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Masail Fiqhiyah Memahami Permasalahan Kontemporer.Pdf Scanned by CamScanner Scanned by CamScanner MASAIL FIQHIYAH MEMAHAMI PERMASALAHAN KONTEMPORER Penulis: Muhammad Yusuf Editor: Nahdhiyah Makassar 2017 Tentang Penulis Dr. H. Muhammad Yusuf, M.Ag. dilahirkan di Desa Gattareng Bone Sulawesi Selatan Ia mengawali pendidikan formalnya di SD Negeri No. 258 Gattareng Kec. Salomekko Kab. Bone (1982-1988). Pendidikan menengahnya di MTs Nusa Kec. Kahu Kab. Bone (1988 - 1991), Madrasah Aliyah (MA) Palattae Kec. Kahu Kab. Bone (1991-1994), Pendidikan Bahasa Arab Fakultas Tarbiyah IAIN Alauddin Makassar (1999). Dosen luar biasa dan tutor Bahasa Arab dan Bahasa Inggris pada Fak. Tarbiyah IAIN Alauddin (1997-2000). Sambil menyelesaikan S1-nya, ia juga mengikuti Program Diploma Dirasah Islamiyah dan Bahasa Arab pada Ma‘had “al-Birr” Cabang Universitas Muhammad Ibnu Su‘ud Makassar (1998-1999). Setelah menyelesaikan pendidikannya di lembaga tersebut, ia diterima bekerja sebagai staf administrasi di bawah kepemimpinan al- Syaikh Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Khatib, M.A dari Suriah. Ia melanjutkan studi pada Program Pascasarjana (PPs) IAIN Alauddin dan memilih Jurusan Bahasa Arab dan Ilmu Tafsir (2000-2002). Sambil menyelesaikan Thesisnya, ia juga mengikuti Pendidikan Kader Ulama (PKU) yang diselenggarakan oleh MUI Sulsel selama satu tahun di Masjid Raya Makassar (2001-2002). Di PKU inilah ia menggeluti Kitab-Kitab Turast di bawah Bimbingan beberapa ulama dan Cendikiawan Muslim. Setelah menyelesaikan pendidikannya di PKU, ia masih tetap diminta tinggal satu tahun lagi (2002-2003) Pada tahun 2003, ia masuk di Pesantren Modern “Pendidikan Al-Qur’an” IMMIM Putra Makassar sebagai pembina bahasa dan menjabat sebagai Kepala Kepesatrenan hingga 2010. Ia diberi tugas tambahan sebagai Ketua Jurusan Syariah STAI Al-Furqan Makassar (2006-2010). Pada tahun 2006 ia terdaftar sebagai mahasiswa Program Pascasarjana (PPs) UIN Alauddin Makassar konsentrasi Tafsir dan selesai 2010. Pada tahun 2011 ia diangkat sebagai Pembantu Ketua Bid. Kemahasiswaan STAIN Sorong Papua Barat dan merangkap sebagai Pengganti Sementara (Pgs) Ketua STAIN Sorong (2011-2012) setelah meninggalnya Ketua STAIN Sorong, Prof. Dr. H. Saifuddin, MA. Ia telah menulis beberapa judul buku, paper, artikel dalam beberapa jurnal nasional terakrediatsi dan internasional, proceeding, dan beberapa penelitian. Telah menyampaikan beberapa makalah dalam seminar dan orasi ilmiah. Selain aktif mengajar di Sekolah Tinggi Agama Islam (STAI) Al- Furqan, penulis juga diberi tugas mengajar dan membimbing pada Program Pascasarjana (PPs) UIN Alauddin Makassar. Selain menulis, membimbing tugas akhir mahasiswa, mengajar, juga melakukan beberapa pengabdian pada masyarakat yaitu menjadi muballigh tetap Immim, Pembina di beberapa majelis taklim, dan pengajian rutin tafsir dan hadis dimasjid tertentu. PENGANTAR PENULIS Hukum syar’i mengatur tatanan kehidupan manusia secara total, lahir batin. Hal-hal yang bersifat teknis lahiriyah diatur oleh fikih, sedangkan hal yang berkaitan dengan sisi dalam diatur oleh tasawuf. Fikih atau hukum Islam merupakan salah satu matakuliah utama di PTAIN/PTAIS. Persoalan fikih merupakan