ONE LINER NOTES - WBCS CHEMISTRY – COMPLETE ONE LINER NOTES FOR WBCS
BY SOMNATH
Chemistry * Father of Chemistry Ans : Robert Boyle * The author of the book 'Sceptical Chymist' is Ans : Robert Boyle * Father of Modern Chemistry Ans : Antoine Lavoisier * Father of Indian Chemistry Ans : P.C.Roy * Father of Organic Chemistry Ans : Friedrich Wohler * Ancient Chemistry is known as Ans : Alchemy * Ancient Chemists were known as Ans : Alchemists * The scientist known as the father of Sodapop Ans : Joseph Priestly * International year of chemistry Ans : 2011 *New methods used in chemistry which aim to reduce pollution are called Ans : Green Chemistry *The term Green Chemistry was coined by Ans : Paul.T.Anastas
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■STATES OF MATTER There are seven stable physical states 1) Solid 2) Liquid 3) Gas 4) Plasma 5) Bose- Einstein condensate (Super atom) 6) Fermionic condensate 7) Super Fluidity
■DUAL NATURE OF MATTER * The concept dual nature of Matter was put forward by Ans : Louis de-Broglie * The construction of electron microscope was based on Ans : Dual Nature of Matter * The dual nature of electrons was Ans : I.H.Germer
ATOM *Basic unit of Chemistry Ans : Atom *Smallest units of a matter Ans : Atom *Atom was derived from a greek word Ans : 'Atomos' (means indivisible) *Atom was discovered by Ans : John Dalton
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*Law of Multiple Proportion was put forward by Ans : John Dalton *The term 'atom' was coined by Ans : Ostwald *The fundamental particles of an atom Ans : Proton, Electron and Neutron *The central part of an atom Ans : Nucleus *The sub atomic particles of Nucleus Ans : Protons and Neutrons *Heaviest sub atomic particle Ans : Neutron *Lightest sub atomic particle Ans : Electron *Moving particle of an atom Ans : Electron *The charge of an electron is Ans : Negative *Protons and Neutrons are collectively known as Ans : Nucleons *Chemical property of a substance is determined by Ans : Electrons *The smallest atom Ans : Helium (He) *The simplest atom Ans : Hydrogen (H) *Biggest known atom Ans : Francium (Fr) *The unit of measuring mass of an atom Ans : Atomic Mass Unit (amu) *1 atomic mass unit is equal to Ans : 1.6605 xlO’27 Kg *The element used to find amu
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Ans : Carbon-12
ELECTRONS *Electron is discovered by Ans : JJ.Thomson *The name Electron was proposed by Ans : Stoney *Charge of an electron Ans : 1.6 x 10-19C (determined by Millikan) *Mass of electron Ans : 9.1 x 10_31kg *Dual nature of electron Ans : Louis-de-broglie
PROTON *Proton was discovered by Ans : Ernest Rutherford *The identity card of an element Ans : Proton *The mass of a proton is Ans : 1.672 x 10^-27 kg *The theory of Proton was presented by Ans : William Prout
NEUTRON *Neutron was discovered by Ans : James Chadwick in 1932
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*The heaviest fundamental particle of an atom Ans : Neutron *The least stable particle Ans : Neutron *Neutrons are bound very tightly *Chargeless particle of an atom Ans : Neutron *The atom without neutron Ans : Protium (Isotope of Hydrogen) *Atomic number - It is the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom *Atomic number is denoted by the alphabet Ans : Z *Mass number - The total number of protons and neutrons present in the nucleus of an atom *Mass number is denoted by Ans : A *Anti particle of the neutron with the same mass of neutron Ans : Anti neutron *Anti particle of the proton with the same mass of proton Ans : Anti proton *Nuclear particle with the mass of an electron but opposite charge Ans : Positron *Atomic Theory Ans : John Dalton *Uncertainty Principle Ans : Werner Heisenberg *Structure of Atom Ans : Niels Bohr *Plum Pudding Model Ans : J.J. Thomson *Wave Mechanics Model
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Ans : Max Planck *Electron (-ve charge) Ans : J.J. Thomson *Proton (ve charge) Ans : Ernest Rutherford *Neutron (No charge) Ans : James Chadwick *Nucleus (ve charge) Ans : Ernest Rutherford *Positron (ve charge) Ans : Carl Anderson *Antineutron (No charge) Ans : Bruce Cork *The combining capacity of one atom to another Ans : Valency *Atom is bigger than its nucleus Ans : 10^5 times *Electrons move in a circular path called Ans : Orbit *The maximum number of elements in an orbit is Ans : 2 *The orbit followed by a moving electrons around the nucleus of an atom Ans : Shell *The maximum number of electrons in a shell Ans : 2n2 (n = Number of shell)
MOLECULE *Smallest particle of a substance having all its properties Ans : Molecule *The term molecule was coined by
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Ans : Avogadro *The number of molecules obtained in 1 mole of gas is called Ans : Avogadro Number *Avagadro Number Ans : 6.023 xl023/mol *International mole day Ans : October 23 *The bricks of Universe Ans : Molecules *The SI Unit of the amount of substance Ans : Mole *A molecule made up of only one kind of atom is called Ans : Monoatomic molecule *A molecule made up of two kinds of atom is called Ans : Diatomic molecule
ELEMENTS *Substance which is composed of similar kind of atoms is called Ans : Elements *The scientist who proved that the elements are made up of atoms Ans : John Dalton *The term 'elements' was coined by Ans : Robert Boyle *The first scientist who gave a definition to element is Ans : Robert Boyle *The scientist who gave symbols for elements on the basis of their names Ans : JohnJ.Berzelius *The scientist who classified elements into Metals and Non-
Page 7 BY SOMNATH ONE LINER NOTES - WBCS. metals Ans : Lavoisier *Elements are classified into Ans : Metals, non-metals and metalloids *Metals: Elements that conduct electricity and heat which tends to lose electrons *Non-Metals : Elements that do not conduct electricity and heat which tends to accept electrons. *Metalloids: Elements showing properties of both metals and non-metals *The international association which gives names of elements Ans : International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) *The headquarters of IUPAC Ans : Zurich (Switzerland) *The most abundant element in the universe Ans : Hydrogen *The second most abundant element in the universe Ans : Helium *The only radio active element in liquid form Ans : Francium *The only radio active element in gaseous form Ans : Radon *The most electro positive stable element Ans : Cesium
COMPOUND *The combination of two or more elements is called Ans : Compounds *The separation of a compound into its elements by chemical means is called
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Ans : Analysis *The formation of a compound by the union of elements is called Ans : Synthesis Examples: Water, Steam, Salt etc. *The recently discovered chemical compound for the treatment of cancer Ans : Cisplatin *The element which forms largest number of compounds Ans : Carbon *The second element which forms largest number of compounds Ans : Hydrogen
COMPOUNDS AND ITS USES *Silver Iodide Ans : For artificial rain *Formaldehyde Ans : Preservation of dead bodies *Sodium citrate Ans : Anti coagulant in blood bank *Sodium Benzoate Ans : For preservation of grains and food *Silver Bromide Ans : Manufacturing of photo films *Freon Ans : Used in refrigerator as coolant *Sodium Peroxide Ans : Air purifier in submarines *Carbon dioxide Ans : Used in Fire extinguisher
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MIXTURES *Two or more substances (elements or compounds or both) that do not combine chemically during the mixing Ans : Mixtures *The two kinds of mixtures are : Ans : Heterogeneous mixture and Homogeneous mixture *Heterogeneous mixture Ans : Having more than one phase Eg: Concrete, Wood *Homogeneous mixture Ans : Having same proportions of its compounds through out a given sample. Two or more components are so evenly distributed in Homogeneous mixture Eg: Quartz, Glass, Air
