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Home , Elodea, Evansburg State Park, Fallopia convolvulus, Lactuca canadensis, Persicaria pensylvanica, Skippack Creek

CHAPTER 9 Conservation Landscape

Evansburg State Park makes up the major portion of the Skippack Creek Conservation Land- scape. The landscape contains extensive, mostly forested, fl oodplains along the creek that serve an important ecological role in reducing fl ood damage throughout the region. Forested slopes along the creek also provide habitat for a diversity of and animal species including riparian specialists.

Description Location The landscape extends along both sides of Skippack Creek for almost 7 miles from its confl uence with the to just below Sumneytown Pike. It covers 10,221.3 acres and includes parts of Lower Providence, Skippack, Worcester, Towamencin, and Lower Salford Townships (Figure 9.1). The landscape includes , the largest protected parcel of open space in Montgomery County. At its southern end, the Skippack Creek Conservation Landscape connects with the Middle Conservation Landscape.

Hydrology The entire landscape is within the Skippack Creek watershed, a sub-basin of the Perkiomen Creek Watershed. In addition to the main stem of the Skippack Creek, the landscape also includes the lower portions of several tributaries including Zacharias Creek, Towamencin Creek, and the West Branch of the Skippack Creek. The Skippack Creek and its tributaries are classifi ed as TSF (trout stocked fi shery). The landscape contains 880.7 acres of fl oodplains along Skippack Creek and its tributaries of which 606.5 (69 percent) are forested. In addition to supporting fi ve distinct plant associations and a variety of plant and animal species, fl oodplains perform vital functions including fl ood control, fi ltration, and ground water recharge.

Geology Reddish-brown shales, siltstones, and sandstones of the Brunswick Formation underlie the northern two-thirds of the landscape. To the south, several bands of Locka- Skippack Creek in Evansburg State Park, Photo by tong Formation shales and argillites are present. A Nancy Khan

Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 151 small diabase dike along the east side of the creek just south of Stump Hall Road undoubtedly is responsible for the steep northwest-facing slope at this location (Figure 9.2).

Forest Cover Forests cover 3,779.8 acres of this landscape, 37 percent of the land surface; 1,823.2 acres meet the criteria for interior forest (Figure 9.3).

Critical Features Two small populations of early buttercup ( endangered) persist at sites in Evansburg State Park. Although one population appears to be fairly stable, the smaller one is being out- competed by . Canada yew, a watchlist species, was also present in the park at a site referred to as “Green Hill Woods” in the 1995 Natural Areas Inventory, but its future is in doubt due to severe browsing by deer. Redbelly , a threatened species in Pennsylvania, was found in Skippack Creek in 2006. The 1995 Montgomery County Natural Areas Inventory also identifi ed Eagleville Woods as a locally signifi cant site dominated by beech and various oak species. Unfortunately this site, which is located on a tributary of Skippack Creek, has been subdivided and construction of new homes is imminent. Birds – Data from the 2004-2008 Breeding Bird Atlas for the Skippack Creek Conservation Landscape, as defi ned in this re- port, include a total of 54 species (Table 9.1). Several, including Belted Kingfi sher, Wood Duck, and Louisiana Waterthrush are riparian specialists. Forest interior species, another group of in- terest, are represented by Scarlet Tanager, Barred Owl, Blue-gray Baltimore Oriole, Photo by Gnatcatcher, and Wood Thrush. Howard Eskin

Table 9.1 — Bird Occurrence in the Skippack Creek Conservation Landscape ( 2004-2008 data for the Skippack Creek Conservation Landscape from the Breeding Bird Atlas) Acadian Flycatcher Downy Woodpecker Northern Parula American Crow Eastern Bluebird Northern Rough-winged Swallow American Goldfi nch Eastern Kingbird Osprey American Robin Eastern Phoebe Red-bellied Woodpecker American Woodcock Eastern Towhee Red-tailed Hawk Baltimore Oriole European Starling Rose-breasted Grosbeak Barn Swallow Field Sparrow Scarlet Tanager Barred Owl Gray Catbird Tree Swallow Belted Kingfi sher Great Blue Heron Tufted Titmouse Blue-gray Gnatcatcher Great Crested Flycatcher Vulture Blue-winged Warbler Hairy Woodpecker Warbling Vireo Brown Thrasher Indigo Bunting White-breasted Nuthatch Brown-headed Cowbird Killdeer Wild Turkey Canada Goose Louisiana Waterthrush Wood Duck Carolina Wren Mallard Wood Thrush Cedar Waxwing Yellow Warbler Common Yellowthroat Northern Cardinal Yellow-billed Cuckoo Cooper’s Hawk Northern Flicker Yellow-throated Vireo

152 Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 153 154 Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 155 156 Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 Past Uses European immigrants arrived in the Skippack Creek landscape beginning in 1702. The land was cleared for farming with the re- sult that by 1756 one-third of the land was under cultivation. By the late 1800s, remnant forests persisted only on steep slopes and fl oodplains. Of the seven mills that once operated along the banks of Skippack Creek, only one remains today.

