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Multibeam Bathymetric Investigations of the Morphology and Associated Bedforms, Sulina Channel, Danube Delta

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Multibeam Bathymetric Investigations of the Morphology and Associated Bedforms, Sulina Channel, Danube Delta geosciences Article Multibeam Bathymetric Investigations of the Morphology and Associated Bedforms, Sulina Channel, Danube Delta Florin Du¸tu,Nicolae Panin, Gabriel Ion and Laura Tiron Du¸tu* ID NIRD GEOECOMAR, 23-25 Dimitrie Onciul Street, RO-024053 Bucharest, Romania; [email protected] (F.D.); [email protected] (N.P.); [email protected] (G.I.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +40-21-252-25-12; Fax: +40-21-252-25-94 Received: 31 October 2017; Accepted: 26 December 2017; Published: 2 January 2018 Abstract: In the Danube Delta, on the Sulina branch, the morphology, sediment, and bedform characteristics were investigated. Three-dimensional (3D) bathymetry, flow velocity, suspended-load concentration, and liquid and solid discharge data were acquired throughout several cross sections along the Sulina channel, in order to investigate the distribution of water and sediment discharges and their influence against the river bed. A single observation (in February 2007) was made regarding the geometry, sediment composition, and hydraulic conditions under which the dunes grew and degenerated. The investigation focuses here mostly on the geometrical parameters of these bedforms, such as height, length, as well as grain size characteristic of the sediment and water dynamics. Based on in-site measurements, different hydraulic parameters were calculated, such as bed shear stresses and Reynolds number. During the field campaign, the measured water mean velocity was from v = 0.22–1.13 m·s−1. At the same time, the measured range of shear stresses within the dune field −2 −2 formation was from τ0 = 2.86 N·m (on the cutoffs) to 8.62 N·m (on the main channel). It was found that the correlation between height (H) and length (L) of the Sulina branch dunes describes the formula: H = 0.093L0.5268. The bedforms of the Sulina channel are, in general, developed in fine sand (D50 between 0.06 and 0.35 mm). Keywords: bedform; hydro-morphology processes; Danube Delta; multibeam measurements; anthropic interventions 1. Introduction Bedforms are the result of the interaction of the flow, sediment transport, and bed morphology [1–4]. Multibeam measurements offer a very detailed description of the fluvial channel and a detailed characterization of the morphologic processes and dynamic interpretation can be performed. Recent technological developments, particularly multibeam sonar bathymetry mapping methods and advances in sediment dynamics instrumentation [5–12], have enabled higher resolution studies of the morphology of sand ridges, and the quantification of the migration of bedforms and the hydrodynamic and sediment transport processes that cause this migration [11]. The fluvial environment was investigated by many authors in order to describe the bed morphology and bedforms migration [5,8–10,13]. Many studies of the bedforms classification, behaviour, and evolution can be found in the literature [14–21]. Bedform geometry is shown to be influenced by transport stage [20–22], by sediment concentration in flow [23], and is dependent on how sediment is transported by flow [5,24]. Best [25] completed a large synthesis of existing works on dunes. His review paper summarizes the principal features of mean and turbulent flow over alluvial sand dunes. Numerical simulations on dune evolution and dune migration are also available [6,26–28]. Using van Rijn’s classification [20] on the Yangtze River, Chen et al. [16] measured dunes with maximum length of 300 m and up to Geosciences 2018, 8, 7; doi:10.3390/geosciences8010007 www.mdpi.com/journal/geosciences Geosciences 2018, 8, 7 2 of 18 Geosciences 2018, 8, 7 2 of 17 on dune evolution and dune migration are also available [6,26–28]. Using van Rijn’s classification [20] on the Yangtze River, Chen et al. [16] measured dunes with maximum length of 300 m and up to 8 m 8in m height. in height. Small Small dunes dunes were were found found by [15] by [on15 ]th one Rhine the Rhine River River (L = (L10–96 = 10–96 m and m andH = H0.3–1.4 = 0.3–1.4 m) and m) and[29] [on29 ]the on theRaba Raba River River (Poland) (Poland) (L (L= 0.04–1.46 = 0.04–1.46 m mand and H= H= 0.04–0.12 0.04–0.12 m). m). Extremely Extremely large large dunes dunes with heightsheights of the order ofof 77 mm andand lengthslengths ofof thethe orderorder ofof 500500 mm havehave beenbeen observedobserved inin thethe RioRio ParanaParana RiverRiver (Argentina) at water depths depths of of about about 25 25 m, m, velo velocitiescities of of about about 2 2m/s, m/s, and and bed bed material material sizes sizes of ofabout about 0.3 0.3 mm mm [20]. [20 ].There There is isno no information information about about du dunesnes that that are are higher higher than than 8–9 8–9 m, except in thethe MississippiMississippi RiverRiver [[30].30]. This paperpaper reportsreports