COLLOID AND EMULSION *A mixture of two faces of the matter is called Ans : Colloid Eg : Emulsion, Aerosols, Fog, Milk *A colloidal solution formed between two liquids is called Ans : Emulsion *A colloid formed between gas particles and liquid or solid particles Ans : Foam *Colloid which contains particles of liquid or solid dispersed in gas Ans : Aerosol
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ISOTOPES *Atoms of the same element having same atomic number and different mass number are known as Ans : Isotopes *Isotope was discovered by Ans : Frederick Soddy
ISOTOPE AND ITS USAGE *Carbon 14 Ans : Used to determine the age of fossils *Cobalt 60 Ans : Used for the treatment of cancer *Phosphorous 32 Ans : Used for the treatment of skin cancer *Oxygen 15, Iodine - 131 Ans : Used as medicine *Isotopes differ in the number of Ans : Neutrons *The isotopes of hydrogen are Ans : Protium, Deuterium, Tritium
ISOBARS *Elements having same mass number and different atomic number are known as Ans : Isobars Eg : Calcium - 40 (20 Ca^40), Argon - 40 (18Ar^40) *The term Isobars was suggested by
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Ans : Alfred Walter Stewart
ISOTONES *Atoms of elements- having same number of neutrons are called Ans : Isotones eg : Helium (2He^4) and Tritium (1H^3) (both contain 2 neutrons) *The term Isotones was formed by Ans : K.Guggenheimer
ISOMERS *Compounds with same molecular formula but different structures are known as Ans : Isomers Eg: Glucose (C^6H^12O^6),Fructose (C^6H^12O^6)
ALLOTROPES *Different forms of the same element with different physical appearances are known as Ans : Allotropes Eg: Diamond, Graphite and Charcoal are the allotropes of Carbon *The allotrope of Oxygen Ans : Ozone
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PERIODIC TABLE *An arrangement of elements with similar properties placed together is called Ans : Periodic Table *Mendeleev's periodic table was based on Ans : increasing order of atomic mass *Moseley's periodic table was based on the Ans : atomic number of elements *The modern periodic table is based on Ans : atomic number *Modern periodic table contains Ans : 7 horizontal rows and 18 vertical columns *The periodic table was discovered by Ans : Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev *Modern periodic table was discovered by Ans : Henry Moseley *Periodic laws were put forward by Ans : Mendeleev *Modern periodic laws were put forward by Ans : Moseley *The scientist who classified elements based on Atomic Values is Ans : Lothar Meyer *The rows are called Ans : Periods *Columns are called Ans : Groups *The left side of the periodic table denotes Ans : Metals *The right side of the periodic table denotes Ans : Non-metals
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ELEMENTS SCIENTISTS *Hydrogen - Henry Cavendish *Oxygen - Joseph Priestly *Selenium - Berzelius *Thorium - Berzelius *Calcium - Humphry Davy *Sodium - Humphry Davy *Potassium - Humphry Davy *Boron - Humphry Davy *Barium - Humphry Davy *Uranium - Martin Klaproth *Radium - Madam Curie *Nitrogen - Daniel Rutherford *Fluorine - Henri Moissan *Iodine - Bernard Courtois *Chlorine - Carl Wilhelm Scheele *BHC - Michael Faraday *Methane - Alexander Volta *Titanium - William Gregor *Aluminium - Hans Orsted *Nitrous Oxide - Joseph Priestly *DDT - Paul Muller
*Most abundant element on earth's crust - Oxygen *Most abundant metal in earth's crust - Aluminium *Most abundant metalloid in earth's crust - Silicon *Most abundant element in atmosphere - Nitrogen *Most abundant element in the universe - Hydrogen *Most abundant element in human body - Oxygen
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*Most abundant gas in atmosphere - Nitrogen *Most abundant element in sea water - Chlorine *Most abundant element in moon's surface - Titanium *Most abundant metal present in human body and bones - Calcium *Most abundant metal compound in bones - Calcium phosphate *Most abundant compound on earth's surface - Water (H2O) *Most abundant compound in sea water - Sodium Chloride *Second most abundant compound in sea water - Magnesium Chloride *Most chemically reactive element - Fluorine *Second most chemically reactive element - Chlorine *The lightest and simplest element - Hydrogen *The lightest metal - Lithium *The rarest element in the earth - Astatine *The heaviest element - Osmium *The heaviest gaseous element - Radon *First man made element - Technetium *Most stable element - Lead *The periodic table is divided into 4 main blocks *S block - elements of group 1 and 2 *P block - elements of group 13 to 18 *D block - elements of group 3 to 12 *F block - Lanthanides and Actinides *The shortest period of the periodic table Ans : First period *The longest period of the periodic table Ans : Sixth period *Elements with atomic number 57-71 are known as Ans : Lanthanides (rare earths) *Elements with atomic number 89-103 are known as Ans : Actinides (radio active rare earths) *Total number of elements in periodic table
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Ans : 118 *The number of naturally occurring elements Ans : 92
CLASSIFICATION OF GROUPS *1st group -Alkali metals *2nd group- Alkaline earth metals *3-12 group -Transition elements *13thgroup -Boron family *14thgroup -Carbon family *15thgroup - Nitrogen family *16thgroup - Oxygen family *17thgroup - Halogen *18thgroup - Noble gas *The first artificial element Ans : Technetium (Z = 43) *Man made elements are known as Ans : Transuranics
CHARACTERISTICS OF PERIODIC TABLE Features Top to bottom Left to right *Atomic size increases decreases *Ionization Energy decreases increases *Electron affinity decreases increases *Ionization potential decreases increases
CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS
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*Metals and non-metals Ans : Lavoisier *Triads Ans : Dobereiner *Law of octaves Ans : John Newland *Based on atomic weight Ans : Mendeleev *Based on atomic number Ans : Moseley *Element present in 1,2 and 13-18 groups are known as Ans : Representative elements *All transitive elements are Ans : Metals *Transitive elements form Ans : Coloured compounds
ELEMENTS WITH SPECIAL NAMES *Name of earth - Tellurium (52) *Name of Moon - Selenium (34) *Name of Sun - Helium (2) *Name of Asteroid - Palladium (46) *Honour of women - Curium (96), Meitnerium (109) *Name of Ceres - Cerium(58) *Name of Uranus - Uranium (92) *Name of Neptune - Neptunium (93) *Name of Pluto - Plutonium (94)
ROOM TEMPERATURE CASES
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*The liquid metal at room temperature Ans : Mercury *The liquid non-metal at room temperature Ans : Bromine *Two elements which are liquids at room temperature Ans : Bromine, Mercury
ELECTRONEGATIVITY *The ability of an atom to accept the electrons during molecular bond formulation is known as Ans : Electro negativity *Electronegativity was discovered by Ans : Linus Pauling *Electronegativity scale was invented by Ans : Linus Pauling *The element which has most electronegativity Ans : Fluorine *The elements which have least electronegativity Ans : Francium, Caesium
CAESIUM *The metal used in atomic clocks *The metal which shows least expansion *Most electro positive stable element *Element having least electro negativity
ELEMENT SYM BOL LATIN NAME
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*Iron Fe Ferrum *Gold Au Aurum *Silver Ag Argentum *Copper Cu Cuprum *Antimony Sb Stibium *Mercury Hg Hydrargyrum *Sodium Na Natrium *Tungsten W Wolfram *Tin Sn Stannum *Potassium K Kalium *Lead Pb Plumbum
