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Cincuenta Años En La Historia Pluviométrica De Tijuana

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Cincuenta Años En La Historia Pluviométrica De Tijuana \ IZ 3 Cincuenta años en la historia pluviométrica de Tijuana Alain Winckell Michel Le Page Rafael Vela González con la colaboración de Roberto Castañeda Sotomayor Carlos González Velázquez ElColegio ~ ,- de la Frontera ~ L'.P'I Norte - 2 O O 5 QC Cincuenta años en la historia pluviométrica de Tijuana / Alain 986 WinckelJ, Michel Le Page, Rafael Vela Gonz ál ez, coordinadores .M6 la ed. - Tijuana, Baja California: El Colegio de la Front era C5 5 Norte : Institut de Recherche pour le Développment, 2005. 2005 72 p. ( Breviarium ; 3) ISBN: 968 -7947-17·9 l. Precipitación (Meteorología) - México - Tijuan a - Historia . 2. Lluvia y régimen pluviométri co - México - Tijuana - Historia. 1. WinckelJ, AJain. 11. Le Page, Michel. 111 . Vela González, Rafael. © EL C OLEGrO DE LA FRONTERJ\ N ORT E © I NSTlTUT DE RECHERCHE POUR LE Df, VELOP PEi\lENT © A L,\lN W INCKELL «,~ MICHF:.I .Lr. P ACE © Rr\FAEL V ELA G O Nz ALEZ C ,\ RRETER,\ E SCEN ICi\ T IjUAN,\-ENSENADA, kxr. 18.5 S,\N A NTONIO DEL J\!L\R, c.P. 22560 TIj UI\NA, B.c., M ÉXICO CJ NClT :\ TJ\ ,\ ÑOS EN 1.1\ HISTO RII\ PLU V IO ~ II~TR ICA DE Tlj UANA PRIMERA ED ICIÓN , 2005 C OORDJN/\ CIÓ NEDITO RIAL: ÉRII0\ M O RENO Pír.1. CORRECCIÓN: J UAN DE DIOS BA Ri\j AS ASISTENTES DECO RRECCI()N: RrlFAEL R ODRiGlF7., M IGUEL Acosrx y CLtIlDl¡\ f\LGARi\ DISEl\ O DE PORTi\D A y FORMACI()N: DDO P ROD llCClO I\:I '; ISBN: 968-7947·17·9 IMPRES O EN M Éx ICO Contenido Prese ntación 5 Agradecim ientos 9 1. Introducción 11 1. 1 Breve reseña sobre el fenómeno de El N iño 1 1 1.1 .1 El Niño y su influencia en Tij uana 11 1. 1.2 El Niño 199 7-1998 en la historia climatológica reciente 14 1.2 Las precipitaciones en Tij ua na J 7 1.2. 1 Datos anuales 17 1.2. 2 Da tos me nsuales 20 1.3 Variación a lo largo de la costa de las Ca lifornias 25 1.3 .1 Estación de Eureka, en el límite entre Cali fornia y O regon 25 1.3.2 El extremo sur de la pen ínsul a de Baja Californ ia: San fosé del Cabo 26 2. Las precipitaciones del invierno 199 7-1998 29 2 . 1 Instrumentación de los registros pluviométricos 29 2.2 La pluviornetría del invierno 1997 -1998 31 2.3 Distribución es pacial de la pluv iometría 1997 -1998 32 2.4 Eventos s ignificat ivos de la pluviometría 1997-1998 35 Even to 1: 6 de diciembre de 1997 37 Evento 2: 2 1 de diciembre de 199 7 39 Evento 3: 9 de ene ro de 199 8 4 1 Evento 4 : 3 de febrero de 1998 43 Evento 5: 6 de febr ero de 1998 45 Eve nto 6: 7 de febr ero de 1998 4 7 Evento 7: 8 de febrer o de 1998 4 9 Evento 8: 14 de feb rero de 1998 51 Evento 9: 15 de febr er o de 1998 53 Evento 10 : 16 de febrer o de 1998 55 Evento 11: 19 de febrero de 1998 5 7 Evento 12: 23 de febrero de 1998 59 Evento 13: 25 de marzo de 1998 6 1 Evento 14 : 27 de marzo de 1998 63 Evento 15: 28 de ma rzo de 1998 65 Evento 16: 3 1 de mar zo de 1998 6 7 2.5 Co nclusiones : eve ntos excepcionales , int ensidades diarias .. 69 Bibliografía 73 1.1 ' P I I II ..JHl> ClNCl IE:--TI ,I NOS EN I ~I II ISTORI." I'J.llV[OMloT RICI LJ E 1' 11 1:,11',1 Presentación Los trabajos realizad os so bre el te­ California". Número de registro ma del estudio de El Niño en Ti­ 041 PÑ-1297, en la co nvoca ­ juana res ulta n de la co njunc ión de toria especial " Los Efectos de tre s facto res: El Niño en México". 1. La firma, en 1991 , de un conve­ El objetivo principal de la inve s­ nio de cooperac ión entre El Co­ tiga ción fue rec olectar la ma yor legio de la Frontera Norte, (E l ca ntidad pos ible de información a Colef) en Méxi co y el Institut de partir de un monitoreo de lo oc u­ Recherche pour le D éve­ rrido en forma glob al-acciones de loppem ent (JRD, ex-O rs to m) de preven ción , distribución de lluvias, Fr anci a , con la fin al id ad de locali zación de los efect os regis­ esta blecer un Sistema de In for­ trados como inundaciones, percan­ mación Geográfica y Estadística ces hu man os y mat eriales, etcétera­ de la Fronter a No rte (SfGEF) , con la finalidad de comprender los operacional y multiusos integra­ efectos de tal fen ómen o en las ac ­ do po r un equipo franco-me­ tividad es de la ciuda d. xicano. En la segunda etapa, no s pro ­ 2. Du rante el per íod o de vigen cia pusimos entender el funcionamien­ de es te co nvenio hubo la mani­ to del sistema urban o de Tiju ana festac ión de un fenómeno natu­ en tales condiciones de emerge ncia ral: El Niño -de magnitud mu y climatológica para caracteriza r los co ns id era ble-, si tuació n q ue resultados del desarr ollo urban o permitió real izar el estud io a sobre el co m portamiento hidroló• pa rtir de hech os rea les y no de gico, morfológico y dinámi co de las sim ulaciones en lab oratori o. cuencas urbanas. 