DOCSLIB.ORG

CAMEROON Africa in Miniature

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
CAMEROON Africa in Miniature CAMEROON Africa in miniature •Diversity of climate, geology, and culture •Natural features include: beaches, deserts, mountains, rainforests, and savannas •Relative social and political stability •Area - slightly larger than the size of California •Mount Cameroon, or Fako - active volcano and highest point Population - 20,549,221 (July 2013 est.) • Yaoundé - capital of Cameroon •Official language is French and English, 24 other major languages •40% Christian, 20% Muslim, 40% indigenous beliefs •Cameroon is famous for producing petroleum, coffee, •250 different ethnic groups cocoa, cotton, bananas, and oilseeds •Young population (est. 96.7% under 65, 40.9% •Tropical climate along coast, semiarid and hot in the under 15) north •Cameroon was first settled during the Neolithic period (10,200 BC) •The longest continuous inhabitants are groups such as the Baka (Pygmies) •Bantu speakers were among the first to settle (2,000 years ago) •There are about 250 Bantu languages; the largest is Swahili Age of Discovery - 15th Century •The Portuguese - first post-Middle Ages Europeans to firmly establish settlements, trade posts, permanent fortifications, and ports along the African coast •1472 - Portuguese sailors reach the coast •They note abundant mud lobster, or “ghost shrimp” in the Wouri River and name it Rio dos Camarões, “river of prawn, or shrimp” •Over the following centuries, Christian missionaries arrive and push inland European Imperialism •1868 - Germany establishes their first trading post in the Duala area (present day Douala) •1881 - 1914 (approximately) - The Scramble for Africa (also the Race for Africa and Partition of Africa) - invasion, occupation, colonization, and annexation of African territory by European powers •1884 - German Empire claims territory as the colony of Kamerun •Germany initiates projects to improve the colony’s infrastructure, relying on harsh forced labor World War I - 1914 - 1918 •1914 - 1916 Kamerun Campaign - British, French and Belgium invasion of Kamerun •Allied territories surround Kamerun on all sides •1916 - Last German fort surrenders World War I Ends - 1918 •1918 - WWII ends, and Germany is defeated * •1919 - Kamerun becomes a League of Nations mandate territory and is split into French Cameroun and British Cameroons *1911 - prior to WWI, French Neukamerun is ceded to Germany World War II - 1939 - 1945 •France integrates the economy of Cameroun with that of France •Tries to improve infrastructure with capital investments, skilled workers, and the continuation of forced labor •Unrest with Natives and indigenous peoples •1945 - WWII ends and The United Nations is formed •UN Trusteeship Council forms to oversee decolonization of dependent territories under the League of Nations mandate system •Cameroun wants independence from France. British Cameroons questions joining Cameroun or neighboring Nigeria Struggle for Independence •1948 - Union of the Peoples of Cameroon (UPC) radical party forms left-wing ideology, anti-imperialists. Majority of the participants of UPC are trade unionists. •1955 - After a long guerilla war and after the assassination of the party’s leader, Ruden Um Nyobé, France outlaws the UPC. It’s dissolved by a decree, and its leaders go into exile. •January 1, 1960 - Cameroon gains independence from France under President Ahmadou Ahidjo Cameroon Independence - 1960 •June 1, 1961 - Northern Cameroons becomes a region of Nigeria •October 1, 1961 - British Southern Cameroons unites with French to form the Federal Republic of Cameroon Ahmadou Ahidjo as President - 1960 •September 1, 1966 - Ahidjo’s political party, the Cameroon National Union (CNU), becomes the sole legal political party until 1990. •CNU was a combination of the pro-independence parties of the French and British territories •African Nationalism ideology •Ahidjo’s economic policy was planned liberalism (socialism and capitalism), a shift from the previous economic policy of African socialism (sharing resources in the “traditional” African way) Ahmadou Ahidjo cont’d •1972 - Federal system of government is abolished in favor of a United Republic of Cameroon, headed from the capital city of Yaoundé •Ahidjo prioritizes cash crops and petroleum exploitation •Government uses oil money to create a national cash reserve, pay farmers, and finance major developments. However, many initiatives fail when Ahidjo appoints unqualified allies to direct them •1982 - Ahidjo resigns, leaving presidency to his constitutional successor, Paul Biya (current president) Paul Biya becomes President - 1982 •Ahidjo is resigned, but still remains President of the CNU. Tries to keep running things from behind the scenes •Biya pressures him to resign, and Ahidjo goes into exile •Biya, a month later, accuses him of plotting a coup •1984 - coup attempt - Presidential palace guards from Muslim north suspected of plotting a coup. Biya orders them to be transferred, and they rebel. Government says death toll is 71, but other reports say up to 1,000. 