ATOMIC NO.ELEMENTS SYMBOLS 113 Nihonium Nh 115 Moscovium Mc 117 Tennessine Ts 118 Oganesson Og
TYPES OF REACTIONS *Two types of reactions are Ans : Physical and Chemical reactions
PHYSICAL REACTION *A reaction in which no new substance is produced is called Ans : Physical reaction It can be reversed eg : Freezing, Melting
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ISOTOPES OF HYDROGEN PROTIUM (1H1) *Mass Number -1 *Ordinary Hydrogen *Abundant isotope *Atom having no neutron *Only one atom having same atomic number and mass number
DEUTERIUM (1H2) *Mass Number - 2 *Heavy Hydrogen *Used for manufacturing Hydrogen bomb *Deuterium Oxide (D20) is known as heavy water *It is used as moderator in nuclear reactor *Having only one neutron
TRITIUM (1H3) *Mass Number - 3 *Simplest radioactive isotope *Having two neutrons
HELIUM (He) (Z=2) *1st noble gas group in the periodic table Ans : Helium *Second lightest element Ans : Helium *The element shows highest thermal conductivity
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Ans : Helium *2nd most abundant element in universe Ans : Helium *Product of nuclear fusion Ans : Helium 4 *Discovered by Ans : Pierre Janssen and Norman Lockyer *Liquid Helium is used as Ans : Cryogenic refrigerant *Preferred for filling the weather balloons and air ships *The elements used for the treatment of Asthma Ans : Helium and Oxygen *The elements used in welding are Ans : Helium and Argon *Helium is non-inflammable in nature
LITHIUM (Li) (Z = 3) *Belonging to the alkali metal *The lightest metal Ans : Lithium *The element which is kept in wax Ans : Lithium *The strongest reducing agent Ans : Lithium
BERYLLIUM (Be) (Z = 4) *Beryllium was found by Ans : Louis Nicolas Vauqueli *It was isolated by
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Ans : Friedrich Wohler and Antoine Bussy *Naturally occurring compound of Beryllium Ans : Emerald
BORON (B) (Z=5) *The word boron was originated from Ans: Borax *It is a metalloid chemical element *Compound used for making laboratory apparatus Ans : Borosilicate glass *The compound known as inorganic benzene Ans : Borozene *The only acid shows the characteristics of alkali Ans: Boric acid *The main content of eye drops Ans : Boric acid *The polish used in carom board Ans : Boric acid
CARBON (C) (Z=6) *The element considered as the fundamental element of life Ans : Carbon *The element having maximum tendency of catenation (catenation - Self linking property) Ans : Carbon *Carbon atoms covalently bound to other atoms to make organic compounds *Carbon has two types of allotropes (1)Crystalline (eg : diamond, graphite, fullerene, graphine)
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(2)Amorphous (eg: coal, charcoal)
GRAPHITE *Graphite has a layer structure *The most stable form of carbon Ans : Graphite *Substance used for making electrodes Ans : Graphite *The substance known as Black lead or Plumbago Ans : Graphite *It is a good conductor of heat and electricity *It is used as a moderator in nuclear reactor
■ DIAMOND * Diamond has tetrahedral structure * The hardest natural substance Ans: Diamond * The purest form of carbon Ans: Diamond * The densest form of carbon Ans: Diamond * The,substance showing highest light density Ans: Diamond * The medium with lowest speed for light Ans:Diamond * The substance used for cutting glass Ans: Diamond *Scale used,to measure the hardness of diamond Ans: Mohr's scale
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* Hardness of diamond Ans: 10 mohr
FULLERENE *A ball shaped carbon allotrope Ans: Fullerene *Fullerene members Ans: C 60, C 70
GRAPHENE *The latest discovered allotrope of Carbon Ans: Graphene *The single layer of carbon atoms arranged in a hexagoned shape Ans : Graphene
CHARCOAL *An amorphous allotrope of carbon Ans : Charcoal *Activated charcoal is used in many applications like gas purification, water purification, airfilters in gas masks etc
Substance - Production Extraction process *Magnesium-Pidgeon *Bromine- Dow process
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*Nitric acid - Ostwald process *Noble metals - Cyanide process *Sulphuric acid - Contact process *Chlorine gas - Deacon's process *Sodium - Down's process *Hydrogen - Bosch process *Steel - Bessemer process *Ammonia - Haber process *Sodium carbonate - Solvay process *Sulphur - Frasch process *Aluminium - Hall Heroult process *Halogens - Messenger method *Nitrogen - Dumas process
NITROGEN (N) (Z=7) *The most abundant element in the atmosphere Ans : Nitrogen *Percent of nitrogen presence atmosphere Ans : 78% *Main content of protein Ans : Nitrogen *It is discovered by Scotish physician Ans : Daniel Rutherford in 1772 *The gas controls burning Ans : Nitrogen
NITROUS OXIDE *The acid content of acid rain Ans : Nitrous Oxide
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*The compound used as anesthetic Ans : Nitrogen compound *Largest single constituent of earth's atmosphere Ans : Nitrogen compound *Gas known as laughing gas Ans : Nitrous Oxide
NITROGEN DIOXIDE *Gas formed during lightning Ans : Nitrogen dioxide
EXPLOSIVES AND NITROGEN *TNT, RDX, Nitroglycerine Ans : Explosive substances *TNT - Tri Nitro Toluene is known as Ans : Trotyl *RDX - Research Department Explosive is known as Ans : Cyclonite *Mostly found as compound in nature *The nitrogen compound used as indelible ink (Voters' ink) Ans : Silver Nitrate
OXYGEN (O) (Z = 8) *Oxygen was experimentally prepared by Ans : Karl Scheele *Oxygen was discovered by Ans : Joseph Priestly
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*Element nature of oxygen was established by Ans : Lavoisier *Burning is helped by Ans : Oxygen *It is colourless, tasteless and odourless *The colour of liquid oxygen is Ans : Light blue colour *Nature of oxygen Ans : Paramagnetic *Most abundant element in earth crust Ans : Oxygen *Number of atoms in Oxygen molecule - 2, Ozone - 3 *Ozone layer is found in Ans : Stratosphere *The depletion of ozone layer is caused by Ans : Chlorofluorocarbon (CFG) *Industrial name of CFC Ans : Freon
SODIUM (Na) (Z=11) *Sodium is kept in Ans : Kerosene *Sodium was discovered by Ans : Humphry Davy *The element which regulates blood pressure in human beings Ans : Sodium *Cell used to manufacture sodium hydroxide (NaOH) Ans : Castner Kellner Cell *Compound used as air purifier cell in submarines Ans : Sodium peroxide *Compound which is used as a fixer in photographic film
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Ans : Sodium Thio sulphate or Thio *The compound used in blood bank Ans : Sodium citrate *The sodium compound used as coolant in atomic reactors Ans : Liquid sodium Main sodium compounds are; (1)Sodium Carbonate (Washing Soda) (2)Sodium bicarbonate (Baking soda)
SOFT METALS *Sodium and Potassium are known as Ans : Soft metals *They are highly reactive with Ans : Water *Sodium and Potassium are kept in Ans : Kerosene
MAGNESIUM (Mg) (Z=12) *Element known as 'chemical sun' Ans : Magnesium *The metal present in chloroplast of plants Ans : Magnesium *The Magnesium compound used for dental filling Ans : Sorel cement *Magnesium Hydroxide, acts as an antacid is popularly known as Ans : Milk of Magnesia
