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Abstract Gawrys, Michaela L., MA May 2021 Geography the Implications

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Abstract Gawrys, Michaela L., MA May 2021 Geography the Implications Abstract Gawrys, Michaela L., M.A. May 2021 Geography The Implications of Changing Border Structure: A Case Study in Kosovo Thesis Advisor: David H. Kaplan Currently we witness and endure brutal identity-based conflict all over the world that is directly connected to political borders. With the rise in Nations wishing to break off from modern States, it may be time to question where the standards for modern borders will get us and whether they are here to last. This research attempts to understand how these identity-based border conflicts develop both before and after their resolution. The goal is to identify a pattern in the escalation of the identity-based border conflict between Kosovo and Serbia, as well as recognize possible steps in the reconciliation and development processes Kosovo took once the conflict was over. The development of Kosovo as a Nation-State and the impact its recognized border has had on identification and feelings toward “others” can provide vital information about the future formation of Nation-States as a solution to border conflict. Therefore, this essay reviews the cooperation between Kosovo and Serbia from the end of the war in 1999 to the present day and uses information from interviews to ponder the implications of future “bordering” on the relationships between Nations/ethnic groups. The Implications of Changing Border Structure: A case study in Kosovo A thesis submitted To Kent State University in partial Fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts by Michaela Lynn Gawrys May 2021 © Copyright All rights reserved Except for previously published materials Thesis written by Michaela Lynn Gawrys B.A., Lock Haven University, 2018 M.A., Kent State University, 2021 Approved by David H. Kaplan , Advisor Scott C. Sheridan , Chair, Department of Geography Mandy Munro-Stasiuk , Interim Dean, College of Arts and Science Table of Contents Table of Contents ………………………………………………………………………… iii List of Figures ……………………………………………………………………………. iv List of Tables …………………………………………………………………………….. v Acknowledgements ………………………………………………………………………. vi Chapters I Introduction ……………………………………………………………….. 1 II Nation-States within a Changing International Structure ………………… 7 III Case Study & Methodology ………………………………………………. 21 IV Kosovo in Context ………………………………………………………… 30 V Ethnic Development within the Landscape ………………………………. 46 VII Individual Perception of Growth & Identification within Kosovo ……….. 58 VIII Conclusions ………………………………………………………………. 83 Bibliography ……………………………………………………………………………….. 89 iii List of Figures Image 3.1 – Kosovo Location …………………………………………………………… 22 Image 3.2 – Kosovo Fieldwork Locations ………………………………………………. 24 Image 4.1 – Assumed extent of Dardania ……………………………………………….. 31 Image 5.1 – Gathering before unveiling of Pristina Madeleine Albright statue ………… 47 Image 5.2 – Albanian flags lining the streets of Gjakova ………………………………. 48 Image 5.3 – Traditional Albanian clothing store in Gjakova ……………………………. 48 Image 5.4 – Monument to Heroes of the National Liberation Movement in Pristina …… 49 Image 5.5 – Church of Saint Elijah in Podujeva ………………………………………… 50 Image 5.6 – Church of Christ the Savior in Pristina ……………………………………... 51 Image 5.7 – Guards at the Vermica border crossing …………………………………….. 54 Image 5.8 – Traffic at the Merdare border crossing ……………………………………… 56 iv List of Tables Table 3.1 – Participant Age Groups …………………………………………………….. 27 Table 6.1 – Interview participants in Podujeva …………………………………………. 59 Table 6.2 – Identification in Podujeva …………………………………………………... 60 Table 6.3 – Podujeva opinions on Serbians ……………………………………………… 69 Table 6.4 – Interview participants in Gjakova …………………………………………... 73 Table 6.5 – Identification in Gjakova ……………………………………………………. 74 Table 6.6 – Gjakovar opinions on Serbians ……………………………………………… 79 v Acknowledgements We do not accomplish anything alone and there are multiple people that I would like to thank for their support throughout this process. If I miss anyone, it certainly is not because their support has been forgotten. My advisor, Dr. Dave Kaplan, is someone I cannot thank enough for guiding me through this process. From my very lofty research questions to my insistence on international fieldwork, regardless of the short timeline, he was there to help center me and encourage me. I could not have completed this without his patience and direction. Dr. Jennifer Mapes was also integral in the development of my research plan. Her insight into the realm of qualitative methods and cartography gave me the tools to write and present this thesis as it is now. I was also lucky enough to have Dr. Carl Dahlman on my committee, who provided me with direction