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Pinochetprocłsenfranceok.Qxp 13/05/2009 14:36 Page 1 PinochetProcŁsEnFranceOK.qxp 13/05/2009 14:36 Page 1 Pinochet Le procès de la dictature en France PinochetProcŁsEnFranceOK.qxp 13/05/2009 14:36 Page 2 PinochetProcŁsEnFranceOK.qxp 13/05/2009 14:36 Page 3 Jac Forton Pinochet Le procès de la dictature en France Collection « Regard latino » Avec le soutien d’Amnesty International Littérature, témoignages, documents, France et Amérique latine www.toutelatitude.com PinochetProcŁsEnFranceOK.qxp 13/05/2009 14:36 Page 4 Tous droits de traduction, d’adaptation et de reproduction réservés pour tous pays. © Éditions Toute Latitude 2009 ISBN : 978-2-35282-021-5 Imprimé en Espagne PinochetProcŁsEnFranceOK.qxp 13/05/2009 14:36 Page 5 Ce livre est dédié à la journaliste chilienne Patricia Verdugo, décédée le 13 janvier 2008, qui a lutté jusqu'au bout pour la vérité et la justice au Chili. « L'importance, pour moi, de ce jugement, est qu'il s'attaque au sentiment d'impuissance face à l'impunité, face au silence. La possibilité de ren- dre leur existence à ceux qui ne sont plus là, à mon papa, à tous ceux dont on avait même nié l'existence, pour qui nous sommes allées frapper à tant de portes, et pour toute réponse on nous disait qu'ils n'existaient pas, qu'ils n'avaient jamais existé… Aujourd'hui, après trente-cinq années, on reconnait enfin leur existence… C'est aussi rendre leur visibilité à tous les survi- vants, à toute une génération qui a participé à un projet de pays différent. C'est un appel à chacun d'entre nous à ne pas baisser la garde, à ne pas oublier. Vérité et Justice maintenant, pas à moitié, pas en partie, toute la vérité et toute la justice, rien de plus, rien de moins… » Natalia Chanfreau Hennings Fille d'Alphonse Chanfreau (disparu) et de Erika Hennings (torturée), le 16 avril 2008. « Ecrire pour ne pas oublier…» Amnesty International. PinochetProcŁsEnFranceOK.qxp 13/05/2009 14:36 Page 6 PinochetProcŁsEnFranceOK.qxp 13/05/2009 14:36 Page 7 Pinochet. Le procès de la dictature en France Préface d’Amnesty International France Le 16 octobre 1998, le général Pinochet était arrêté à Londres en exécution d'un mandat d'arrêt international délivré par le Juge espagnol Garzón. C'était un coup de tonnerre dans un ciel que les dictateurs croyaient bleu, assurés qu'ils étaient jusqu'alors de leur impunité. Jac Forton fait le récit de la saga judiciaire déclenchée par cette arrestation, dont le retour de Pinochet au Chili, le 5 mars 2000, accueilli par une démonstration de force de l'armée, marqua la fin, laissant un goût amer. Il ne s'agissait pas de refuser au Général Pinochet les droits qu'il n'a jamais su reconnaître à ses opposants. Si son état de santé était incompatible avec son jugement, il devait en être tenu compte. Mais à la décision de Jack Straw, ministre britannique de l'Intérieur, ignorant les demandes des justices belge et française, a paru plus empreinte de préoccupations diplomatiques que des exigences de la justice. Le bilan de l'épisode britannique n'est cependant pas mince. Pendant plus d'un an, le général Pinochet est resté sous le contrôle de la police. Surtout, la Chambre des Lords lui a refusé avec éclat, le 24 mars 1999, le bénéfice de l'« immunité souveraine » dont il était enfin jugé qu'elle ne saurait protéger la torture d'Etat. 7 PinochetProcŁsEnFranceOK.qxp 13/05/2009 14:36 Page 8 Pinochet. Le procès de la dictature en France Les Lords ouvraient ainsi la voie à la justice chilienne. Après une imprudente interview télévisée, fin 2003, le montrant suffisamment lucide pour répondre de ses actes, le général Pinochet s'exposait de nouveau aux plaintes de ses victimes. La Cour suprême levait son immunité le 26 août 2004. Il subira l'affront d'une confrontation avec le général Contreras, ancien chef de la DINA puis une assignation à résidence, avant de mourir dans le déshonneur, le 10 décembre 2006, également accusé d'enrichissement illicite. * Le livre de Jac Forton rend compte de la difficulté pour une justice nationale à juger un régime qu'elle avait laissé agir quand elle n'en était pas complice. Les efforts espagnols, belges, français, anglais illustrent l'importance du mécanisme de compétence universelle, qui permet à une justice nationale de juger des crimes qui n'ont été commis ni sur son territoire, ni contre un de ses ressortissants, ni par un de ses ressortissants. Ce mécanisme est l'un des outils forgés par les conventions de Genève de 1949, celle de 1984 contre la torture ou encore la convention, non encore en vigueur, contre les disparitions. En application du Statut de la Cour pénale internationale, il doit désormais s'étendre aux crimes contre l'humanité et de génocide. Il est cependant nécessaire que les Etats se l'approprient. Or tous, loin s'en faut, n'ont pas 8 