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Culturali Della Guerra Negli Stati Uniti Degli Anni '60

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Culturali Della Guerra Negli Stati Uniti Degli Anni '60 Corso di Laurea Magistrale in Relazioni Internazionali Comparate – International Relations Tesi di Laurea Vietnam: la follia di chi decise, il coraggio di chi combatté, la determinazione di chi vi si oppose. Analisi degli sviluppi socio-culturali della guerra negli Stati Uniti degli anni ‘60. Relatore Ch. Prof. Roberto Peruzzi Correlatore Ch. Prof. Duccio Basosi Laureanda Federica Rigoli Matricola 828387 Anno Accademico 2011 / 2012 A te, che della tua guerra mi hai parlato tante volte. INDICE Abstract ............................................................................................................................ I Introduzione .................................................................................................................. 1 1 Il vietnam sotto la potenza francese. ........................................................... 7 1.1 Breve storia del paese fino all’occupazione giapponese. ................................... 7 1.1.1 La società vietnamita. ............................................................................................... 7 1.1.2 I Trinh e i Nguyen: due famiglie, un solo regno. ............................................ 7 1.1.3 L’arrivo dei colonizzatori francesi. ...................................................................... 8 1.1.4 Il nazionalismo vietnamita. ................................................................................. 11 1.1.5 I movimenti religiosi nazionalisti. .................................................................... 13 1.1.6 Nazionalismo e comunismo in Vietnam. ....................................................... 14 1.1.7 Gli anni dell’occupazione giapponese. ............................................................ 18 1.1.8 Il Viet Minh: fondazione e sviluppo. ................................................................. 20 1.1.9 Il ritorno dei francesi. ............................................................................................ 23 1.2 La guerra d’Indocina. ...................................................................................................... 26 1.2.1 La ripresa delle ostilità. ......................................................................................... 26 1.2.2 L’influenza dello scenario internazionale. .................................................... 28 1.2.3 Cao Bang e Dien Bien Phu: l’efficacia del Viet Minh. ................................. 29 1.2.4 La conferenza di Ginevra. ..................................................................................... 31 1.2.5 Le ragioni della sconfitta francese. ................................................................... 33 2 La guerra americana in Vietnam. ............................................................... 35 2.1 Il Vietnam dopo i Francesi. ........................................................................................... 35 2.1.1 Le trasformazioni operate dal Viet Minh. ...................................................... 35 2.1.2 L’oppressione del regime filoamericano di Diem. ..................................... 36 2.1.3 La risposta della resistenza: il Fronte Nazionale di Liberazione. ....... 40 2.2 Il coinvolgimento degli Stati Uniti. ............................................................................ 42 2.2.1 La decisione americana di intervenire: pressioni e motivazioni. ....... 42 2.2.2 La reticenza di Eisenhower e Kennedy. ......................................................... 45 2.2.3 La prima amministrazione Johnson: dall’indecisione all’escalation. 48 2.2.4 L’offensiva del Têt. .................................................................................................. 59 2.2.5 La guerra di Nixon. .................................................................................................. 63 2.3 Verso la sconfitta. ............................................................................................................. 65 2.3.1 Tra ritiro ed espansione: de-escalation e nuove invasioni. .................... 65 2.3.2 Il momento della «pace onorevole». ................................................................ 69 2.3.3 Gli ultimi sviluppi. ................................................................................................... 72 2.3.4 La guerra non ufficiale: My Lai, una strage insabbiata. ........................... 72 2.3.5 Tecniche di guerra: la potenza americana vs l’ingegno vietnamita. .. 74 2.3.6 Analisi di una sconfitta. ......................................................................................... 77 3 Il popolo contro il potere: il ruolo dei movimenti di protesta. ...... 80 3.1 Gli anni ‘60 degli Stati Uniti. ......................................................................................... 80 3.2 Il movimento per i diritti civili. ................................................................................... 83 3.2.1 Malcolm X e Martin Luther King: le due voci del movimento. ............. 87 3.2.2 Dall’azione comune all’indipendenza del Potere Nero. ........................... 90 3.3 La nascita della “nuova sinistra”. ............................................................................... 92 3.4 Dalle manifestazioni per la pace alle proteste contro la guerra. .................. 96 3.4.1 Dai campus universitari alle città: un’opposizione collettiva. .............. 96 3.4.2 Il Potere Studentesco. ............................................................................................ 99 3.4.3 La resistenza alla leva. ........................................................................................ 102 3.4.4 Alcuni episodi: il caos alla Columbia e la follia alla Kent State. ......... 105 3.5 La reazione del governo: soluzioni illegali a un “problema morale”. ...... 106 3.6 La rivolta culturale degli hippies e il movimento femminile. ...................... 110 4 La voce dei militari tra proteste e insubordinazioni. ...................... 117 4.1 Il contributo dei soldati al movimento contro la guerra. ............................. 117 4.2 Frustrazione e pazzia: storie di uomini che persero la bussola. ............... 118 4.3 Cosa successe negli Stati Uniti: l’ opposizione dei reduci. ........................... 126 4.4 L’attivismo nelle basi militari. .................................................................................. 132 4.5 Cosa accadde in Vietnam: la ribellione in seno all’esercito americano. 135 4.5.1 La ribellione all’interno delle forze armate: il fragging. ...................... 141 5 Il retaggio della guerra. ................................................................................ 146 5.1 Riconoscere i propri errori. ...................................................................................... 146 5.1.1 Lezioni sulla guerra: l’analisi di McNamara. ............................................. 148 5.2 Rinnovarsi per migliorare: i cambiamenti dalla fine del conflitto. .......... 152 5.3 La “sindrome del Vietnam” come malattia individuale. ................................ 156 5.3.1 Il caso di Michael Orange. .................................................................................. 157 5.4 La “sindrome del Vietnam” come paura collettiva. ......................................... 159 Conclusioni ............................................................................................................... 166 Acronimi .................................................................................................................... 175 Bibliografia ............................................................................................................... 177 Filmografia ............................................................................................................... 181 Abstract The Vietnam War is not just one of the cruellest ones, but it represents also one of the worst chapters in the United States’ history not only because of the political and military defeat that came out after fighting for more than ten years, but also because of the social and cultural upheavals that originated from the American engagement in a war that became more and more unpopular day after day. This work aims at going over the facts that happened during the entire period when the United States were engaged in Vietnam, particularly focusing on what happened during the «long ‘60s», as it was defined the period in which both the war and the social unrest reached their climax. The expression refers to the fact that what happened during those years had its origins in the previous decade and affected the following one, too. As a matter of fact, the American military intervention in order to support the South Vietnamese government in its fight against the Northern part of the country took its origins from the defeat of the French army, whereas the outcome of the war and its legacy influenced the political decisions and attitudes of the country during the following years until more recent time. As a consequence, even a kind of social unrest took place all over the Western superpower: it had its roots in the widespread movement for the Afro-Americans’ civil rights and it burst out among the students of a lot of universities that gave birth to the movement of protest against the Vietnam war. Moreover it spread its influence up to the army, so that lots of veterans joined the protests and a huge number of soldiers too refused to obey orders in the very last years of the ‘60s and the first part of the ‘70s. The history of that period is really full of
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