zvolit přístup a metodu. Přístup se „vztahuje k nějakému souboru předpokladů o rysech společných různým uměleckým dílům, o pochodech, které probíhají v divákovi při chápání veškerého umění a o způsobech, kterými se umělecká díla vztahují ke společnosti.“ [Thompsonová, 1998: 5] Analytikovi umožňuje konzistenci při studiu většího počtu uměleckých děl. Metoda je pak podle autorky souborem postupů, který je využíván při samotném analytickém procesu. Snahou neoformalistické analýzy je najít takový přístup, který by byl aplikovatelný na jakékoliv umělecké dílo bez potřeby přesně vymezené metody (která dle autorky může vést ke sterilitě takové analýzy a záměrnému výběru filmů odpovídajícímu dané metodě). Neoformalismus neustále přichází s teoretickými otázkami, na které reaguje a které posléze zahrnuje sám do sebe. Dochází tak k neustálému sebezpochybňování. Odmítá dělení umění na vysoké a nízké. Každé umělecké dílo považuje za unikátní v tom, že na rozdíl od skutečného světa, nám nabízí možnost odlišného vnímání. Všechny prvky uměleckého díla pozorujeme jinak než tytéž v běžné realitě. Dochází k estetické hře, kterou neoformalisté nazývají ozvláštnění a která vzniká umístěním všedního prvku do nového kontextu. Tak je nám umožněno soustředěné vnímání (jinak v běžné realitě zautomatizované). Časté a opakované užití ozvláštnění vede ke vzniku konvencí (a částečně opětovně k automatizaci). Důležitým prvkem neoformalistické analýzy je pojem motivace. „Motivace je vlastně jakýmsi vodítkem poskytovaným dílem, které nás vede k rozhodnutí, čím by se dalo ospravedlnit použití prostředku,“ který „označuje 1 Vycházím z českého překladu této kapitoly, který vyšel v odborném periodiku Iluminace (1998). 6 jakýkoliv jednoduchý prvek nebo strukturu, která v uměleckém díle hraje roli.“ [Thompsonová, 1998: 10-11]. Motivace se dělí na čtyři základní typy: kompoziční, realistickou, transtextuální a uměleckou. Kompoziční motivace je taková, která prostředek ospravedlňuje ve filmu kontextem daného prostředí, narativu nebo mizanscény. Realistická motivace na druhou stranu vyžaduje vztah mezi daným prostředkem a realitou, který si buduje sám divák (a je zároveň odkázán na své zkušenosti a znalosti). Transtextuální motivace spočívá v ospravedlnění použitého prostředku v kontextu jiných uměleckých forem a konvencí. Poslední, umělecká motivace, zahrnuje každý použitý prostředek, který slouží k výsledné formě díla, avšak výrazný je jen v případě, že ostatní druhy motivací jsou potlačeny. Od ruských formalistů převzali neoformalisté také pojmy syžet a fabule. Syžetem je myšlen sled událostí, tak jak je film prezentuje. Fabule je pak mentální konstrukce, pomocí níž divák přeskupuje jednotlivé události syžetu do chronologického a kauzálního celku. Jedním z důležitých nástrojů samotné neoformalistické analýzy je dominanta. Dominantu tvoří ty prvky díla, kterým jsou podřízeny všechny ostatní a díky nimž film udržuje výslednou ucelenou formu. Součástí neoformalistické analýzy je také kognitivní přístup, který ve své knize Narration in the Fiction Film představuje David Bordwell. Kognitivní přístup se zaměřuje na samotný proces narace fikčního filmu. V potaz bere diváka, který se aktivně podílí na vytváření hypotéz pomocí vodítek, která narace poskytuje. Zároveň využívá jeho znalosti a zkušenosti z reálného světa. Hypotézou se myslí vyplňování mezer v naraci. Během recepce filmu pak dochází k potvrzování nebo vyvracení těchto hypotéz a neustálé tvorbě nových. Mezery v naraci mohou být trvalé nebo dočasné, podle toho, zda jsou během narace zaplněny nebo ne (může to být například časový posun, který přeskočí nezajímavé události). Na některé mezery narace přímo poukazuje
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