PinochetProcŁsEnFranceOK.qxp 13/05/2009 14:36 Page 9 Pinochet. Le procès de la dictature en France pris les lois d'adaptation nécessaires et la France, notamment, accuse un retard important. Cette nécessaire mobilisation des justices nationales complète celle de la justice pénale internationale. Les tribunaux ad hoc se sont multipliés depuis dix ans, devant lesquels comparurent, entre autres, l'ex président serbe Milosevic (Tribunal pénal international pour l'ex- Yougoslavie), le leader du sinistre RUF sierra- leonais, Foday Sankoe et Charles Taylor, qui mit le Libéria à feu et à sang et affronte aujourd'hui ses juges (Tribunal spécial pour la Sierra- Leone)… Au Cambodge, les Khmers Rouges eux- mêmes devront répondre de leurs actes. La Cour pénale internationale connaît de ses premiers dossiers, notamment sur la République Démocratique du Congo, l'Ouganda ou le Soudan, dont le président en exercice est visé par une demande de mandat d'arrêt. Sans doute le cheminement de cette justice paraît-il parfois lent et insuffisant au regard de la gravité des violations des droits humains qui continuent de se commettre. Mais l'exigence éternelle de justice est aujourd'hui incarnée par des institutions internationales. Alors que l'habitude était de sacrifier la justice sur l'autel de la réconciliation, que l'amnistie paraissait la condition du retour à la paix et d'une transition démocratique, c'est au nom de ce même maintien de la paix que le Conseil de Sécurité a créé les premiers tribunaux pénaux internationaux et déféré la situation du Darfour à la Cour pénale internationale. 9 PinochetProcŁsEnFranceOK.qxp 13/05/2009 14:36 Page 10 Pinochet. Le procès de la dictature en France L'immunité des chefs d'Etat, supprimée devant cette Cour, a cédé également devant les tribunaux internes, Chambre des Lords d'abord, juge chilien ensuite. Dans ce mouvement, Pinochet, Milosevic, Taylor et bientôt le Soudanais El Bechir n'auront sans doute été que les premiers chefs d'Etat à comparaître pour les traumatismes infligés à leurs peuples. Malgré les obstacles et parfois les reculs, le livre de Jac Forton permet de jeter sur la décennie écoulée un regard qui ne peut pas être entièrement négatif : au tournant du siècle, la justice n'est- elle pas devenue un acteur de paix qui s'impose désormais à la politique, nationale comme internationale ? Denys Robillard et Simon Forman Amnesty International France 10 PinochetProcŁsEnFranceOK.qxp 13/05/2009 14:36 Page 11 Pinochet. Le procès de la dictature en France Introduction Alors qu'un procès contre le général Pinochet et dix-huit militaires et civils chiliens était prévu à Paris en mai 2008, les familles des disparus continuaient à rechercher désespére- ment les restes de leurs parents dans les déserts du Nord chilien ou dans les forêts des régions boisées du sud du pays. Selon le Rapport de la commission prési- dentielle Vérité et Réconciliation de 1991, la dic- tature du général Pinochet a fait disparaître 1197 personnes, chiffre passé à plus de 2000 quelques années plus tard. Dix-huit ans après la fin de la dictature et trente-cinq ans après la période de ces disparitions, le lieu d'inhumation de la très grande majorité de ces victimes est toujours inconnu. D'une part, parce que l'armée chilienne prétend qu'elle ne possède plus de documents permettant de les retrouver, d'autre part parce que les officiers de rang moyen de l'époque, ces lieutenants et ces capitaines qui ont exécuté les ordres de tuer, sont les officiers supérieurs d'au- jourd'hui et qu'ils ont scellé un pacte de silence qui n'a presque jamais été rompu. Ils ne veulent pas risquer la mise à la retraite obligatoire et la fin de leur carrière en révélant des faits peu glo- rieux, comme tirer dans le dos de prisonniers entravés et aux yeux bandés. Si l'on ignore leur destin final, on sait pourtant ce qu'il est arrivé à la majorité des disparus. Car de nombreux 11 PinochetProcŁsEnFranceOK.qxp 13/05/2009 14:36 Page 12 Pinochet. Le procès de la dictature en France conscrits de l'époque ont parlé ; quelques offi- ciers ou sous-officiers, horrifiés par leurs actes, ont craqué et raconté aux juges les crimes qu'ils ont commis. Plus d'une dizaine de Français et de Franco-Chiliens font partie de ces victimes dont on n'a jamais retrouvé le corps. Les familles de quatre d’entre elles ont, un jour de 1998, déposé plainte en France. La justice française aura mis dix années avant d’ouvrir un procès. Pendant ce temps, le général Pinochet et trois des accusés ont eu le temps de mourir. Depuis 1998, les systèmes judiciaires de plusieurs pays (Chili, Espagne, Royaume-Uni, Italie, Belgique et France) ont essayé d'ouvrir des procédures menant à un procès du général Pinochet et des principaux responsables de la répression féroce de la dictature.
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