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Industry Review Semiannual Patent Review July-December 1998

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Industry Review Semiannual Patent Review July-December 1998 Industry Review Semiannual Patent Review July-December 1998 Matthew Stroika, Marguerite Sykes, and Julie Blankenburg KEYWORDS PROCESSES Chemicals, Deinking, Enzyme, Patent, Recycling, Deinking Review, Waste paper. Many advances in deinking have recently been made to keep up with changing toner formulations INTRODUCTION and the high volume of computer-generated recov- ered paper present in today’s recycled furnish. This review summarizes patents related to paper Westvaco Corp. (1) is the assignee of a deinking recycling issued during the last 6 months of 1998. process for laser printed and photocopy printed pa- The two online databases used for this search are pers. Magnetite and an agglomerating chemical are Claim/US. Patents Abstracts and Derwent World added in the pulper. A portion of the agglomerat- Patents Index. This semiannual feature is intended ing agent can be replaced with a copolymer of sty- to inform readers about the latest developments in rene and acrylic monomers to further enhance the equipment, chemicals, and technology in the field ink removal. The pulp slurry is subsequently sub- of paper recycling. This review contains only brief jected to a magnetic field to remove the agglomer- summaries of the inventions. Readers will need to ated ink particles. This process can be used singly access the full texts of specific patents for complete or in combination with conventional flotation and information. washing. We have organized this review into the following Shell Oil has been granted a pair of related pat- broad categories of recycling: Processes, Equipment, ents (2,3) for deinking chemicals for office recov- Products, Chemicals, and Biological Treatments. ered paper using flotation and washing. Both sur- Some patents overlap several categories because factants are used at alkaline pH. Blanco’s patented they include not only a new chemical or piece of surfactant (3) contains an additional component, a equipment but also a related process. Others facili- detergent range alcohol, and is applicable for office tate the collection, segregation, and delivery of re- paper mixtures containing xerographic printed ma- covered paper or are additives that enhance the terial. recyciability of the paper produced. These patents are loosely connected in a category called Efficient Electrostatic ink is targeted in BASF’s recently Recycling. Patents that are outside of these arbi- assigned deinking process (4). The deinking agent, trary categories are listed under Other. a combination of nonionic surfactants, is added to an alkaline slurry of paper fibers. The ratio of the nonionic surfactants is adjusted to provide optimum agglomeration of the electrostatic ink. An optional nonpolar solvent can also be added to the surfactants. The authors are Chemical Engineer, Forest Products Technologist, and Librarian, respectively, USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, One Gifford Pinchot Drive, Madison, WI 53705-2398, USA. Page 58 Progress in Paper Recycling / May 1999 The Oji Paper Co. holds two patents for a multi- Stickie Removal stage deinking process. One patent subjects fiberized paper to extended alkaline soaking fol- Voith Sulzer Papiertechnik GMBH (11) discloses a lowed by acidification (5). Next, the particle size is novel method of increasing the flotation and re- adjusted by agglomerating dislodged ink particles moval of stickies from recovered paper slurries. The with an ampholytic electrolyte and mechanical stir- method includes a pretreatment step where stickie ring to facilitate removal by flotation. The other particles are modified to facilitate removal by flo- patent (6) employs “dipping” the fiberized pulp at tation. neutral pH in a phosphate-containing solution. Flo- tation completes this deinking process. Both pro- An alternative for dealing with stickies is to send cesses claim to maintain pulp yield while increas- residual stickies out with the deinked fiber. BASF ing brightness. AG (12) has developed a process for pacifying stick- ies by adding surfactants and cationic polymers in Removal of water-borne flexographic inks from order to “fix” these dissolved impurities in the fin- flexo-printed newspapers has been targeted by ished paper product. Rhodia Inc. (7) in their recent patent. Removal is accomplished by a combination of nonionic surfac- Process Control tants, pH adjustments, and polyelectrolyte addition. Flotation with a cationic polymer completes the Siemens has been issued three patents for sensory sequence. Alternately, cationic polymers and a equipment and a technique to automate the pro- source of calcium, magnesium, or aluminum ions duction of deinked pulp (13,14,19). A spectrometer and a defoaming agent can be used in the flotation is used to take spectra from at least one point, and cell. Reduced emission of volatile organic com- discrete mechanical and/or chemical and/or elec- pounds (VOCs) during printing is an additional tromagnetic radiation data are derived. The pro- benefit. cess is then modeled and controlled using variables, such