6 month state of emergency in Yaoundé and surrounding region. Widely believed Ahidjo masterminded it from exile. Biya back in full power after failed coup attempt. *Ahidjo is from the Muslim north, Biya is a Christian from the south Economic crisis & criticism 1980s - present •Mid 1980s - late 1990s - Crisis as a result of international economic conditions, drought, falling petroleum prices, years of corruption, and mismanagement. Cameroon turns to foreign aid, cut government spending, and privatized industries. •February 25 - 29, 2008 - Cameroon protests - Series of violent demonstrations in largest cities start after transport workers strike. They protest high fuel prices and poor working conditions. Protests also come just after Biya proposes a change to the constitution, which would remove term limits (his was up in 2011) •Damages up to $23mill. Both government and protesters are killed. Government count of 40 deaths, but human rights groups claim closer to 100. Paul Biya criticism •Authoritarian, dictator •2009 - During his trip to Southern France, he spent $40,000 a day on 43 hotel rooms •Average annual income in Cameroon is $1,000 •In 2009, about a third was living below $1.25 a day •Phony elections •Got National Assembly to vote to have term limits removed from constitution Women in Cameroon •Customary law provides equal rights. However, men may limit women’s rights regarding inheritance and employment. Some traditional legal systems treat wives as the legal property of their husbands. •Many women in Cameroon are economically empowered and active in civil society but often lack the opportunity to enter politics and participate in their country's male-dominated political sector. •The 2009 Human Rights Report states that the Cameroonian law does not explicitly forbid discrimination based on race, language, or social status, but it does prohibit discrimination based on gender and mandates that “everyone has equal rights and obligations.” The government doesn’t enforce these provisions effectively. •Still violence and discrimination against women, minorities, and homosexuals. http://www.asafeworldforwomen.org/ Popular culture First Lady Chantal Biya BeBe Zahara Benet The Indomitable Lions.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Colonial Appeasement
    Colonial Appeasement coming to power in 1933, even though the Nazi leader’s territorial ambitions focused (1935–38) on Eastern Europe, as indicated in his infa- PAUL W. DOERR mous memoir Mein Kampf.Afewsenior Acadia University, Canada Nazis also hoped for a colonial foothold in Africa, but the early years of Hitler’s regime were taken up with other, more urgent Colonial appeasement is a largely forgotten matters. aspectofBritishappeasement.Duringthe British officials and policy-makers had, years from 1935 to 1938 the British govern- throughout the 1920s, strongly rejected any ment gave serious attention to the possibility suggestion of returning colonies to Germany. of granting Germany colonial possessions But the deteriorating world economic situa- in Africa as part of a “general settlement” tion after 1929, combined with the growing with the Nazi regime. Various schemes for threat to the peace from Hitler’s Germany, transferring African territories to German forced the British to rethink their position. jurisdiction were considered, but serious Gradually the idea began to emerge that per- obstacles arose and, with the exception of haps colonies could be returned to Germany one formal proposal from the British in early as part of a much larger general settlement of 1938, talks with the Germans on the subject the situation in Europe. never moved beyond vague generalities. On March 7, 1936, Hitler sent German Prior to the First World War, Germany troops into the demilitarized zone of Ger- held four territories in Africa, namely Ger- many. He then issued a series of demands, man East Africa, German South-West Africa, oneofwhichwasacallforequalityofcolonial Kamerun, and Togoland.