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ALUMINIUM (Al) (Z=13) *The most abundant metal in the earth's crust Ans : Aluminium *Main ore of Aluminium Ans : Bauxite *Aluminium was isolated for the first time by Ans : Hans Oersted *Manufacturing process of Aluminium Ans : Hall Heroult Process *Simplest way of extraction of aluminium is discovered by Ans : Charles Martin Hall * It is an amphoteric metal *The element used in reflecting telescope and CD Ans : Aluminium *Compound of Aluminium is seen in Ans: Blue colour *Double sulphate of aluminium is Ans : Alum *The metal shows the characteristics of both acid and alkali Ans : Aluminium *The metal mostly present in clay Ans : Aluminium *The metal used to make cigarette wrapper Ans : Aluminium *The chemical method used for the concentration of bauxite Ans : Leaching *Compound of aluminium used for manufacturing powerful magnet Ans: Alnico *Naturally occurring aluminium silicate is Ans: Mica *Mica is a bad conductor of electricity and a good conductor of
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Ans: Heat
■ LAPIS LAZULI *Lapis Lazuli is a deep blue stone, used in making ornaments. *It is a compound of Aluminium
■ ALUM *Used as mordant *Used as dyes *Used for purifying water fire extinguisher
CHEMICAL NAMES * Emerald - Beryllium,Aluminium,Silicate * Sapphire - Aluminium Oxide * Ruby - Aluminium Oxide * Topaz - Aluminium Fluorine Silicate * Opal - Hydrated Aluminium Dioxide *Asbestos is otherwise known as Ans : Rock Cotton
PHOSPHOROUS (P) (Z=15) *phosphorous was discovered by Ans : Hennig Brand *"One who carries light" is the meaning of Ans : Phosphorous
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*White phosphorous is kept in Ans : Water *The form of Phosphorous which emits green light on the exposure to atmosphere Ans : White phosphorous *White phosphorous burns in atmosphere at Ans : 30°C *Red phosphorous is used for making Ans : Safety matches *Substance used to make the match sticks Ans : Red Phosphorous, Potassium Chlorate *Phosphorous is used in fertilizer industry *The element which is present in the DNA&RNA of animals is Ans : Phosphorous *The element present in the animal bone fertilizer Ans : Phosphorous *The number of atoms present in a phosphorous molecule Ans : 4 (tetra atomic) *The element having the smell of rotten fish Ans:Phosphine (PH3) *The isotope used for the treatment of blood cancer Ans : Phosphorous-32 *The phosphorous which is illuminated in darkness Ans : White Phosphorous *The product obtained after the heating of White Phosphorous at a high temperature Ans : Black Phosphorous *The phosphorous used as rat poison Ans : Zinc Phosphide
SULPHUR (S) (Z = 16)
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Sulphur is a member of Ans : Chalcogen family *Enemy of copper Ans : Sulphur *It has no radioactive isotope *Number of atoms present in sulphur molecule Ans : 8 *Acid rain is caused by Ans : Sulphur dioxide *Sulphide ores are purified by Ans : Froth Flotation process *The process of heating the rubber by adding sulphur Ans : Vulcanization *Mixture of Sulphur and Charcoal is known as Ans : Gun Powder *Gases which cause fading the colour of silver ornaments Ans : Hydrogen Sulphide,Sulphur dioxide *The gas which causes the fading of the colour of Taj Mahal Ans : Sulphur dioxide
POTASSIUM (K) (Z = 19) *Potassium is kept in Ans : Kerosene *The elements which are known as soft metals Ans : Potassium and Sodium *It is discovered by Ans : Humphry Davy *The most abundant metal present in blood Ans : Potassium *The metal present in bath soap Ans : Potassium *The compound of potassium used for purifying water
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Ans : Potassium Permanganate *The ores of potassium are Carnalite, Salt Petre Metal related to the disease arthritis Potassium *First metal separated by electrolysis Ans : Potassium *Chemical used for organic farming, neutralizing acidic soil Ans : Potassium Bicarbonate
CALCIUM (Ca) (Z = 20) *The most abundant metal in the human body Ans : Calcium *The compound of calcium used to make bandage, statues is Ans : Plaster of Paris *Composition of coral reefs is caused by Calcium carbonate The compound used in tooth paste as polishing agent Ans : Calcium carbonate *The most abundant chemical substance in cement Ans: Calcium oxide *Compound which is regulating the setting time of cement Ans : Gypsum *The product obtained after heating the gypsum at 125°C Ans : Plaster of Paris *Compound which is used in the process of manufacturing cement Ans : Lime stone *The product obtained when lime stone is heated Ans : Quicklime and Carbondioxide * The permanent hardness of water is caused by Ans : Calcium Sulphate and Calcium Chloride * The chemical substances caused for the permanent hardness of water are The sulphates and Chlorides of Calcium and Magnesium 53 The temporary hardness of water is caused by
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Ans : Calcium bicarbonate and Magnesium bicarbonate * The process used to remove the permanent hardness of water Ans : Distillation or adding Washing soda * The process used to remove the temporary hardness of water Ans : Heating or adding lime *When quick lime is mixed with Carbon dioxide it turns into Ans : Milky colour *The compound used for producing lime mixture Ans : Calcium Compound *The chemical name of Chalk Ans : Calcium Carbonate
TITANIUM (Ti) (Z = 22) *The whitest element compound ever known is Ans : Titanium *Titanium was discovered by Ans : William Gregor *White paints are made using the oxides of Ans : Titanium *The symbol of whiteness Ans:Titanium dioxide *The metal known as "Metal of future" Ans : Titanium *The metal known as 'wonder metal' Ans : Titanium *The most abundant metal present on the surface of moon Ans : Titanium *Titanium is separated from Ans : Ilmenite
CHROMIUM (Cr) (Z =24)
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*The scientist who isolated chromium for the first time was Ans : Louis Nicolas Vauquelin *The element shows antiferromagnetic property Ans : Chromium *The hardest metal Ans : Chromium *The word 'Chroma' means Ans : Colour
MANGANESE (Mn) (Z = 25) *Manganese was discovered by Ans : Carl Sheel *Manganese was isolated for the first time by Ans : Johan Gottlieb Gahn *The fifth most abundant metal in Earth's crust Ans : Manganese *It is too brittle in nature *The steel which is used for making rails Ans : Medium steel *The steel which is used to make agriculture equipments, wires, poles Ans : Mild steel *The steel which is used to make surgical equipments, spring Ans : High Carbon steel
IRON (Fe) (Z=26) *Latin name of Iron Ans : Ferrum *Boiling point Ans : 3134K *Melting point
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Ans : 1811K *Element present in haemoglobin Ans : Iron *Least pure form of Iron Ans : Cast Iron *Steel contains Ans : 0.1 to 1.5% of carbon *Stainless steel contains Ans : Iron, Chromium, Nickel and Carbon *Nickel steel contains Ans : Iron, Nickel and Carbon *Purest form of Iron Ans : Wrought Iron *Rust iron is chemically known as Ans : Hydrated Iron Oxide *Iron with earthly impurities Ans : Pig Iron *Ores of Iron Ans : Hematite (Fe203), Magnetite (Fe304), Iron Pyrites (FeS2) *The ore which is used for making iron for commercial purpose Ans : Hematite (Fe203) *The ore which contains large amount of iron Ans : Magnetite (Fe3O4) *Industrial production of steel Ans : Bessemer process *Iron coated with Zinc is called Ans : Galvanized Iron *Iron coated with Tin is called Ans : Tin Plating *When Iron rusts, its weight Ans : Increases *The reason for the brown colour of soil and rock is the presence of
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Ans : Iron Oxide *Hardening (Quenching) - Mild steel is heated to red hot in high temperature and then cooled suddenly by plunging into oil or cold water *Tempering - The quenched steel is reheated to a temperature below red hot and cooled slowly *Annealing - Hard steel is heated to redness and then allowed to cool slowly. Annealing makes the steel soft