The Skippack Creek Landscape Bird’s-eye-view of Collegeville in 1894 by T. M. Fowler. was still mainly agrarian in the Source: http://lcweb2.loc.gov/ammem/pmhtml/panhome.html 1960s when the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania purchased land with the goal of creating a 1,200-acre impoundment for water supply and recreation. Local opposition to the plan to fl ood the valley and demolish over 200 historic buildings stalled the dam project, but creation of a multiuse park proceeded. Many his- toric buildings remain in the park, some in badly deteriorated condition.

Preservation Status and Other Designations Twenty-six (26) percent of the land in this landscape is already preserved, including the 3,349 acres in Evansburg State Park and township-owned parcels along the lower Skippack Creek and several of its tributaries (Figure 9.4). The Evansburg Historical District was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972.

Core Areas Evansburg State Park Covering 3,349 acres, Evansburg State Park accounts for most of the Skippack Creek Conservation Landscape. Furthermore, it is the largest parcel of protected open space in Montgomery County. Plant Diversity – A vegetation inventory of the park conducted by Morris Arboretum person- nel in 2004 resulted in a list of 545 species of vascular of which 45% were non-na- tive (Table 9.2; Appendix 9.A). This is a high percentage of non-native species and refl ects the Early buttercups such as this bloom in Evansburg State Park. presence in the park of many former farms and Photo by Tom Barnes University of Kentucky.

Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 157 homesteads. Two native plants were found that are of conservation concern, early buttercup (PA threatened) and Canada yew (watchlist).

Table 9.2 — Plant Diversity at Evansburg State Park (from Khan 2005)

Plant Type Native Introduced Total Species of Concern Aquatic plants 13 2 15 0 Ferns 17 0 17 0 Grasses, sedges and rushes 57 19 76 0 Wildfl owers 112 170 282 1 Trees, shrubs, and woody 97 58 155 1 totals 296 249 545 2

Plant Communities – Sixteen natural community types were identifi ed in Evansburg State Park (Table 9.3); seven types were sampled using the point quarter methodology to quantify canopy composition and nested plots for understory and shrub composition. Much of the park contains successional habitat, which has developed in the past 50 years on abandoned farmland; however, mature fl oodplain forest borders Skippack Creek. Steep slopes along the creek support mature red oak – mixed hardwood forests, or in one case a dry hemlock - oak association. Sugar maple was prominent in six of the 11 transects studied.

Table 9.3 — Plant Communities of Evansburg State Park (from Khan 2005)

Plant Community Type Total Acreage Dry oak – heath forest 5.8 Dry hemlock – oak forest 2.3 Red maple terrestrial forest 22.8 Red oak – mixed hardwood forest 281.0 Sugar maple – basswood forest 22.5 Tuliptree – beech – maple forest 40. Bottomland oak – mixed hardwood forest 146.1 Silver maple fl oodplain forest 19.4 Sycamore – box-elder fl oodplain forest 187.1 Virginia pine – mixed oak woodland 1.7 Red maple – mixed shrub palustrine woodland 2.9 Black scrub/shrub palustrine woodland 9.6 Calcareous opening/cliff 0.2 Herbaceous marsh/wet meadow 9.5 Skunk-cabbage forest seep 0.6 Emergent aquatics scattered Forest plantations 112.1 Successional forest and thicket 1468.1 Cultivated/managed fi elds 686.8

158 Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 Reptiles and – Ten species of reptiles and amphibians have been documented in Evansburg State Park as part of this study (Table 9.4). Most are common species. Only the red- belly turtle has conservation status.

Table 9.4 — Reptiles and Amphibians of Evansburg State Park (Source: surveys by Marlin Corn 2006-07)

Salamanders Northern redback salamander Northern two-lined salamander Spotted salamander Frogs and Toads Green frog Spring peeper American toad Eastern painted turtle Common snapping turtle Redbelly turtle Snakes Northern black racer Eastern garter snake Northern ringneck snake Northern water snake

Birds – See bird data for the Skippack Creek Conservation Landscape as a whole above. Deer Status – Although much of the park is open for , evidence of over browsing by deer was detected in studies of understory and herba- ceous layers throughout (Khan 2005). In general there was a paucity of tree saplings, which indicates a failure of canopy species to regenerate. Highly preferred species such as oaks and hemlock were noticeably absent from the understory. Oaks were present in the canopy in six tran- sects, and co-dominant in 3, but in only one transect was there oak in lower layers of the forest. Ash and tuliptree were also noticeably scarce in the understory. There was no evidence of hemlock regeneration at all. On the other hand, sugar maple, which is less preferred by deer, was the most abundant tree in the understory in all six tran- sects where it was a constituent of the canopy. American beech, because of its ability to form root shoots, main- tained a presence in the understory where mature trees Canada yew is being browsed out of exis- were part of the canopy. tence in Montgomery County

Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 159 The shrub layer also showed signs of browsing impact. Spicebush, a native plant that deer do not prefer, and various invasive, non-native species including multifl ora rose, Amur honeysuckle, autumn olive, obtuse-leaved privet, and winged euonymus dominated the shrub layer. Canada yew, which was once abundant on a steep, northwest-facing slope along the Skippack Creek, had been nearly eliminated by over browsing. The herbaceous layer, too, was characterized by a low diversity of native species and an abundance of non-natives such as garlic mustard, Japanese stiltgrass, and lesser celandine. Invasive Plants – Invasive plants are well established in the Skippack Creek landscape, mainly because of past disturbance and earlier eradication of natural forest cover. A high proportion (45 percent) of plant species identifi ed in Evansburg State Park were non-native, introduced species (Table 2). While not all non-native plants are invasive, the park contains established populations of many non-native species that are capable of affecting native habitats and altering successional patterns. In successional areas multifl ora rose, Autumn olive, and Amur honeysuckle have formed dense thickets that retard the development of a tree canopy. In the early spring, fl oodplains and lower slopes are carpeted with lesser celandine to the extent that native spring ephemerals such as trout-lily and spring-beauty are hard to fi nd. Over browsing by deer, described above, aggravates the problem as deer feed preferentially on native plants, leaving non-natives to grow and spread. Several non-natives, such as porcelain berry, purple loosestrife, Japanese angelica-tree, fi ve- akebia, Callery pear, black swallow-wort, Japanese knotweed, and common reed appear to be in the early stages of invasion in the park. Control efforts should target these plants now before they spread more widely.

Other Protected Open Space A narrow strip of land owned by Lower Providence Township along the west side of Skippack Creek extends from Evansburg State Park to the Perkiomen Creek and could provide a trail con- nection if a river crossing can be achieved. Lower Salford Township owns several parcels of open space along the West Branch of the Skip- pack Creek totaling 185.6 acres. Worcester Township has acquired several small parcels along Zacharias Creek and seeks to create a continuous greenway downstream from the Peter Wentz Farmstead. Similarly Towamencin Township has preserved most of the riparian area along Towamencin Creek with the exception of a few small gaps (Figure 9.4).

Recommendations Land Protection and Connectivity • Protect forested slopes on the east side of Skippack Creek at the southern end of Evansburg State Park to maintain a forested corridor along the creek. • Complete the planned trail connection between Evansburg State Park and the , perhaps by continuing the trail upstream along the east side of the Perkiomen Creek to the bridge at Arcola.

160 Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 • Complete protection of a continuous riparian corridor along Zacharias Creek connecting the Peter Wentz Farmstead historic site to Evansburg State Park. • Complete protection of the riparian corridor along Towamencin Creek. Land Management • Reduce deer density throughout. • Focus control efforts on invasive species at Evansburg State Park that are still limited in distribution and abundance as identifi ed by Nancy Khan in her 2005 report to the Bureau of State Parks. Species include porcelain berry, purple loosestrife, Japanese angelica-tree, fi ve- leaf akebia, Callery pear, black swallow-wort, Japanese knotweed, and common reed. Interpretation and Education • Develop environmental education programs at Evansburg State Park focused on the problems of deer overabundance and invasive species. • A deer exclosure, placed in an area where park visitors would see it could be part of an envi- ronmental education program.

Bibliography Anonymous. 2004. Shaping Our Future: Open Space, Natural features, and Cultural Resources Plan. Montgomery County Planning Commission, Norristown, PA. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. 2005. Pennsylvania Code, Title 25, Chapter 93. Water Quality Standards. Harrisburg, PA. Crossley, Gary J. 1999. A Guide to Critical Bird Habitat in Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania Audubon Society, Harrisburg, PA. Fike, Jean. 1999. Terrestrial and Palustrine Plant Communities of Pennsylvania. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, Bureau of Forestry, Harrisburg, PA. Khan, Nancy R. 2005. Characterization and Assessment of the Floristic Resources in Evansburg State Park, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania. Report submitted to the Pennsylvania Bureau of State Parks, DCNR, Harrisburg, PA by the Morris Arboretum of the University of Pennsylvania, , PA. Lundgren, J.A., A. F. Davis, B. Barton, J.R. Belfonti, D.J. Cameron, N. Clupper, J.L. Farber, and J.R. Kunsman. 1995. A Natural Areas Inventory of Montgomery County, Pennsylvania. The Pennsylvania Science Offi ce of The Nature Conservancy, Middletown, PA. Pennsylvania Breeding Bird Atlas http://bird.atlasing.org/Atlas/PA/Main, accessed 5/10/2007. Pennsylvania Natural Heritage Program database http://www.naturalheritage.state.pa.us, accessed 5/10/2007.

Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 161 APPENDIX 9.A Plants of Evansburg State Park

Common Name Scientifi c Name N/I State Status Aquatics Broad-leaved water-plantain Alisma subcordatum NN Water-starwort Callitriche heterophylla NN Water-starwort Callitriche terrestris* NN Common waterweed * NN Duckweed Lemna minor NN Marsh-purslane Ludwigia palustris NN Eurasian water-milfoil Myriophyllum spicatum* IN Spatterdock, Yellow pond-lily Nuphar advena* NN Dotted smartweed punctatum NN Curly pondweed Potamogeton crispus* IN Longleaf pondweed Potamogeton nodosus* NN Pondweed Potamogeton pusillus* NN Wapato, Duck-potato Sagittaria latifolia NN Greater duckweed, Water-fl axseed Spirodela polyrhiza NN Common cat-tail Typha latifolia NN Ferns and Other Spore-Bearing Plants Ebony spleenwort Asplenium platyneuron NN Maidenhair spleenwort Asplenium trichomanes* NN Lady fern Athyrium fi lix-femina var. angustum NN Cut-leaved grape fern Botrychium dissectum NN Fragile fern Cystopteris fragilis* NN Hayscented Fern Dennstaedtia punctilobula NN Spinulose wood fern Dryopteris carthusiana* NN Evergreen wood fern, Fancy fern Dryopteris intermedia* NN Marginal wood fern Dryopteris marginalis* NN Hickey’s ground-pine Lycopodium hickeyi* NN Flat branched ground-pine Lycopodium obscurum NN Ostrich fern Matteuccia struthiopteris NN Sensitive fern Onoclea sensibilis NN Polypody, Rockcap Polypodium virginianum* NN Christmas fern Polystichum acrostichoides NN New York fern Thelypteris noveboracensis NN Blunt-lobed woodsia Woodsia obtusa* NN Grasses, Sedges, and Rushes Autumn bent, Upland bent Agrostis perennans NN

Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 363 Big bluestem, Turkeyfoot Andropogon gerardii NN Broom-sedge Andropogon virginicus NN Sweet vernalgrass Anthoxanthum odoratum IN Hairy chess Bromus commutatus IN Smooth brome Bromus inermis IN Sedge Carex amphibola * NN Sedge Carex appalachica* NN Sedge Carex blanda* NN Sedge Carex bushii NN Sedge Carex cephalophora* NN Sedge Carex communis* NN Short hair sedge Carex crinita var. crinita NN Sedge Carex digitalis* NN Sedge Carex festucacea NN Sedge Carex frankii NN Sedge Carex gracillima NN Sedge Carex laxiculmis var. laxiculmis* NN Sedge Carex leptonervia* NN Sedge Carex lurida NN Pennsylvania sedge Carex pensylvanica* NN Broad-leafed sedge Carex platyphylla* NN Sedge Carex radiata* NN Sedge Carex sparganioides NN Sedge Carex stipata NN Sedge Carex swanii* NN Sedge Carex virescens* NN Sedge Carex vulpinoidea NN Sedge Carex willdenovii* NN Wood reedgrass Cinna arundinacea NN Umbrella sedge Cyperus microiria IN False nutsedge Cyperus strigosus NN Orchard grass Dactylis glomerata IN Poverty grass Danthonia spicata NN Panic grass Dichanthelium acuminatum NN Deer-tongue grass Dichanthelium clandestinum NN Panic grass Dichanthelium commutatum* NN Southern crabgrass Digitaria ciliaris IN Northern crabgrass Digitaria sanguinalis IN Barnyard grass Echinochloa crusgalli IN Barnyard grass, Cockspur Echinochloa muricata NN Wright’s spike-rush Eleocharis obtusa NN

364 Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 Bottlebrush grass Elymus hystrix NN Riverbank wild rye Elymus riparius NN Virginia wild rye Elymus virginicus NN Lovegrass Eragrostis minor IN Purple lovegrass, Tumblegrass Eragrostis spectabilis NN Nodding fescue Festuca obtusa* NN Fowl mannagrass Glyceria striata* NN Velvet grass Holcus lanatus IN Sharp-fruited rush Juncus acuminatus NN Soft rush Juncus effusus NN Path rush Juncus tenuis NN Cutgrass, Whitegrass Leersia virginica* NN Field woodrush Luzula multifl ora* NN Stiltgrass Microstegium vimineum IN Muhly Muhlenbergia sp. NN Smooth panic grass Panicum dichotomifl orum NN Witchgrass Panicum gattingeri NN Switchgrass Panicum virgatum NN Reed canary grass Phalaris arundinacea NN Timothy Phleum pratense IN Common reed Phragmites australis NN Annual bluegrass Poa annua IN Kentucky bluegrass Poa pratensis IN Rough bluegrass Poa trivialis* IN Little bluestem Schizachyrium scoparium NN Giant foxtail Setaria faberi IN Yellow foxtail Setaria pumila IN Indian grass Sorghastrum nutans NN Broom-corn, Milo bicolor var. bicolor IN Prairie wedgegrass Sphenopholis obtusata var. obtusata* NN Purpletop Tridens fl avus NN Six-weeks fescue Vulpia octofl ora var. glauca* NN Corn Zea mays IN Trees, Shrubs, and Woody Vines White fi r Abies concolor* IN Box-elder Acer negundo NN Japanese maple Acer palmatum IN Norway maple Acer platanoides IN Red maple, Swamp maple Acer rubrum NN Silver maple Acer saccharinum NN Sugar maple, Rock maple Acer saccharum NN

Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 365 Ohio buckeye Aesculus glabra NN Tree-of-heaven Ailanthus altissima IN Five-leaf akebia Akebia quinata IN Mimosa, Silktree Albizia julibrissin IN Shadbush, Serviceberry, Juneberry Amelanchier arborea NN Smooth shadbush or serviceberry Amelanchier laevis NN Porcelain berry Ampelopsis brevipedunculata* IN Japanese angelica-tree Aralia elata IN Japanese barberry Berberis thunbergii IN River birch Betula nigra* NN European white birch Betula pubescens IN Paper-mulberry Broussonetia papyrifera IN Trumpet-, Trumpet-creeper Campsis radicans NN Hornbeam, Ironwood Carpinus caroliniana NN Bitternut hickory Carya cordiformis NN Pignut hickory Carya glabra NN Shagbark hickory Carya ovata NN Mockernut hickory Carya tomentosa NN Catalpa, Cigar-tree Catalpa speciosa IN Oriental bittersweet Celastrus orbiculatus IN Hackberry, Sugarberry Celtis occidentalis NN Eastern redbud, Judas-tree Cercis canadensis NN Sweet autumn clematis Clematis ternifl ora IN Virgin’s-bower, Sweet autumn clematis Clematis virginiana* NN Kinnikinik, Red-willow amomum NN Flowering dogwood Cornus fl orida NN American fi lbert, Hazelnut Corylus americana NN Beaked hazelnut Corylus cornuta NN Cockspur hawthorn Crataegus crus-galli NN Fanleaf hawthorn Crataegus macrosperma* NN Chinese yam, Cinnamon-vine Dioscorea batatas* IN Wild yam, Colic-root Dioscorea villosa NN Autumn-olive Elaeagnus umbellata IN Winged euonymous Euonymus alatus IN Burning-bush, Wahoo Euonymus atropurpureus NN Wintercreeper Euonymus fortunei* IN American beech Fagus grandifolia NN Forsythia Forsythia suspensa IN White ash Fraxinus americana NN Red ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica NN Black huckleberry Gaylussacia baccata NN

366 Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 Honey-locust Gleditsia triacanthos NN Kentucky coffee-tree Gymnocladus dioica NN Witch-hazel Hamamelis virginiana NN English ivy Hedera helix IN Panicled hydrangea, Peegee hydrangea Hydrangea paniculata IN Japanese holly Ilex crenata IN American holly Ilex opaca N PT** Winterberry, Black-alder Ilex verticillata NN Butternut Juglans cinerea NN Black walnut Juglans nigra NN Eastern red-cedar Juniperus virginiana NN Mountain laurel Kalmia latifolia NN European larch Larix decidua IN Japanese larch Larix kaempferi IN Mountain dog-laurel Leucothoe walteri IN Obtuse-leaved privet Ligustrum obtusifolium* IN Spicebush Lindera benzoin NN Sweetgum Liquidambar styracifl ua NN Tuliptree, Yellow-poplar Liriodendron tulipifera NN Japanese honeysuckle Lonicera japonica IN Amur honeysuckle Lonicera maackii IN Morrow’s honeysuckle Lonicera morrowii* IN Osage-orange Maclura pomifera* IN Saucer magnolia Magnolia soulangeana IN Umbrella tree Magnolia tripetala N PT** Sweet crabapple Malus coronaria NN Crabapple Malus sp. IN White mulberry Morus alba IN Sourgum, Blackgum, Tupelo Nyssa sylvatica NN Hop-hornbeam Ostrya virginiana NN Virginia creeper. Woodbine Parthenocissus quinquefolia* NN Mock-orange Philadelphus coronarius IN Mock-orange Philadelphus inodorus var. grandifl orus* IN Ninebark Physocarpus opulifolius NN Norway spruce Picea abies IN Colorado blue spruce Picea pungens IN Lily of the valley bush Pieris japonica IN Short-leaf pine, Yellow pine Pinus echinata NN Norway pine, Red pine Pinus resinosa NN Eastern white pine Pinus strobus NN Scots pine Pinus sylvestris IN

Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 367 Virginia pine Pinus virginiana NN London plane Platanus acerifolia IN Sycamore, Buttonwood, Planetree Platanus occidentalis NN Hardy orange, Trifoliate orange Poncirus trifoliata IN Bigtooth aspen Populus grandidentata NN Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides NN Sweet cherry Prunus avium IN Black cherry Prunus serotina NN Choke cherry Prunus virginiana NN Callery pear Pyrus calleryana* IN White oak Quercus alba NN Swamp white oak Quercus bicolor NN Scarlet oak Quercus coccinea NN Chestnut oak Quercus montana NN Pin oak Quercus palustris NN Northern red oak Quercus rubra NN Black oak Quercus velutina NN Buckthorn Rhamnus cathartica* IN Rosebay Rhododendron maximum NN Pinxter-fl ower Rhododendron periclymenoides NN Jetbead Rhodotypos scandens IN Smooth sumac Rhus glabra NN Staghorn sumac Rhus typhina NN Wild black current Ribes americanum NN Wild gooseberry Ribes rotundifolium NN Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia NN Multifl ora rose Rosa multifl ora IN Swamp rose Rosa palustris NN Common blackberry Rubus allegheniensis NN Southern dewberry Rubus enslenii* NN Prickly dewberry, Northern dewberry Rubus fl agellaris NN Black-cap, Black raspberry Rubus occidentalis NN Blackberry Rubus pensilvanicus* NN Wineberry Rubus phoenicolasius IN Black willow Salix nigra NN American elder Sambucus canadensis NN Sassafras Sassafras albidum NN Catbrier, Greenbrier Smilax rotundifolia NN Japanese pagoda-tree Sophora japonica IN Bridal-wreath spiraea Spiraea prunifolia IN Bladdernut Staphylea trifolia NN