    [Show full text]
  • The War in Africa, 1914-1917, and in the Far East, 1914
    Presented to the library of the UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO by MISS CHARITY GRANT Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2012 with funding from University of Toronto http://archive.org/details/warinafrica1914100onei _ THE WAR IN AFRICA >»'7 AND IN THE FAR EAST 1914 'By H. C. O'NEILL With Seven specially prepared Campaign 0\daps S, GREEN & CO. STER ROW 6^ O^et. THE WAR IN AFRICA 1914-1917 AND IN THE FAR EAST 1914 25 uj ^ w o z O w,? ^ ui O O O > -i I- fflE WAR IN AFRICA 1914-1917 VND IN THE FAR EAST 1914 BY H. C. O'NEILL With Selven specially prepared Campaign Maps LONGMANS, GREEN AND CO. 39 PATERNOSTER ROW, LONDON FOURTH AVENUE AND 3OTH STREET, NEW YORK BOMBAY, CALCUTTA, AND MADRAS 07 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 3 i974 FOREWORD T^HERE are already a number of excellent books * dealing with various phases of the campaign in the German Colonies ; but so far no one has attempted to present a picture of all the campaigns. The present book has been written to meet this need, and, in spite of its shortness, I hope that it gives a clear outline of the military operations which led to the occupation of the whole of Germany's Colonial Empire. I have spared no pains to ensure the accuracy of the facts, and in the maps I have attempted to supplement and sum up the narrative by tracing the main lines of the various columns. The material I have used includes almost every book that has so far appeared ; but the groundwork was furnished by the official dispatches.
    [Show full text]
  • Conflict Prevention in the Greater Horn of Africa
    UNITED STATES INSTITUTE OF PEACE Simulation on Conflict Prevention in the Greater Horn of Africa This simulation, while focused around the Ethiopia-Eritrea border conflict, is not an attempt to resolve that conflict: the Organisation of African Unity (OAU) already has a peace plan on the table to which the two parties in conflict have essentially agreed. Rather, participants are asked, in their roles as representatives of OAU member states, to devise a blueprint for preventing the Ethiopian-Eritrean conflict from spreading into neighboring countries and consuming the region in even greater violence. The conflict, a great concern particularly for Somalia and Sudan where civil wars have raged for years, has thrown regional alliances into confusion and is increasingly putting pressure on humanitarian NGOs and other regional parties to contain the conflict. The wars in the Horn of Africa have caused untold death and misery over the past few decades. Simulation participants are asked as well to deal with the many refugees and internally displaced persons in the Horn of Africa, a humanitarian crisis that strains the economies – and the political relations - of the countries in the region. In their roles as OAU representatives, participants in this intricate simulation witness first-hand the tremendous challenge of trying to obtain consensus among multiple actors with often competing agendas on the tools of conflict prevention. Simulation on Conflict Prevention in the Greater Horn of Africa Simulation on Conflict Prevention in the Greater Horn
    [Show full text]
  • Species Limits in the Indigobirds (Ploceidae, Vidua) of West Africa: Mouth Mimicry, Song Mimicry, and Description of New Species
    MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATIONS MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY, UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN NO. 162 Species Limits in the Indigobirds (Ploceidae, Vidua) of West Africa: Mouth Mimicry, Song Mimicry, and Description of New Species Robert B. Payne Museum of Zoology The University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109 Ann Arbor MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY, UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN May 26, 1982 MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATIONS MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY, UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN The publications of the Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, consist of two series-the Occasional Papers and the Miscellaneous Publications. Both series were founded by Dr. Bryant Walker, Mr. Bradshaw H. Swales, and Dr. W. W. Newcomb. The Occasional Papers, publication of which was begun in 1913, serve as a medium for original studies based principally upon the collections in the Museum. They are issued separately. When a sufficient number of pages has been printed to make a volume, a title page, table of contents, and an index are supplied to libraries and individuals on the mailing list for the series. The Miscellaneous Publications, which include papers on field and museum techniques, monographic studies, and other contributions not within the scope of the Occasional Papers, are published separately. It is not intended that they be grouped into volumes. Each number has a title page and, when necessary, a table of contents. A complete list of publications on Birds, Fishes, Insects, Mammals, Mollusks, and Reptiles and Amphibians is available. Address inquiries to the Director, Museum of Zoology, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109. MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATIONS MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY, UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN NO. 162 Species Limits in the Indigobirds (Ploceidae, Vidua) of West Africa: Mouth Mimicry, Song Mimicry, and Description of New Species Robert B.