persoalan mendasar dalam masyarakat, dan hal ini sangat beralasan sebab kehidupan manusia tidak ada yang lepas dari fikih. Mulai sejak kelahirannya hingga kematian dan pemakamannya seluruhnya diatur dalam fikih. Salah satu pertanyaan paling sering muncul dari masyarakat adalah pertanyaan tentang fikih. Hukum apa dan bagaimana melaksanakannya, merupakan pertanyaan yang berkarakter fikih. Jawaban yang bijak dan proporsional harus dengan fikih. Akan tetapi, perlu disadari bahwa untuk menjawabnya, dibutuhkan analisis dan pengetahuan mengenai argumen-argumen penetapan status hukum suatu perbuatan orang mukallaf, disamping itu bagaimana melaksanakannya. Untuk menjawab pertanyaan semacam ini kita harus kembali merujuk kepada Alquran dan hadis-hadis Nabi Saw. Bagaimana Nabi Saw. menetapkan hukum, atau bagaimana beliau melaksanakannya, haruslah menjadi rujukan. Persoalannya, jika terdapat perbedaan dalam mema-hami suatu nash (Alquran dan hadis), atau Nabi Saw. mene-tapkan dengan cara-cara yang berbeda-beda, atau bahkan sama sekali tidak ditemukan nashnya dalam Alquran maupun hadis-hadis. Dalam keadaan demikian kita dituntut untuk bertanya kepada ahlinya, para ulama hukum Islam. Masalahnya, ulama juga seringkali menampilkan perbedaan dalam memandang suatu masalah. Hal ini menimbulkan masalah yang tidak jarang berujung pada perselisihan dan pertentangan terbuka. Memang perbedaan merupakan rahmat. Demikian riwayat yang populer kita ketahui. Faktanya, tidak semua perbedaan itu kemudian serta merta menjadi rahmat, bahkan tidak jarang menjadi sumber konflik dan perselisihan. Sesungguhnya perbedaan itu merupakan pristiwa sejarah yang terus-menerus terjadi mulai masa Rasulullah Saw. Hingga umatnya pada hari ini. Itu berarti, perbedaan pendapat yang didasarkan pada teks merupakan sebuah fakta sejarah sebagai dialektika antara teks dan konteks yang melingkupi kehidupan umat. Di kalangan sahabat pun mengalami perbedaan-perbedaan memahami teks berha-dapan dengan konteks kehidupan mereka masing-masing. Namun, yang menarik untuk dianalisis adalah, bagaimana perbedaan itu “dianyam” menjadi indah dan terasa sebagai rahmat. Fikih, bagaimana pun juga harus disadari, ia hanya merupakan salah satu bagian dari Islam. Selain fikih, Islam juga mempunyai ajaran akhlak. Akhlak merupakan ajaran mendasar dalam Islam yang menentukan kesalehan seseorang. Semakin tinggi tingkat kualitas akhlak seseorang semakin tinggi pula kualitas personal dan intelektualnya, bahkan kualitas iman dan kesalehannya. Pernyataan ini didukung oleh beberapa hadis. Jadi, kesalehan seseorang dapat ditentukan oleh kualitas akhlaknya. Misalnya, bagaimana ia menghormati orangtua, menghargai tamu, bagaimana berbuat baik kepada tetangga, kepada binatang yang kehausan, tumbuh-tumbuhan, lingkungan hidup. Perbuatan seperti ini selalu dihubungkan dengan kualitas keimanannya kepada Allah dan hari akhirat. Sangat disayangkan, pemahaman dan pilihan afiliasi mazhab fikih sesorang seringkali menjadi lebih prioritas dibanding dengan menjaga akhlaknya. Yang lebih menyedihkan lagi, apabila antara satu kelompok dengan kelompok lainnya saling menyakiti lantaran perbedaan teknis beribadahnya. Disinilah pentingnya memahami proses lahirnya sebuah mazhab dan latar belakang yang menjadi pertimbangan