3. La aprobación y el financiarnien­ La me ta final fue es tablecer las to par cial por pa rte del Con acyt enseñanzas de este evento para re­ para el pr oyecto "Es tud io de los fl exionar y tratar de gene rar algunas efec tos de El Niño en T ijuan a recomendacion es así co mo prop o­ 1997-1998 " , utilizand o un ner alternativas o rientadas hacia la sis tema de in formación geográ­ mitigación de riesgos ante el em­ fica para la elab oración de un bate de fenómenos similares en el modelo de mitiga ción de even­ futuro - no necesar iam ente en tem ­ tos futuros en T ijua na , Baja po rada de Niño-. Situar infor ma- Il R 1- l' 1 ,1 R I 1; ,11 ción, resultados y conclusiones al al­ les usos del suelo y los equipa­ cance de todos los posibles usuarios. mientos y obras de infraestruc­ Con esta finalidad, se editaron tura pluvial existentes. cinco documentos independientes y com ple menta rios a la vez. A El tercero "Efectos de El Niño continuación una breve descripción en Tijuana J997-1998", presenta de cada uno: un aná lisis de todos los hechos El primero "Cincuenta años en la ocurridos en la ciudad durante la historia pluviométrica de Tijuana", temporada de El Niño. Aprove­ aport a un panorama bastante com­ chando la herramient a de un Sis­ pleto de la situac ión en Tijuana tema de Información Geográfica du rante la temporada de lluvias: (S IG) , denomin ado: "Ciudad de Tijuana", toda esta caracterización Estudio de 50 años de datos plu­ se realizó en forma cuant itativa y viométricos analizando la tem­ espacializada obteniendo así el ma­ porada normal y la de El Niño ; yor grado de confia bilidad posible: se establece una diferenciación geográfica a parti r de un tran­ El Niño a través de la prensa: secta entre el sur de la península preparativos, prevención y rela­ de Baja California (México) y el tos de los hechos. norte de California (Es tados Explicación de los diferentes ti­ Unidos). pos de fenómenos desencadena­ Análisis preciso de los eventos dos por las lluvias. significativos del invierno 1997­ Efectos registrados: damni fi ca­ 1998 con sus variaciones en es­ dos, tipos de eventos y daños pacio y tiempo sobre la mancha consecuentes, etcétera. urbana. En el cuarto, "Modelización del El segundo "Las cuencas ver­ escurrimiento hídr ico urbano", se tientes unitarias" contiene una pre­ realizó un monitoreo completo de sentación detallada de cada una de las precipitaciones y sus relaciones las cuencas urbanas de Tijuana, con los escurrimientos ocurridos. durante el período 1997-1 998: A través del uso combinado del SIG yde un método especializado de mo­ Sus carac terísticas físicas como delación hidrológica, se estimaron topografía, superficies , pendien­ cua ntitativamente los escurrimien­ tes, formaciones de superficie y tos hídricos super ficiales urbanos las condiciones del escurrimien­ en términos del nivel máximo de to hídrico, etcétera . escurrimiento y su consecuente de Las características humanas co­ riesgo de inundación. mo su población, los principa- I 1. e ''> l . 1: I 2 11 fl =' U '-:Cl'E" TA .1:\ U5 E" C\ III,TORIA PLL'I'IO,II LTRICA DI. T IJUA¡":,I Descripción de la metodología mendaciones para los tomadores desarrollada y de la información de decisión y todos aquellos invo­ procesada. lucrados en la gestión urbana. La Explicación sintética de los re­ divulgación de estas conclusiones sultadosobtenidos, tiposde com­ cubre dos enfoques: portamientos al nivel de cuencas, diferenciaciónespacio-temporal. Determinación, especialización y cuantificación de los riesgos y fac­ La quinta publicación titulada: tores de su desencadenamiento. " Enseñanzas, perspectivas y reco­ Ierarquización de la vulnerabi­ mendaciones" propone, a partir de lidad de las cuencas vertientes, los resultados obtenidos y mediante así como prioridades de inter­ procesos de análisis estadísticos y vención.
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