COBALT (Co) (Z =27) *The element present in Vitamin B12 Ans : Cobalt *The scientist discovered Cobalt Ans : George Brandt *The micronutrient for bacteria, algae and fungi Ans : Cobalt *The isotope of Cobalt used for the treatment of cancer Ans : Cobalt 60 *The substance used in glass to get blue colour Ans : Cobalt salt
COPPER (Cu) (Z=29) *First metal used by man Ans : Copper *Latin name of Copper Ans : Cuprum *The ores of Copper Ans : Malachite, Chalcolite *The metal prominently found in Panchaloha Ans : Copper *The chemical name of Blue Vitriol
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Ans : Copper Sulphate
ZINC (Zn) (Z = 30) *The ores of Zinc are Ans : Calamine and Zinc blende *Impure Zinc is known as Ans : Spelter *The element used in galvanization and in dry cells Ans : Zinc *The element used in the manufacturing of perfumes Ans : Zinc *The element present in insulin and tear drop Ans : Zinc *The compound known as 'White Vitriol' Ans : Zinc Sulphate *The elements extracted through the process of distillation Ans : Zinc and Mercury *The compound known as Chinese White (Philosopher's Wool) Ans : Zinc Oxide *The compound used in talcum powder and face cream Ans : Zinc Oxide *The compound of zinc which is used as a filler in rubber Ans : Zinc Oxide *The white coloured compounds in paint Ans : Zinc Oxide
HALOGENS *The word halogen means Ans:Salt former *Halogens are : ?Fluorine (F) ?Chlorine (Cl)
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?Bromine (Br) ? Iodine (I) ?Astatine (At) Chiorine,Bromine,Iodine-Extracted from Sea Water *Synthetic Halogen -Astatine *Pseudo Halogen -Cyanogen (CN2) *Solid Halogen -Iodine *Super Halogen -Fluorine
FLUORINE (F) (Z=9) *The lightest known halogen Ans : Fluorine *The least metallic in nature Ans : Fluorine *The element having highest reactivity or electro-negativity Ans : Fluorine *The most abundant halogen present in earth's crust Ans : Fluorine (0.08%) *The disease caused by the deficiency of fluorine Ans : Fluorosis *The most abundant halide in earth's crust by weight Ans : Fluoride *The compound known as fluorspar Ans : Calcium Fluoride
CHLORINE (Cl) (Z= 17) *The scientist who discovered and isolated the chlorine gas Ans : Carl Scheele *The scientist who recognized chlorine as an element Ans : Humphry Davy *The second element having highest reactivity Ans : Chlorine *The colour of Chlorine gas
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Ans : Pale yellow green *The organic compound which contains chlorine Ans : DDT, BHC, Chloroform, Freon *Chloroform was discovered by Ans : James Young Simpson *The poisonous substance produced when the chlorine is exposed Ans : Phosgene *The gas which was used as chemical weapon in the First World War Ans : Phosgene *The element used to purify the water in swimming pool Ans : Chlorine *The element used as an oxidising agent Ans : Chlorine *The element used as a bleaching agent Ans : Chlorine *The most abundant element present in sea water Ans : Chlorine *The remedy gas which is used against the chlorine poisoning Ans : Ammonia *The chlorine compound present in tear gas Ans : Benzyl Chloride *The compound of chlorine used in the plastics Ans : Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) *The solvent used as an anesthetic Ans : Chloroform *The compound used as an antiseptic Ans : Sodium Hypochlorite
BROMINE (Br) (Z=35)
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*The non metal present in liquid form in room temperature Ans : Bromine *The bromine compound used in photographic films Ans : Silver Bromide *Third lightest halogen Ans : Bromine
IODINE (I) (Z=53) *Commonly used halogen Ans : Iodine *The element abundant in sea weeds Ans : Iodine *The element known as solid halogen Ans : Iodine *The non-metal having highest density Ans : Iodine *The most commonly used halogen available as tablet Ans : Iodine *Iodine test is used to detect Ans : Carbohydrate *The colour of carbohydrate in iodine Ans : Dark Blue *The element that sublimes (solid into vapour) on heating Ans : Iodine *The substance contains in the capsule which is given to the people in the nuclear disaster affected area Ans : Potassium Iodide *The substances used for artificial raining Ans : Silver Iodide and Dry ice (Solid CO2)
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ASTATINE (At) (Z=85) *The rarest element in Earth Ans : Astatine *The heaviest known halogen Ans : Astatine *The element known as synthetic halogen Ans : Astatine
NOBLE GASES OR ZERO GROUP ELEMENTS *Noble gases are also called as Ans : Inert gases *Noble gases do not enter Into chemical reactions *Noble gases were discovered by Ans : William Ramsay *Group 18 is also known as Ans : Zero group elements
NOBLE GASES ARE: *Helium (He) *Neon (Ne) *Argon (Ar) *Krypton (Kr) *Xenon (Xe) *Radon (Rn) *Valency of noble gases is Ans:'O'(Zero)
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RADON *The largest gaseous atom Ans : Radon *The heaviest gaseous atom Ans : Radon *The only radio active gaseous element Ans : Radon *The element extracted from radioactive disintegration of radium Ans : Radon
ARGON *Argon was discovered by Ans : Lord Rayleigh and William Ramsay *Lord Rayleigh and William Ramsay got Nobel Prize for the discovery of Argon in Ans : 1904 *The most abundant inert gaseous element present in the atmosphere Ans : Argon *The gas filled in electric bulbs Ans : Argon
NOTABLE POINTS ON NOBLE GAS *Neon- used in the tube and on the advertising sign boards *Argon - used to fill in incandescent lamps *Krypton - known as Hidden gas *Xenon - Known as stranger gas
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MERCURY (Hg) (Z= 80) *The metal known as Quick Silver Ans : Mercury *The anomalous metal seen in liquid form in room temperature Ans : Mercury *First known super conductor Ans : Mercury *The metal with lowest melting point (-39°C) Ans : Mercury *Measuring quantity of mercury Ans : Flask
AMALGAM *The term amalgam is used to represent an alloy which contains Ans : Mercury Eg: Dental filling
TIN (Sn) (Z=50) *The element having maximum number of isotopes Ans : Tin *Latin name of Tin Ans : Stannum *The main ore of Tin Ans : Cassiterite *The ore of Tin known as Tin stone
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Ans:Cassiterite
LEAD (Pb) (Z=82) *The most stable substance in the nature Ans : Lead *The element does not allow to pass laser through it Ans : Lead *Element used in storage batteries Ans : Lead *The element present as an anti-knocking agent in petrol Ans : Lead *The element used in the smoke of the vehicles Ans : Lead *The element having least conductivity Ans : Lead *The element which is purified by melting Ans : Lead *The part of the human body which is affected by lead Ans : Kidney *The disease caused by the effect of the element lead Ans : Plumbism *The red coloured pigment in 'sindur' Ans : Trilead Tetroxide
TIN AND LEAD COMBINATION *Tin and Lead combination is used in safety fuse *Alloy of Tin and Lead used to make safety wire *Alloy of Tin and lead can be separated by melting
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NOBLE METALS Noble metals are *Silver (Ag) *Platinum (Pt) *Gold (Au) *The elements exist in free state Ans : Noble Metals *The process of producing noble metals is Ans : Cyanide Process
GOLD (Au) (Z=79) *Latin name of gold is Ans : Aurum *The metal known as King of metals Ans : Gold *The metal known as 'Hiranya' Ans : Gold *The metal with high malleability and ductility Ans : Gold *Melting point of gold Ans:1064°C (1947°F) *The device used to measure the purity of Gold Ans : Carat Analyser *The metal used with gold for making ornaments Ans : Copper *The symbol of Bureau of Indian Standard given for the purity of gold Ans : Hallmark *The compound of Gold and Silver is called