as the ratio of white to colored paper, the ash KAO Corp. (8) uses the addition of a liquid that is content, and adhesive contaminants, to optimize immiscible with water at conventional deinking the process. This technique has been extended to temperatures to separate fibers and detached ink include both continuous and batch processes. particles from the pulp slurry. Hydrophilic pulp fi- bers remain in the aqueous phase and ink particles Flotation sensors are used in a flotation process migrate into the added liquid, resulting in low lev- created at Beloit Technologies Inc. (16). A multiflow els of residual ink in the fiber. pressurized deinking module that has been fitted with flotation sensors allows the foam head to be Bleaching maintained at stock level. Air injection ports are used to control the amount of foam generated and Mitsubishi Paper Mills Ltd. (9) has developed a the amount of ink removed. method to combine reductive bleaching with deink- ing for removal of direct dye during the repulping EQUIPMENT of recovered paper. When combined with an oxida- tive bleach step, the resulting pulp is bright and Separating ink particles from valuable fibers con- free of ink and tacky substances. tained in flotation rejects is an approach Voith Sulzer Stoffaufbereitung GMBH (17) exploits to Excluding air during the reductive bleaching of improve pulp yield. The foam fraction from the flo- recycled fiber is described in Voith Sulzer tation cell is filtered through a wet sieve unit that Stoffaufbereitung GMBH’s disclosure (10). The separates a fiber-containing coarse fraction from patent claims both the process and the assembly the ink-containing fine fraction. The coarse frac- with a closed and sealed housing in which fibers tion is further clarified to reclaim fibers that are are dewatered, compressed to high consistency with essentially ink free. a conical screw that excludes sir. Bleach chemicals introduced under these conditions are more effi- Bolton (18) has designed a washer, thickener, and ciently used, which results in a higher level of classifier for recovering fibers from slurries. A brightness. conical screen retains fibers cleaned by sprayers situated within the cone and rejects unwanted Progress in Paper Recycling / May 1999 Page 59 solids and contaminants through the screen. The (24,25). The surfactant is added into the pulper cleaned stock exits at the apex of the screen for along with an enzyme preparation active in neutral subsequent processing. pH range on fiberized recovered paper. Ink is then removed by flotation and washing. Several patents deal with equipment designed for fiber segregation and classification. Bulk Handling An unidentified enzyme preparation is combined System is the assignee for an apparatus (19) that with a surfactant in Lion Corp.’s (26) recent patent does bulk separation with a series of disc screens for the deinking and regeneration of recovered pa- positioned in several sequential stages. Debris is per. Nova Nordisk DK (27) holds the patent rights agitated and moved along a shaft; ultimately, large to the method of bleaching of either a lignin-con- particles of debris are discharged from the unit. taining pulp for papermaking or decolorizing waste- water from pulp manufacture. Laccase, or an en- Ishikawajima K K JP (20) is the assignee for the zyme related to laccase, is used with a mediator for separation of contaminants and defibration of dye removal or the enzymatic polymerization or unfiberized paper in a single unit. Stock that does modification of lignin, facilitating color removal. not pass through the main screen plate is passed through a defibering section and is further sepa- Lipase enzymes are used for the enzymatic degra- rated. Only the stock ultimately remaining on the dation of biodegradable polymers used in recycling screen plate is rejected from the system, thereby paper containing adhesives used for coatings and optimizing fiber yield. laminates in Bayer AG’s patent (28). Often one or more lipases are used in combination with other Another apparatus for treating slurried recovered enzymes to degrade adhesives or binders used in paper composed of fibers of various lengths and papermaking. types of impurities has been patented by Alfa-Laval Celleco (21). The fiber slurry is sprayed through a Filamentous fungi are used to clarify wastewater gaseous medium on to a screen that separates long in a biological method described by Ishikawajima fibers and large impurities from small fibers and Harima Heavy Ind. (29). The fungi, introduced via fine impurities. an aerator, promote oxidative decomposition of or- ganic matter contained in the water from various Modification of the pulper rotor design to enhance processes including papermaking. These fungi are pulp flow rate is the focus of Cellwood Machinery’s recovered on a mesh-like screen and recirculated patent (22). Tapered helical blades are joined to back to the aerator. winged edges that generate pressure pulses to force pulp through the adjacent screens preventing clog- A novel biological approach by Canada Min Agri- ging. This design facilitates the flow rate of high culture (30) links soybean seed coat peroxidases to recycled content furnishes.
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