    [Show full text]
  • The Forgotten Fronts the First World War Battlefield Guide: World War Battlefield First the the Forgotten Fronts Forgotten The
    Ed 1 Nov 2016 1 Nov Ed The First World War Battlefield Guide: Volume 2 The Forgotten Fronts The First Battlefield War World Guide: The Forgotten Fronts Creative Media Design ADR005472 Edition 1 November 2016 THE FORGOTTEN FRONTS | i The First World War Battlefield Guide: Volume 2 The British Army Campaign Guide to the Forgotten Fronts of the First World War 1st Edition November 2016 Acknowledgement The publisher wishes to acknowledge the assistance of the following organisations in providing text, images, multimedia links and sketch maps for this volume: Defence Geographic Centre, Imperial War Museum, Army Historical Branch, Air Historical Branch, Army Records Society,National Portrait Gallery, Tank Museum, National Army Museum, Royal Green Jackets Museum,Shepard Trust, Royal Australian Navy, Australian Defence, Royal Artillery Historical Trust, National Archive, Canadian War Museum, National Archives of Canada, The Times, RAF Museum, Wikimedia Commons, USAF, US Library of Congress. The Cover Images Front Cover: (1) Wounded soldier of the 10th Battalion, Black Watch being carried out of a communication trench on the ‘Birdcage’ Line near Salonika, February 1916 © IWM; (2) The advance through Palestine and the Battle of Megiddo: A sergeant directs orders whilst standing on one of the wooden saddles of the Camel Transport Corps © IWM (3) Soldiers of the Royal Army Service Corps outside a Field Ambulance Station. © IWM Inside Front Cover: Helles Memorial, Gallipoli © Barbara Taylor Back Cover: ‘Blood Swept Lands and Seas of Red’ at the Tower of London © Julia Gavin ii | THE FORGOTTEN FRONTS THE FORGOTTEN FRONTS | iii ISBN: 978-1-874346-46-3 First published in November 2016 by Creative Media Designs, Army Headquarters, Andover.
    [Show full text]
  • A University of Sussex Phd Thesis Available Online Via Sussex
    A University of Sussex PhD thesis Available online via Sussex Research Online: http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/ This thesis is protected by copyright which belongs to the author. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the Author The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the Author When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given Please visit Sussex Research Online for more information and further details The German colonial settler press in Africa, 1898-1916: a web of identities, spaces and infrastructure. Corinna Schäfer Submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Sussex September 2017 I hereby declare that this thesis has not been and will not be, submitted in whole or in part to another University for the award of any other degree. Signature: Summary As the first comprehensive work on the German colonial settler newspapers in Africa between 1898 and 1916, this research project explores the development of the settler press, its networks and infrastructure, its contribution to the construction of identities, as well as to the imagination and creation of colonial space. Special attention is given to the newspapers’ relation to Africans, to other imperial powers, and to the German homeland. The research contributes to the understanding of the history of the colonisers and their societies of origin, as well as to the history of the places and people colonised.
    [Show full text]
  • Le Nationalisme Camerounais Dans Les Programmes Et Manuels D'histoire
    Le nationalisme camerounais dans les programmes et manuels d’histoire Etienne Segnou, Paris: L’Harmattan, 2015. ISBN : 978-2-343-04706-5, April 2015. Pp 392. Review by Elizabeth Rechniewski, University of Sydney Etienne Segnou’s survey of the teaching of history in Cameroon offers a useful illustration of the measures taken by l’Etat historien (Mbembe) to control the narrative of the past in authoritarian societies; and also, for the student of Françafrique, a reminder of France’s role in setting up and collaborating with such regimes. To understand the background to his study, it is necessary to recall the turbulent events that accompanied ‘decolonisation’ in this sub-Saharan territory. The German colony of Kamerun was taken over by the French in 1916 and mandated by the League of Nations to France and Britain in 1922. Despite its special status, the French territory was governed in a similar way to other French colonies: native Cameroonians were administered from 1924 by the all-encompassing code de l’indigénat that led to fines or imprisonment of thousands each year for a very broad range of ‘administrative’ offences, and infrastructure was built through deadly systems of forced labour. By 1956 there were some 17,000 white settlers in a population of some 3 million. After the Second World War, Cameroon became a UN Trust Territory. France, however, considered the possession of Cameroon integral to her African empire, including it in the various post WWII forms of Francophone communities, as an associated territory in the Union française (1946-58) and as a member of the CFA franc zone (1945 to the present), ensuring close economic and political ties with France.