both on the general topic of Kosovo and in the country itself. The connections that he helped me acquire and the encouragement during my fieldwork helped me stay on track and achieve my goals. I want to extend my gratitude to everyone who participated and helped me to gather the data I needed. Without knowing the language, I would not have made it anywhere without my two Albanian interpreters, Shqiprojë Shala and Diona Ymeraga. Not only did they provide translations during interviews, but they helped me see a lot of Kosovo. I would like to thank the Kent State faculty that have taught and guided me throughout the master’s program. The faculty at Lock Haven University who supported me during my bachelor’s program also need to be thanked for pushing me to do what I love. My friends and family have been here through it all and I would not have made it this far without them. Thank you all so much. vi Chapter I Introduction Borders have been given the power throughout history to control national and individual identity, as well as power structures within the international community. We have concrete examples of borders, such as the Great Wall of China, the West Bank Barrier, the border of the United States (US) and Mexico, etc., as well as some borders that are practically non-existent when travelling around the European Union (EU). Regardless of how noticeable they are, we can see how these abstract lines have separated people both physically and mentally. The reasons behind the existence of a specific border may vary but are often attributed to territoriality. Territoriality over land has been maintained throughout history as an integral part of the human process, giving land and space power over the way we see and interact with others. During the time of empires, we saw massive territorial expansion as a sign of power and authority. Even today there are ongoing territorial and border conflicts in regions like Kashmir, Tibet, Bangladesh, Israel/Palestine, Kosovo, Catalonia, Chechnya, Ukraine, and the list goes on and on. Though we cannot deny the importance of territory in the very definition of a State at an international level, there is a difference between the current reasons for border conflict compared to those during the age of empires. The end of WWII brought a shift from territoriality for power to territoriality for representation. Often accredited with the beginning of this international shift, though, is Woodrow Wilson in The Fourteen Points speech that outlined the idea of self-determination where, 1 “the world be made fit and safe to live in; and particularly that it be made safe for every peace-loving nation which, like our own, wishes to live its own life, determine its own institutions, be assured of justice and fair dealing by the other people of the world as against force and selfish aggression” (Wilson, 1918). These ideas applied at an international level, along with colonial instability after WWII, promoted the era of independence for colonized States and territories of former empires. Recognizing the lack of influence local populations had on the creation of the aforementioned borders, we can understand the difficulty those populations have faced in the creation of coherent societies and sovereign systems. There are countless examples of States that dealt with devastating civil war, or even war with neighboring countries, due to an overwhelming inability to allocate land in a way that pleased all involved parties. Some conflicts that come to mind include the genocide in Rwanda along with continued tribal warfare throughout Africa, and the many conflicts (including ethnic cleansing) that occurred in the Balkans during the Balkan wars. In these examples, though the end goal is the control of specific territories, the conflict was no longer about expansion and conquest, and instead about the right of each group to that territory, excluding the others. Territorial and border conflict became more about identity than the sheer power of land. From this we can see the next phase in our international development that requires recognition of suppression and support of more peaceful institutions. The conversation has become about what the creation of more autonomy for groups may look like and what the consequences would be. A more specific argument is about establishing new Nation-States and whether their sovereignty would bring more peace to the world. In this essay, I would like to address the Nation-State and attempt to find the consequences of its future establishment. 2 In order to do this, I have chosen to study the history of Kosovo, along with its more recent development as a new Nation-State, to gain a deeper understanding of Nation vs. State conflict, as well as the dynamic between the two when a Nation does achieve statehood. I have sought out to answer two specific questions; 1. How
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