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Ans : Electrum
GOLD *The unit of gold - Carat *Pure gold - 24 carat *22 carat gold used to make ornaments *916 gold is 22 carat *One pavan = 8 gram *1kg = 125 pavan
AQUAREGIA *The liquid known as 'royal water' Ans : Aquaregia *Gold, Silver and Platinum are soluble in Ans : Aquaregia *The ratio of Hydrochloric acid and Nitric acid in Aquaregia Ans : 3:1 *The liquid used in the Wohlwill process for extracting pure gold Ans : Aquaregia
COMPOUNDS WATER *Most abundant compound present in animals and human body Ans : Water *The scientist who found that water is a compound of hydrogen
Page 47 BY SOMNATH ONE LINER NOTES - WBCS. and oxygen Ans : Henry Cavendish *The only matter which exists in three forms (Solid, liquid, gas) Ans : Water *Chemical name of water Ans : Di-hydrogen Oxide *The compound known as heavy water Ans : Deuterium Oxide *Scientist who made artificial water Ans : Joseph Priestly *Water has high boiling point due to the presence of Ans : Hydrogen bonding *Bodymass contain Ans : 70% of water *The liquid known as universal solvent Ans : Water *The matter having highest specific heat capacity Ans : Water *Water has the maximum density at Ans : 4°C *Water has the highest volume and lowest density at Ans : o°c *Boiling point of water Ans : 100°C *Freezing point of water Ans : 0°C *The pH value of water Ans : 7 *The quantity of oxygen in pure water Ans : 89% *Water acts as Ans : neutral *The purest water on earth is
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Ans : Rain water *The poor conductor of electricity Ans : Water *The bonding of the molecules in water is called Ans : Polar bonding
TWO TYPES OF WATER *Hard Water *Soft Water
HARD WATER *Does not produce lather with soap readily *Again classified into two (1)Temporary hardness (2)Permanent hardness (1)Temporary hardness: Due to the presence of bicarbonates of calcium and magnesium *It can be removed by repeated boiling or adding lime (2)Permanent hardness: *Due to the presence of sulphates and chlorides of calcium and magnesium *It can be removed by adding sodium carbonate or by distillation or by exchange method
CARBON-DIOXIDE (CO2) *Carbon dioxide was discovered by Ans : Joseph Black
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*The percentage of Carbon dioxide in atmosphere Ans : 0.03% *Gas which causes global warming Ans : Carbon dioxide *Solid carbon dioxide is known as Ans : Dry Ice *The substance used as cooling agent Ans : Dry Ice *The substance known as Card Ice Ans : Dry Ice *The sewage material in Aeroplanes are turned into solid by Ans : Blue ice *The gas released during the process of fermentation Ans : Carbon dioxide *The gas used as fire extinguisher Ans : Carbon dioxide *The gas present in soda water Ans : Carbon dioxide *The gas caused for green house effect Ans : Carbon dioxide *The gas absorbed at the time of photosynthesis Ans : Carbon dioxide *The gas emitted when the flour and toddy become sour Ans : Carbon dioxide *The gas let out when the lime stone is heated Ans : Carbon dioxide *The product released when the carbon is burned in air Ans : Carbon dioxide
AMMONIA (NH3) *Compound of Nitrogen and Hydrogen is
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Ans : Ammonia *Ammonia gas was discovered by Ans : Fritz Haber *Gaseous ammonia was produced for the first time by Ans : Joseph Priestly *The process by which ammonia is manufactured industrially is Ans : Haber process *The temperature for the Haber process is Ans : 500°c *Catalyst used in Haber process Ans : Iron
AMMONIA *Has a strong irritating smell *Most soluble gas in water *Lighter than air *Colourless gas *Acts as cleaning agent *Ammonia can be liquified *The only gas which shows alkaline in nature Ans : Ammonia *The substance which is used as coolant in Ice plants Ans : Ammonia *The only gas having alkaline characteristics Ans : Ammonia *The remedial gas used against the poisoning of chlorine Ans : Ammonia *Acid which is used to detect Ammonia Ans : Nessler's Reagent *Artificial volcanoes are made using Ans : Ammonium Dichromate
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*The substance used in the production of nylon, rayon, explosives, fertilizers and dyes Ans : Ammonia *The substance known as liquor ammonia Ans : Ammonium Hydroxide *The substance known as smelling salt Ans : Ammonium carbonate *The plant which absorbs ammonia directly from the atmosphere Ans : Paddy *The chemical substance used to dehydrate Ammonia gas Ans : Calcium Oxide *The compounds of Ammonia Ans : Nitrogen and Hydrogen
ACIDS *Acids are substances which produce Ans : Hydronium ion (H3 O) *The element present in all acids Ans : Hydrogen *The acids without any oxygen is called Ans : Hydracid, Hydrochloric acid *The acids produced from plants Ans : Organic Acid *The taste of acids is Ans : Sour *Acid turns blue litmus paper to Ans : Red *The gas produced when acids are active on metals Ans : Hydrogen *The gas produced when acids are active with Carbonates
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Ans : Carbon dioxide *Earliest known acid is Ans : Acetic acid (Ethenoic acid) *Other name of formic acid Ans : Methenoic acid
SULPHURIC ACID (H2SO4) *The acid known as oil of Vitriol Ans : Sulphuric Acid *The acid known as king of chemicals Ans : Sulphuric Acid *Sulphuric acid is produced by Ans : Contact process *The acid used in lead storage battery Ans : Sulphuric Acid *The acid used for the making of dynamite and car battery Ans : Sulphuric Acid *The acid pours on earth when acid rain occurs Ans : Sulphuric Acid *The acid which is highly powerful than Sulphuric acid Ans : Super Acid *The planet having the clouds of Sulphuric acid Ans : Venus *The catalyst used for the production of Sulphuric acid Ans : Vanadium Pentoxide *Ascorbic acid Ans : The scientific name of Vitamin C *Panthothenic acid Ans : The scientific name of Vitamin B5 *Folic acid Ans : The scientific name of Vitamin B9
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NITRIC ACID *Used for the purification of gold *It fumes in air *It is known as Spirit of Nitre *The chemical process for producing nitric acid Ans : Ostwald process *The acid known as aquafortis Ans : Nitric Acid *The acid used as oxidizer in rocket propellants Ans : Nitric Acid
OTHER ACIDS *Barbituric acid Ans : Used as hypnotic *Muriatic acid Ans : Old name of hydrochloric acid *Aquafortis Ans : Old name of nitric acid *Carbolic acid Ans : Dilute phenol *Hydrochloric acid Ans : Acts as a digesting agent (contained in gastric juice) *Phosphoric acid Ans : Contained in cola/soft drinks *Carbonic acid Ans : Ordinary soda water *Tartaric acid Ans : Constituent of baking powder
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*Lactic acid Ans : Causes muscles fatigue *Sucronic acid Ans : Sweetest acid *Fluroantimonic acid Ans : Strongest add *Perchioric acid Ans : Strongest inorganic add *Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) Ans : The acid used in Psychiatry *Asperin Acid known as wonder drug (also known as Acetyl Salicylic add) *Benzoic acid Ans : Used as food preservative
SUBSTANCEACID *Tamarind, Grapes - Tartaric acid *Tea - Tannic acid *Vinegar - Acetic acid *Lemon,Orange - Citric acid *Urine - Uric acid *Ant - Formic acid *Milk, Curd - Lactic acid *Fat, Oil - Stearic acid *Olive Oil - Oleic acid *Apple - Maleic acid, Ascorbic acid *Bee wax - Cerotic acid *Tapioca - Prussic acid *Coconut - Capric acid *Rice - Phytic acid
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*Wasp - Formic acid *Honey bee - Formic acid *Aspirin - Acetyl salicylic acid *Palm oil - Palmitic acid *Soda water - Carbonic acid