368 Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 Coralberry, Indian-currant Symphoricarpos orbiculatus NN Common lilac Syringa vulgaris IN English yew Taxus baccata NN Canadian yew Taxus canadensis* NN Arborvitae, Northern white-cedar Thuja occidentalis IN American basswood, Whitewood Tilia americana NN Poison-ivy Toxicodendron radicans NN Canada hemlock Tsuga canadensis NN American elm, White elm Ulmus americana NN Chinese elm Ulmus parvifl ora IN Siberian elm Ulmus pumila IN Red elm, Slippery elm Ulmus rubra NN Low sweet blueberry Vaccinium angustifolium NN Highbush blueberry Vaccinium corymbosum NN Lowbush blueberry Vaccinium pallidum NN Deerberry Vaccinium stamineum* NN Maple-leaved viburnum Viburnum acerifolium NN Southern arrow-wood Viburnum dentatum NN Linden viburnum Viburnum dilatatum IN Guelder rose Viburnum opulus* IN Black-haw Viburnum prunifolium NN Northern arrow-wood Viburnum recognitum* NN Tea viburnum Viburnum setigerum IN Siebold viburnum Viburnum sieboldii* IN Frost grape Vitis vulpina* NN Chinese wisteria Wisteria sinensis IN Wildfl owers and Other Herbaceous Plants Velvet-leaf, Butter-print Abutilon theophrastii IN Three-seeded mercury Acalypha rhomboidea NN Three-seeded mercury Acalypha virginica NN Common yarrow, Milfoil Achillea millefolium IN Goutweed Aegopodium podagraria IN White snakeroot Ageratina altissima NN Small-fruited agrimony Agrimonia microcarpa NN Southern agrimony Agrimonia parvifl ora NN Downy agrimony Agrimonia pubescens* NN Woodland agrimony Agrimonia rostellata* NN Carpet bugleweed Ajuga reptans IN Garlic mustard Alliaria petiolata IN Wild leek, Ramp Allium tricoccum NN Field garlic, Scallions Allium vineale IN

Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 369 Tumbleweed Amaranthus albus* NN Palmer’s amaranth Amaranthus palmeri* IN Amaranth Amaranthus powellii IN Spiny amaranth Amaranthus spinosus IN Common ragweed Ambrosia artemisiifolia NN Giant ragweed Ambrosia trifi da NN Hog peanut Amphicarpa bracteata NN Scarlet pimpernel Anagallis arvensis IN Indian-hemp Apocynum cannabinum NN Wild columbine Aquilegia canadensis NN Wild sarsaparilla Aralia nudicaulis NN Spikenard Aralia racemosa NN Common burdock Arctium minus IN Green-dragon Arisaema dracontium NN Jack-in-the-pulpit Arisaema triphyllum NN Sweet wormwood, Artemisia annua IN Common mugwort Artemisia vulgaris IN Wild ginger Asarum canadense NN Swamp milkweed Asclepias incarnata NN Common milkweed Asclepias syriaca NN Garden asparagus Asparagus offi cinalis IN Seashore orach Atriplex littoralis NN Early wintercress Barbarea verna IN Spanish-needles Bidens bipinnata NN Bur-marigold, Stick-tight Bidens cernua NN Beggar-ticks, Stick-tight Bidens frondosa NN Tickseed sunfl ower Bidens polylepis IN Beggar-ticks, Stick tight Bidens vulgata* NN False nettle Boehmeria cylindrica NN Bindweed, Morning glory Calystegia silvatica var. fraternifl ora NN Shepherd’s-purse Capsella bursa-pastoris IN Toothwort Cardamine concatenata NN Hairy bittercress Cardamine hirsuta IN Pennsylvania bittercress Cardamine pensylvanica NN Brown knapweed Centaurea jacea* IN Common mouse-ear chickweed Cerastium fontanum IN Nodding chickweed Cerastium nutans NN Slender chervil, Spreading chervil Chaerophyllum procumbens* NN Spotted spurge, Milk-purslane Chamaesyce maculata NN Eyebane Chamaesyce nutans NN Greater celandine, Swallowwort Chelidonium majus IN

370 Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 Turtlehead Chelone glabra NN Lamb’s-quarters Chenopodium album IN Pipsissewa, Spotted wintergreen Chimaphila maculata NN Ox-eye daisy Chrysanthemum leucanthemum IN Blue chicory, Blue-sailors Cichorium intybus IN Enchanter’s-nightshade Circaea lutetiana NN Canada thistle Cirsium arvense IN Field thistle Cirsium discolor NN Spring-beauty Claytonia virginica NN Spider-fl ower Cleome hasslerana IN Wild basil Clinopodium vulgare IN Coincya Coincya monensis IN Horse-balm, Stoneroot Collinsonia canadensis NN Bastard toadfl ax Comandra umbellata* NN Asiatic dayfl ower Commelina communis IN Poison-hemlock maculatum IN Field bindweed arvensis IN Horseweed Conyza canadensis NN Crown-vetch Coronilla varia IN Honewort, Wild chervil Cryptotaenia canadensis NN Blue waxweed, Clammy cuphea Cuphea viscosissima NN Common dodder Cuscuta gronovii var. gronovii* NN Kenilworth-ivy Cymbalaria muralis IN Jimsonweed Datura stramonium IN Queen Anne’s-lace, Wild carrot Daucus carota IN Hoary tick-trefoil Desmodium canescens NN Tick-trefoil Desmodium paniculatum NN Tick-trefoil Desmodium perplexum NN Deptford pink Dianthus armeria IN Bush honeysuckle Diervilla lonicera NN Common teasel Dipsacus sylvestris IN Indian strawberry Duchesnea indica IN Prickly cucumber, Wild balsam-apple Echinocystis lobata NN Elsholtzia Elsholtzia ciliata IN Beechdrops Epifagus virginiana NN Purple-leaved willow-herb Epilobium coloratum NN Fireweed, Pilewort Erechtites hieraciifolia NN Daisy fl eabane Erigeron annuus NN Daisy fl eabane Erigeron philadelphicus NN Daisy fl eabane, Whitetop Erigeron strigosus NN Yellow trout-lily Erythronium americanum NN

Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 371 Boneset Eupatorium perfoliatum NN Late eupatorium Eupatorium serotinum IN White wood aster Eurybia divaricata NN Grass-leaved goldenrod Euthamia graminifolia NN Joe-pye- Eutrochium fi stulosum NN Black bindweed, Nimble-will convolvulus IN Japanese knotweed, Mexican bamboo Fallopia japonica IN Climbing false Fallopia scandens NN False mermaid Floerkea proserpinacoides NN Snowdrop Galanthus nivalis IN Small-fl owered quickweed Galinsoga parvifl ora IN Quickweed Galinsoga quadriradiata IN Bedstraw, Cleavers, Goosegrass Galium aparine NN White bedstraw, Wild madder Galium mollugo IN Cleavers, Marsh bedstraw Galium obtusum NN Sweet woodruff Galium odoratum IN Sweet-scented bedstraw Galium trifl orum NN Biennial gaura Gaura biennis NN Wood geranium Geranium maculatum NN White avens Geum canadense NN Herb-bennet, Rough avens Geum laciniatum NN Gill-over-the-ground, Ground-ivy Glechoma hederacea IN Beggar’s-lice, Stickseed Hackelia virginiana NN American pennyroyal, Pudding-grass Hedeoma pulegioides NN Jerusalem artichoke Helianthus tuberosus* IN Orange day-lily Hemerocallis fulva IN Dame’s-rocket Hesperis matronalis IN Mud-plantain Heteranthera reniformis* NN Alum-root Heuchera americana NN Rose-of-Sharon Hibiscus syriacus IN -of-the-hour Hibiscus trionum IN King-devil Hieracium caespitosum IN Hawkweed Hieracium paniculatum NN Rattlesnake-weed Hieracium venosum NN Blue plantain-lily Hosta ventricosa IN Japanese hops Humulus japonicus* IN Virginia waterleaf Hydrophyllum virginianum NN Dwarf St. John’s-wort Hypericum mutilum NN Shrubby St. John’s-wort Hypericum perforatum IN Spotted St. John’s-wort Hypericum punctatum NN Jewelweed, Touch-me-not Impatiens capensis NN

372 Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 Pale jewelweed,Touch-me-not Impatiens pallida NN Ivy-leaved morning-glory Ipomoea hederacea IN Blue biennis NN Wild lettuce Lactuca canadensis NN Prickly lettuce IN Wood nettle Laportea canadensis NN Nipplewort Lapsana communis IN Bush-clover Lespedeza cuneata IN Butter-and-eggs Linaria vulgaris IN False pimpernel Lindernia dubia var. dubia* NN Common fl ax Linum usitatissimum IN Indian tobacco Lobelia infl ata NN Great blue lobelia Lobelia siphilitica NN Bird’s-foot trefoil Lotus corniculatus IN Water horehound Lycopus americanus* NN Bugleweed, Water horehound Lycopus unifl orus NN Fringed loosestrife Lysimachia ciliata NN Creeping-charlie, Moneywort Lysimachia nummularia IN Purple loosestrife Lythrum salicaria IN False Solomon’s-seal Maianthemum racemosum NN Rose mallow, Musk mallow Malva moschata IN Pineapple weed Matricaria matricarioides IN Yellow sweet-clover Melilotus offi cinalis IN Field mint Mentha arvensis NN Virginia bluebell Mertensia virginiana NN Allegheny monkey-fl ower Mimulus ringens NN Partridge-berry Mitchella repens NN Horsemint, Wild bergamot Monarda fi stulosa NN Indian-pipe Monotropa unifl ora NN Wild forget-me-not Myosotis laxa NN Forget-me-not, Water scorpion-grass Myosotis scorpioides IN Evening primrose Oenothera biennis NN Star-of-Bethlehem Ornithogalum umbellatum IN Sweet-cicely Osmorhiza claytonii NN Aniseroot Osmorhiza longistylis NN Common yellow wood-sorrel Oxalis stricta NN Violet wood-sorrel Oxalis violacea* NN Japanese pachysandra Pachysandra terminalis IN Pellitory Parietaria pensylvanica* NN Forked chickweed Paronychia canadensis* NN Tall white beardtongue Penstemon digitalis NN

Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 373 Ditch stonecrop Penthorum sedoides NN Perilla Perilla frutescens IN Halberd-leaf tearthumb Persicaria arifolia NN Dock-leaf smartweed Persicaria lapathifolia IN Low smartweed Persicaria longiseta IN Lady’s-thumb, Heart’s-ease IN Kiss-me-over-the-garden-gate Persicaria orientalis IN Smartweed, Pinkweed Persicaria pensylvanica NN Tearthumb, Scratch-grass Persicaria sagittata NN Jumpseed Persicaria virginiana NN Summer phlox Phlox paniculata NN Lopseed Phryma leptostachya NN Clammy ground-cherry Physalis heterophylla NN Ground-cherry Physalis subglabrata NN Pokeweed Phytolacca americana NN Clearweed, Coolwort, Richweed Pilea pumila NN English plantain, Ribgrass Plantago lanceolata IN Broad-leaved plantain, Whiteman’s foot Plantago major IN Rugel’s plantain, Broad-leaved plantain Plantago rugelii NN Mayapple, Mandrake Podophyllum peltatum NN Solomon’s-seal Polygonatum bifl orum NN Solomon’s-seal Polygonatum pubescens NN knotweed aviculare IN Erect knotweed Polygonum erectum* NN Strawberry-weed Potentilla norvegica NN Sulfur cinquefoil Potentilla recta IN Old-fi eld cinquefoil Potentilla simplex NN Rattlesnake root Prenanthes altissima* NN Heal-all, Self-heal Prunella vulgaris IN Fragrant cudweed Pseudognaphalium obtusifolium NN Mountain mint Pycnanthemum virginianum NN Small-fl owered crowfoot Ranunculus abortivus NN Common meadow buttercup Ranunculus acris IN Bulbous buttercup Ranunculus bulbosus IN Early buttercup, Tufted buttercup Ranunculus fascicularis* NPE Lesser celandine, Pilewort Ranunculus fi caria IN Creeping yellowcress Rorippa sylvestris* IN Black eyed susan Rudbeckia hirta var. pulcherrima NN Cutleaf conefl ower Rudbeckia laciniata NN Peach-leaved dock, Tall dock Rumex altissimus* NN Curly dock Rumex crispus IN

374 Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 Bitter dock Rumex obtusifolius IN Bloodroot, Red puccoon Sanguinaria canadensis NN Salad burnet Sanguisorba minor IN Canadian sanicle, Snakeroot Sanicula canadensis NN Bouncing-bet, Soapwort Saponaria offi cinalis IN Early saxifrage Saxifraga virginiensis NN Eastern fi gwort, Carpenter’s square Scrophularia marilandica NN Mad-dog skullcap Scutellaria laterifl ora NN Orpine Sedum sarmentosum* IN Common groundsel Senecio vulgaris IN Northern wild senna Senna hebecarpa NN Bur cucumber Sicyos angulatus NN Prickly sida, False mallow Sida spinosa IN White campion Silene latifolia IN Blue-eyed grass Sisyrinchium angustifolium NN Black nightshade americanum NN Horse-nettle Solanum carolinense NN Trailing nightshade or bittersweet Solanum dulcamara IN Black nightshade Solanum nigrum IN Bluestem goldenrod, Wreath goldenrod Solidago caesia NN Canada goldenrod Solidago canadensis NN Zigzag goldenrod Solidago fl exicaulis NN Smooth goldenrod Solidago gigantea NN Early goldenrod Solidago juncea NN Wrinkle-leaf goldenrod Solidago rugosa NN Spiny-leaved sow-thistle Sonchus asper IN Common sow thistle Sonchus oleraceus IN Creeping hedge nettle Stachys tenuifolia NN Common chickweed Stellaria media IN Blue wood aster Symphyotrichum cordifolium NN Panicled aster Symphyotrichum lanceolatum ssp. lanceolatum NN Calico aster Symphyotrichum laterifl orum NN New England aster Symphyotrichum novae-angliae NN Heath aster Symphyotrichum pilosum var. pilosum NN Purple stemmed aster Symphyotrichum puniceum var. puniceum NN Skunk-cabbage Symplocarpus foetidus NN Common dandelion Taraxacum offi cinale IN Wild germander, Wood sage Teucrium canadense NN Tall meadow-rue Thalictrum pubescens NN Frenchweed, Field pennycress Thlaspi arvense IN Low hop-clover Trifolium campestre IN

Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 375 Alsike clover Trifolium hybridum IN Red clover Trifolium pratense IN Venus’ looking-glass Triodanis perfoliata NN Moth mullein Verbascum blattaria IN Common mullein, Flannel-plant Verbascum thapsus IN Blue vervain, Simpler’s-joy Verbena hastata NN White vervain Verbena urticifolia NN New York ironweed Vernonia noveboracensis NN Ivy-leaved speedwell Veronica hederifolia IN Common speedwell, Gypsyweed Veronica offi cinalis NN Neckweed, Purslane speedwell Veronica peregrina NN Thyme-leaved speedwell Veronica serpyllifolia IN Slender vetch Vicia tetrasperma IN Common periwinkle, Creeping myrtle Vinca minor IN Black swallowwort Vincetoxicum nigrum IN American dog violet Viola labradorica* NN Downy yellow violet Viola pubescens var. pubescens NN Common blue violet Viola sororia NN Common cocklebur Xanthium strumarium NN Adam’s-needle Yucca fl accida IN Golden-alexander Zizia aurea NN

* herbarium specimens deposited

376 Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007