lahirnya kesimpulan (istimbath) hukum. Pandangan ini semakin memperkuat pandangan yang mengatakan bahwa kajian fikih tidak bisa dilepaskan dari aspek kesejarahan (tarikhiyat). Membaca dan memahami produk ijtihad atau fikih ulama harus diertai kesadaran sejarah. Adalah menarik bagaimana Rasulullah Saw. menjaga akhlak ketika menghadapi para sahabat dalam pristiwa Bani Quraizhah. Jelas terjadi perbedaan pemahaman yang juga berbeda dalam beribadah. Ternyata, Rasulullah Saw. tidak menunjukkan kesalahan sahabat dan membenarkan yang lain. Bahkan Rasulullah menghargai keduanya dengan tidak menyalahkannya. Di kalangan sahabat, seringkali terjadi perbedaan dalam merujuk kepada Alquran dan sunnah, tetapi mereka tetap saling menghargai. Konteks sosiohistoris merupakan aspek yang mutlak ada dalam pengkajian fikih, sebab fikih lahir karenanya. Fikih tidak lahir dari ruang hampa yang tidak terkondisikan. Semangat hukum Islam itu selalu merespon berbagai bentuk perubahan situasi, kondisi, tempat, dan zaman yang senantiasa melingkupi kehidupan manusia. Perkembangan iptek dan teknologi informasi serta berbagai dampak yang menyertainya menuntut kreativitas intelektual para ilmuwan dan sarjana muslim untuk merspon. Pergumulan dialektika antara fikih dan konteks kehidupan manusia adalah fakta, setiap konteks itu ada responnya masing-masing. Hal ini biasa terjadi jika umat Islam “terbangun dari tidurnya” dan tidak mengabsolutkan fikih lama yang lahir berdasarkan logikanya masing-masing. Sebab, bagaimana mungkin mengabsolutkan agama yang lahir dari pemikiran yang relatif. Tanpa menafikan fikih yang lahir dari logika para ulama besar, khususnya ulama mazhab, namun banyak diantaranya sudah tidak relevan lagi dan karenanya perlu “didour ulang”. Sebagai contoh, rumusan defenisi “zina” yang dirumuskan oleh ulama ketika belum dikenal teknologi kedokteran seperti bank sperma, inseminasi, dll. Ketika dahulu dianggap zina apabila terjadi hubungan seksual (persetubuhan) antara laki-laki dan perempuan yang bukan pasangan suami-istri yang sah. Sekarang, dengan teknologi kedokteran pembuahan dapat terjadi tanpa harus bersetubuh, tetapi dapat terjadi dengan menyuntikkan sperma ke dalam rahim atau pun di luar rahim kemudian disuntikkan ke dalam rahim perempuan. Begitu juga beberapa masalah kontemporer yang belum pernah dibahas ulama mazhab di masa lalu, kini muncul melingkupi kehidupan umat. Sebagian diantaranya dibahas dalam buku ini, dengan harapan dapat memberikan pencerahan dan cara pandang kepada mahasiswa untuk merespon aneka konteks yang melingkupi kehidupan pada masanya kapan dan dimanapun mereka berada. Materi fikih yang lahir belasan abad yang silam merupakan respons atas kebutuhan umat pada masa itu, sehingga diantaranya ada yang masih relevan, namun tidak kurang diantaranya sudah tidak relevan lagi untuk konteks kehidupan umat saat ini. Jadi, belajar dari ulama masa lalu adalah dengan melihat bagaimana metode (manhaj) mereka dalam merumuskan hukum-hukum fikih. Semangat epistemologi fikih itulah yang seharusnya diwa-risi oleh generasi Islam saat ini, yakni semangat metodologis merespons berbagai konteks kehidupan umat. Selain mewarisi semangat epistemologi fikih, dibutuhkan
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