ACID USES *Nitric Acid - Explosives *Phosphoric acid - Fertilizers *Hydrochloric acid - Cleaning of metal items, printing industry *Oxalic acid - Ink stain remover *Carbonic acid - Flavoured drinks *Tartaric acid - Baking Powder *Boric Acid - Eye wash *Benzoic acid - Preservation of fruit pulps and making of perfumes *Citric acid - Food preservation
BASES *Oxides and hydroxides of metals are known as Ans : Bases *Bases turns red litmus paper into Ans : Blue *The colour of phenolphthalein in base Ans : Pink *The colour of phenolphthalein in acid Ans : No colour *The activity of acid and base is known as Ans : Neutralization
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IMPORTANT BASES AND USES *Sodium hydroxide Ans : Soap manufacturing *Calcium hydroxide Ans : Bleaching powder manufacturing *Magnesium hydroxide Ans : Used as antacid *Ammonium hydroxide Ans : To remove stains from clothes
SALT *Ionic compounds containing cations (ve ion) and anions (-ve ion) are Ans : Salt *The process of mixing up of salt and water resulting to form an acidic or alkaline solution known as Ans : Hydrolysis *Salt Water -> acidic or alkaline *Property of salt to absorb atmospheric salt Ans : Hygroscopic
SALT AND USES *Sodium chloride Ans : Flavouring agent *Sodium benzoate Ans : Food preservative
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*Sodium bicarbonate Ans : Ingredient in baking powder *Potassium nitrate Ans : Used as gun powder
ALKALLOIDS *Nitrogen containing organic compounds are called Ans : Alkalloids *The taste of Alkalloids is Ans : Bitter
SUBSTANCE AND COLOURS *Turmeric- Curcumin *Ginger- Gingerine *Neem - Margosein *Coffee - Caffeine *Cola - Caffeine *Green Chilly - Capsaicin *Pepper - Piperine
pH VALUE (POTENTIAL OF HYDROGEN VALUE) *Measure of acidic or basic character of a liquid or solution is called Ans : pH value *pH scale was discovered by Ans : Soren Sorensen *pH value starts from
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Ans:0 to 14 *pH value less than 7 is Ans : Acidic in nature *pH value equal to 7 is Ans : Neutral solutions (eg: water) *pH value more than 7 is Ans : Bases in nature *Solution which resists changes in pH caused by the addition of acid or alkali Ans : Buffer solution
SUBSTANCE pH VALUE *Lemon Juice 2.4 *Vinegar 2.9 *Hydrochloric acid (Stomach) 3.01 *Orange juice 3.3 to 4.19 *Grapes 3.5 to 4.5 *Beer 4.5 *Coffee 5 *Tea 5.5 *Tomato 6 to 6.8 *Urine 6.5 to 7 *Milk 6.5 *Water 7 *Human blood 7.4 *Sea Water 7.9 *Baking soda 9 *Caustic soda 12
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SOLUTION *Homogeneous mixture of two or more substances is called Ans:Solution *Solution -» Solvent Solute Ans:Solute - dissolved substance Solvent - dissolving substance *Solution is divided into two a)Saturated solution b)Unsaturated solution
TERMS ASSOCIATED WITH SOLUTION *Normality Number of gram equivalent solute in 1 litre of solution *Molality Number of moles of solute present in 1 kg of the solvent *Molarity Number of moles of solute in 1 litre of solution
CHEMISTRY IN DAILY LIFE POLYMERS *Complex molecules formed by the combination of simpler molecules Ans : Polymer *The word polymer means Ans : Big molecule *Simplest unit of polymers Ans : Monomer *Monomers in the insulin is Ans : Amino acids
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*The process by which polymers and plastics made from monomers Ans : Polymerisation *Study of artificial fibre is called Ans : Polymer Chemistry *Examples of natural polymers are Ans : Cellulose, silk etc. *Paper is an example of Ans : Cellulose *Examples of artificial polymers are Ans : Rayon, Nylon, Teflon etc. *Father of Polymer Chemistry Ans : Hermann Staudinger *Father of Polymer Physics Ans : Hermann Mark
PLASTIC *Plastics are generally Ans : Synthetic polymers *Plastics are of two types (1)Thermoplastic (2)Thermosetting plastic
THERMO PLASTIC *Undergoes physical change eg: Polythene, nylon, PVC, Teflon
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THERMO SETTING PLASTIC *Undergoes chemical chang eg: Polyster, bakelite *First artificial plastic Ans : Bakelite *Bakelite is made from Ans : Phenol and formaldehyde *Plastic will dissolve in Ans : Chloroform *Poisonous gas produced on burning of plastic Ans : Dioxin *Chemical name of Teflon Ans : Polytetra fluoro ethylene *PVC (Poly Vinyl Chloride) Ans : One of the widely used amorphous plastics *The substance used for coating of non stick utensils Ans : Teflon *The plastic which is used to make the storage utensils to keep strong acids Ans : Teflon *The plastic used to make gum Ans : Urea Formal dehyde *The plastic which is used to make the clothes, the body of vehicles Ans : Polyester *The plastic which is used to make the fishing net, parachute etc Ans : Nylon *The plastic which is mostly produced and used is Ans : Polythene
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RUBBER *The birth place of Rubber Ans : Brazil *Constituent of natural rubber Ans : Isoprene *Rubber is an example of Ans : Polymer *The word 'rubber' was first coined by Ans : Joseph Priestly *Heating rubber with sulphur for the betterment of its properties like tensile strength, hardness, elasticity etc. is called as Ans : Vulcanisation *Vulcanisation was developed by Ans : Charles Good Year *Ordinary rubber is Ans : Thermoplastic *First synthetic rubber Ans : Neoprene *Styrene Butadiene Rubber, Neoprene, Thiokole are the examples of Ans : Synthetic rubber *Rubber is soluble in Ans : Benzene (C6H6) *Structure of Benzene was discovered by Ans : August Kekule
SYNTHETIC RUBBER USES *Styrene Butadiene -Tyres,footwears *Neoprene - Cable insulation,marking hose *Thiokol - Making seal,hoses,Taks for storing solvents
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CEMENT *Cement was invented by Ans : Joseph Aspidin *Mixture of aluminates and silicates of calcium is Ans : Cement *Setting of cement is due to the hydration of calcium silicates and Ans : Calcium aluminates *Setting time of cement is controlled by adding Ans : Gypsum
SOAPS AND DETERGENTS *Sodium hydroxide Ans : Used to make washing soap *Potassium hydroxide Ans : Used to make toilet soap *Olive oil Ans : Used to make baby soap *Salting out Ans : Extraction of soap from glycerine *Soap making procedure is known as Ans : Saponification *Transparent oil contents are Ans : Glycerol and caster oil *The quality of soap is determined by Ans : TFM (Total Fatty Matter) *As per the ISI Standard first grade toilet soap should have a TFM of Ans : 76%
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*Second grade toilet soap should have a TFM of Ans : 70% *Mixture of sodium salts of aromatic and sulphonic acids is Ans : Detergents
DRUGS *The drugs used to treat infections Ans : Antibiotics Eg : Penicillin, Ampicillin etc. *The drug which either kill or prevent the growth of micro organism Ans : Antiseptics *The drug used to reduce fever Ans : Antipyretic *The drug used to reduce pain without causing impairment of consciousness Ans : Analgesics Eg: Aspirin and Paracetamol *The drug used to relieve stress and anxiety Ans : Tranquilizer *The chemical used as mouthwash Ans : Hydrogen peroxide
ALCOHOL *Basic group contained in alcohol Ans : Hydroxyl group (OH) *The units to measure the amount of alcohol Ans : ABV, Proof *The simplest alcohol
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Ans : Methanol *Denaturized spirit Ans : Ethanol Methanol *Alcoholic beverage contains Ans : Ethyl alcohol *Alcohol poison (Hooch Tragedy) is due to Ans:Methanol *Gasohol —> Petrol (gasoline) alcohol *Ethanol is produced by the Ans : Fermentation of Sugar *The product obtained when yeast is added to sugar solution Ans : Wash *Absolute alcohol is Ans : 100% ethanol *The mixture of absolute alcohol and petrol at the rate of 1:4 is called Ans : Power alcohol *The process of separating alcohol from the mixture of water and alcohol Ans : Distillation