    [Show full text]
  • The War to End War — the Great War
    GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE GIVING WAR A CHANCE, THE NEXT PHASE: THE WAR TO END WAR — THE GREAT WAR “They fight and fight and fight; they are fighting now, they fought before, and they’ll fight in the future.... So you see, you can say anything about world history.... Except one thing, that is. It cannot be said that world history is reasonable.” — Fyodor Mikhaylovich Dostoevski NOTES FROM UNDERGROUND “Fiddle-dee-dee, war, war, war, I get so bored I could scream!” —Scarlet O’Hara “Killing to end war, that’s like fucking to restore virginity.” — Vietnam-era protest poster HDT WHAT? INDEX THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE 1851 October 2, Thursday: Ferdinand Foch, believed to be the leader responsible for the Allies winning World War I, was born. October 2, Thursday: PM. Some of the white Pines on Fair Haven Hill have just reached the acme of their fall;–others have almost entirely shed their leaves, and they are scattered over the ground and the walls. The same is the state of the Pitch pines. At the Cliffs I find the wasps prolonging their short lives on the sunny rocks just as they endeavored to do at my house in the woods. It is a little hazy as I look into the west today. The shrub oaks on the terraced plain are now almost uniformly of a deep red. HDT WHAT? INDEX THE WAR TO END WAR THE GREAT WAR GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE 1914 World War I broke out in the Balkans, pitting Britain, France, Italy, Russia, Serbia, the USA, and Japan against Austria, Germany, and Turkey, because Serbians had killed the heir to the Austrian throne in Bosnia.
    [Show full text]
  • Nigeria and the Death of Liberal England Palm Nuts and Prime Ministers, 1914-1916
    Britain and the World Nigeria and the Death of Liberal England Palm Nuts and Prime Ministers, 1914-1916 PETER J. YEARWOOD Britain and the World Series Editors Martin Farr School of Historical Studies Newcastle University Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK Michelle D. Brock Department of History Washington and Lee University Lexington, VA, USA Eric G. E. Zuelow Department of History University of New England Biddeford, ME, USA Britain and the World is a series of books on ‘British world’ history. The editors invite book proposals from historians of all ranks on the ways in which Britain has interacted with other societies since the seventeenth century. The series is sponsored by the Britain and the World society. Britain and the World is made up of people from around the world who share a common interest in Britain, its history, and its impact on the wider world. The society serves to link the various intellectual commu- nities around the world that study Britain and its international infuence from the seventeenth century to the present. It explores the impact of Britain on the world through this book series, an annual conference, and the Britain and the World journal with Edinburgh University Press. Martin Farr ([email protected]) is the Chair of the British Scholar Society and General Editor for the Britain and the World book series. Michelle D. Brock ([email protected]) is Series Editor for titles focusing on the pre-1800 period and Eric G. E. Zuelow (ezuelow@une. edu) is Series Editor for titles covering the post-1800 period. More information about this series at http://www.palgrave.com/gp/series/14795 Peter J.