andand analyses analyses data data on on the the morphological morphological and and sedimentary sedimentary processes processes at workat work in ain regulated a regulated channel, channel, the Sulina the Sulina branch, branch, in the middlein the distributarymiddle distributary of the Danube of the Delta. Danube The multibeamDelta. The technologymultibeam technology was used in was order used to in analyse order to dune analyse dynamics dune dynamics in the study in the area. study The area. objectives The objectives of the presentedof the presented work arework to: are (1) to: understand (1) understand sediment sediment dynamics dynamics in a regulatedin a regulated channel; channel; (2) describe (2) describe the bedformthe bedform characteristics characteristics of theof the Sulina Sulina channel channel in in the the Danube Danube Delta; Delta; and, and, (3) (3) assess assess thethe relationshiprelationship betweenbetween thethe bedformsbedforms andand channelchannel morphology.morphology. 2.2. Regional Setting Fieldwork was carried carried out out on on the the Danube Danube Delta. Delta. With With a mean a mean annual annual water water discharge discharge of 1262 of 3· −1 · −1 1262m3∙s−1 m ands meanand annual mean annual suspended suspended sediment sediment flux offlux 183 ofkg 183∙s−1, kgthes Sulina, the channel Sulina channelis the middle is the middlebranch branchof the Danube of the Danube Delta, downstream Delta, downstream of the ofma thein maincontributor contributor of fresh of freshwater water and sediment and sediment into intothe Black the Black Sea, Sea,the theDanube Danube River. River. The The Sulina Sulina branch branch starts starts from from a abifurcation bifurcation of of the the Tulcea distributary,distributary, atat CeatalCeatal St.St. GeorgeGeorge (M34)(M34) (Figure(Figure1 1),), and and carries carries about about 20% 20% of of the the water water discharge discharge and and suspendedsuspended sedimentsediment dischargedischarge ofof thethe DanubeDanube [[31,32].31,32]. Figure 1. General map of the Sulina branch—separation of three sectors: upstream reach between M34 Figure 1. General map of the Sulina branch—separation of three sectors: upstream reach between M34 and M19 (A); “Big M” meander (between M19 and M8) (B) and downstream reach between M8 and and M19 (A); “Big M” meander (between M19 and M8) (B) and downstream reach between M8 and mouth (C)(C) withwith thethe investigationinvestigation profiles.profiles. From the Ceatal St. George, the Sulina distributary flows eastward 71.7 km (present-day length, includingFrom the the 8 Ceatal km of St. jetties George, at the the mouth Sulina of distributary the arm) towards flows eastwardthe Black 71.7Sea. kmThe (present-day Sulina distributary length, includingpresent-day the physiography 8 km of jetties result at thes mouthfrom a oflarge the cut-off arm) towards programm thee Black carried Sea. out The du Sulinaring the distributary 1868–1902 present-dayinterval by the physiography European Danube results Comm from aission large cut-offand will programme be discussed carried below. out during the 1868–1902 intervalThe by Sulina the European meander Danubebelt cut-off Commission programme and was will fulfilled be discussed during below. 1858–1902 period. The works enabledThe the Sulina navigation meander of beltdeep cut-off shallow-draft programme ships was on the fulfilled old Sulina during arm, 1858–1902 channelled period. a distance The works of 71 enabledkm (of the the initial navigation 83 km of deeplength) shallow-draft [33], which shipsinduced on thean oldenlargement Sulina arm, of channelledwater discharge a distance in the of 71distributary km (of the from initial 7–9% 83 kmof the length) total [Danube33], which discha inducedrge in an1860 enlargement to almost 15% of water in 1928 discharge and currently in the distributaryabout 20% [34,35] from 7–9% (Figure of the 2). total The Danube shortening discharge (that incaused 1860 toa almoststeeper 15% slope in 1928of the and distributary) currently about and 20%deepening [34,35] of (Figure the river2). The channel shortening radically (that changed caused a th steepere hydrological slope of theregime distributary) of the Danube and deepening Delta by ofincreasing the river the channel water radicallydischarge changed of the Sulina the hydrological arm [31,35,36]. regime Most of of thethe Danubemeander Delta belts byof increasingthe former theSulina water distributary discharge were of the closed Sulina by armdykes; [31 only,35,36 a]. few Most remained of the connected meander beltsto the of main the formerSulina branch Sulina distributarychannel (such were as closedthe Maliuc by dykes; meander, only aconnected few remained to Sulina connected channel to theat mainMile 23.7, Sulina and branch the “Big channel M” (suchmeander as the belt, Maliuc connected meander, at Mile connected 13.5 and to at Sulina Mile channel8.4). at Mile 23.7, and the “Big M” meander belt, connected at Mile 13.5 and at Mile 8.4). Geosciences 2018, 8, 7 3 of 17 Geosciences 2018, 8, 7 3 of 18 Figure 2.
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