COMMON NAME CHEMICAL NAME Brown Coal - Lignite Hard Coal - Anthracite Soft Coal - Bituminous coal Marsh gas - Methane Grain alcohol - Ethanol Wood Spirit - Methanol Ethanol - Ethyl alcohol White tar - Naphthalene Methanol - Methyl alcohol
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Rectified spirit - Water Absolute alcohol - Ethyl alcohol
*The liquor which has the lowest rate of alcohol content Ans : Beer *The liquor which is produced from the malted barley Ans : Beer *The liquor which has highest rate of alcohol content Ans : Whisky *The alcohol which is produced from molasses Ans : Rum *The alcohol which is produced from grapes Ans : Brandy *The alcohol which is produced from the cashew fruits Ans : Feni *The study of wines Ans : Oenology
ESTERS *The product derived from the reaction between an acid and an alcohol Ans : Esters *Esters were discovered by Ans : Hermann Emil Fischer *Esters are colourless *The organic compounds used for artificial smell and taste Ans : Esters
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SUGAR *Simplest sugar Ans : Glrcose *Constituents of sugar Ans : Carbon,Hydrogen,Oxgen *The first artificial Sugar Ans : Saccharine *Sweetest natural Sugar Ans : Fructose *Smell of pineapple Ans : Ethyl Butyrate *Smell of banana Ans : Isoamyl Acetate *Smell of Jasmine Ans : Benzyl Acetate *Smell of Orange Ans : Octyl Acetate *Smell of Apple Ans : Butyl Acetate *Smell of Strawberry Ans : Methyl Cinnamate *Smell of Grapes Ans : Methyl Anthranilate *Smell of honey Ans : Methyl Phenyl Acetate *Smell of Lemon Ans : Ethyl Formate *Constituents of sugar Ans : Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen *The first artificial sugar Ans : Saccharine *Sweetest natural sugar
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Ans : Fructose *The sugar which is 200 times sweeter than common table sugar Ans : Saccharine *The sugar which is 300 times sweeter than common table sugar Ans : Aspartame *The sugar which is 600 times sweeter than common table sugar Ans : Sucralose *Water-soluble protein used in the production of ice cream Ans : Gelatin *Molecular formula of Glucose Ans : C6 H12 O6 *Molecular formula of Fructose Ans : C6 H12 O6
*Common table sugar - Sucrose *Sugar in sugarcane - Sucrose *Sugar in blood - Glucose *Sugar in milk - Lactose *Sugar in fruits - Fructose *Sugar in barley - Maltose *Sugar in starch - Maltose
*The sugar which is used as the daily needs Ans : Sucrose *The sugar which is produced at the time of photosynthesis Ans : Sucrose
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*Examples of artificial sugar Ans : Saccharine and Aspartame *The sugar used by diabetes patient Ans : Aspartame
GLASS *A super cooled liquid Ans : Glass *The substance having high elasticity Ans : Glass *The main ingredients of glass Ans : Sand, lime and soda ash *The substance which is added to glass to increase its hardness Ans : Borax
TWO TYPES OF GLASS (1)Soft glass -> Sodium silicate Ans : Calcium silicate (2)Hard glass -> Potassium silicate Ans : Calcium silicate
GLASSUSES *Soda lime glass - Mirror doors, mirror,bulbs, bottles, jar *Hard glass - Laboratory apparatus, kitchen wares, lenses, prisms *Soft glass - Kitchen utensils and factory equipments
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*Fibre glass - Industry insulator, helmets, in aeroplanes, boats *Safety glass - In vehicles, bullet proof screen *Flint glass - Lenses, Prisms, Electric bulb *Borosilicate - The equipments used at higher temperature
METAL COMPOUND/ION COLOUR *Nickel salt Red *Cupric oxide Red *Cobalt ion Blue *Ferric ion Yellow *Cadmium Sulphide Yellow *Uranium Oxide Greenish *Chromium Green *Manganese dioxide Purple *Cryolite Milky *Antimony oxide White
■ USES OF ALLOYS *Invar - Pendulum Clock *Nichrome - Heating elements *Duralumin - Aircraft parts, light tools Solder Magnets Engine parts *Soldering wire - Solder *Alnico - Magnets *Silumin - Engine parts *Phospher Bronze - Springs and suspension *German silver - Utensils *Magnalium - Troller,Steamer *Gun metal - Barrel of Gu
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*Nickel Steel - Crank shaft *Manganese - Railway track,Axle of tyres *Blue gold - Water *King of metals - Gold *King of poison - Arsenic *Metal of future - Titanium *Rainbow - MetalIridium *Little Silver - Platinum *White gold - Platinum *Quicksilver - Mercury *Chemical sun - Magnesium *Sun's son Marsh gas - Helium *Royal Liquid - Methane *Laughing gas - Nitrous oxide *Mineral oil - Petroleum *White tar - Naphthelene *Philosopher's wool - Zinc oxide *Chinese White - zinc Oxide *Wonder Metal - Titanium *Future fuel - Hydrogen *Wonder Drug - Aspirin *Main raw material of glass Ans : Silica *Glass is soluble in Ans : Hydrofluoric add *The glass known as water glass Ans : Sodium Silicate *Water glass is soluble in Ans : Water *The glass known as Pyrex Ans : Borosilicate glass
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*Coal gas - Carbon monoxide Hydrogen Methane *Gobargas - Methane Carbon dioxide *LPG - Butane Propane *Producer gas - Carbon monoxide Hydrogen Nitrogen *Water gas - Carbon monoxide Hydrogen *Gasobol Gasolin (Petrol) Alcohol *Natural gas - Methane Ethane Propane Butane *Phosgene - arbon monoxide Chlorine *Sodamide - Sodium Ammonia *Freezing mixture - Sodium Chioride Ice *Baurdex mixture - Copper sulphate Calcium Hydroxide *Nitrating mixture - Sulphuric acid Nitric acid *Benedict solution - Copper sulphate Sodium Citrate
*Ozone - Christan Schonbein *Ozone layer - Charles Fabry,Henry Buisson *Nitric acid - Jabir Ibn Hayyan *Aquaregia - Jabir Ibn Hayyan *Cement - Joseph Aspdin *Carbon dioxide - Joseph Black *Deuterium - Harold urey *Isotope - Frederick Soddy *Electrolysis - Michael Faraday *Soda water - Joseph Priestly *Benzene gas - Michael Faraday *DDT - Paul Hermann Muller *BHC - Michael Faraday *Bleaching powder - Charles Tennant *Carbon dating - Frank Williard Libby *Allotropes of Hydrogen - Heisenberg
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*Super conductivity - Kamerlingh Onnes *Match Box - John Walker *Common name Chemical Name *Rock Salt - Sodium Chloride *Gypsum - Calcium Sulphate *Plaster of paris - Calcium Sulphate *Nitre/Saltpeter - Potassium Nitrate *Common salt - Sodium Chloride Sodium *Hypo - Sodium thiosulphate *Sodanitre - Sodium Nitrate *Chalk - Calcium Carbonate *Red lead - Triplumbic tetroxide *White Vitriol - Zinc Sulphate *Blue Vitriol - Copper Sulphate *Green Vitriol - Ferrous /Iron sulphate *Aspirin - Acetyl Salicylic acid *Caustic soda - Sodium Hydroxide *Calomel - Mercurous chloride *Salt cake - Sodium Sulphate *Quartz - Sodium dioxide *Calamine - Zinc carbonate *Epsom salt - Magnesium sulphate *Litharge - Lead monoxide *Chloroform - Trichloro methane *Glauber's salt - Sodium sulphate *Salammoniac - Ammonium chloride *Smelling salt - Ammonium carbonate *Silica - Silicon dioxide *Limestone - Calcium carbonate *Lunar caustic - Silver nitrate *Potash alum - Potassium aluminium sulphate *Pearl ash - Potassium carbonate *Quicklime - Calcium oxide
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*Liquor ammonia - Ammonium hydroxide *Carborundum - Silicon carbide *Gunpowder - Potassium nitrate *Talcum powder - Hydrated Magnesium silicate *Corundum - Aluminium oxide *Yellow cake - Uranium dioxide *Rust - Hydrated Iron oxide *Bauxite - Aluminium oxide *Dry ice - Solid carbondioxide *Chili saltpeter - Sodium Nitrate *Mohr's salt - Ferrous ammonium sulphide *Hydrolith - Calcium Hydride *Galena - Lead sulphide *BHC - Benzene Hexachloride *DDT - Dichloro diphenyl trichloroethane
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