    [Show full text]
  • German in Samoa: Historical Traces of a Colonial Variety
    Poznań Studies in Contemporary Linguistics 49(3), 2013, pp. 321–353 © Faculty of English, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland doi:10.1515/psicl-2013-0012 GERMAN IN SAMOA: HISTORICAL TRACES OF A COLONIAL VARIETY DORIS STOLBERG Institut für Deutsche Sprache, Mannheim [email protected] ABSTRACT During the brief era of German colonialism in the Pacific (1884–1914), German was in contact with a large number of languages, autochthonous as well as colonial ones. This setting led to language contact in which German influenced and was influenced by vari- ous languages. In 1900, Western Samoa came under German colonial rule. The German language held a certain prestige there which is mirrored by the numbers of voluntary Samoan learners of German. On the other hand, the preferred use of English, rather than German, by native speakers of German was frequently noted. This paper examines lin- guistic and metalinguistic data that suggest the historical existence of (the precursor of) a colonial variety of German as spoken in Samoa. This variety seems to have been marked mainly by lexical borrowing from English and Samoan and was, because of these bor- rowings, not fully comprehensible to Germans who had never encountered the variety or the colonial setting in Samoa. It is discussed whether this variety can be considered a separate variety of German on linguistic grounds. KEYWORDS : Language contact; colonial linguistics; lexical borrowing; Samoan German. 1. Introduction 1 During the fairly brief era of German colonialism in the Pacific, German held a prestigious position as the native language of an exogenic economic and politi- cal elite.
    [Show full text]
  • Leadership Turnovers in Sub-Saharan Africa
    Analysis No. 192, August 2013 LEADERSHIP TURNOVERS IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA: FROM VIOLENCE AND COUPS TO PEACEFUL ELECTIONS? Giovanni Carbone Many African countries replaced their military or single-party regimes with pluralist politics during the early 1990s. This led to the introduction and regularisation of multiparty elections for the selection of a country’s president or prime minister. Of course, in many places, elections were not enough to start genuine democratization processes, as non-democratic rulers rapidly learned how to manipulate the vote and survive in the new political environment. Yet empirical evidence from our new “Leadership change” dataset – covering all 49 sub-Saharan states since 1960 (or subsequent year of independence) to 2012 – shows that elections did alter quite profoundly the way ordinary Africans can influence the selection and ousting of their leaders. Coups are now a rarer phenomenon, leadership turnovers have become more frequent, and peaceful alternation in power through the ballot box, if still uncommon, is part of a new political landscape. Giovanni Carbone, Associate Professor of Political Science, Università degli Studi di Milano ©ISPI2013 1 The opinions expressed herein are strictly personal and do not necessarily reflect the position of ISPI. The ISPI online papers are also published with the support of Cariplo The Arab Spring protests brought to the fore, once again, the issue of how to oust immovable authoritarian leaders. Tunisia’s Zine El-Abidine Ben Ali had been in power for 24 years. Hosni Mubarak ruled Egypt for 30 years. Muhammar Ghaddafi reigned over Libya for 42 years, while Syrians are still to see the end of the 43-year long rule of the al-Assad family.
    [Show full text]
  • Dictators in Exile: Explaining the Destinations of Ex-Rulers
    Dictators in Exile: Explaining the Destinations of Ex-Rulers Abel Escrib`a-Folch∗ Daniel Krcmaricy Forthcoming in the Journal of Politics Abstract: Exile has been the second most common fate for dictators who lost office since World War II, yet scholars know little about this phenomenon. In this article, we ask a simple yet previously unanswered question: where do exiled dictators go? We argue that three sets of factors|transnational ties, geographic proximity, and monadic characteristics of potential host states—influence where dictators flee. For evidence, we use original data on exile destinations to construct a directed dyadic dataset of all autocratic rulers who fled abroad upon their ouster. We find that dictators are more likely to go into exile in states that are close neighbors, have hosted other dictators in the past, are militarily powerful, and possess colonial links, formal alliances, and economic ties. By contrast, fleeing dictators tend to avoid democratic states and countries experiencing civil conflict. These findings raise broader implications for several outcomes ranging from regime transitions to conflict termination. Keywords: dictators, exile, post-tenure fate ∗Abel Escrib`a-Folch ([email protected]) is an associate professor in the Department of Political and Social Sciences at the Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain. yDaniel Krcmaric ([email protected]) is an assistant professor in the Department of Political Science at Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208. Losing power is dangerous for dictators. When their time in office comes to an end, they face a higher risk of punishment such as death or imprisonment than democratic leaders (e.g., Goemans 2008).
    [Show full text]