Breve Storia Della Cronologia Egizia Antoniocrasto.It/Articoli/Breve%20Storia%20Della%20Cronologia%20Egizia.Pdf; 2

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Breve Storia Della Cronologia Egizia Antoniocrasto.It/Articoli/Breve%20Storia%20Della%20Cronologia%20Egizia.Pdf; 2 Revisione della cronologia egizia di Antonio Crasto Le mie considerazioni fatte sulla storia della cronologia egizia 1 e la mia originale definizione dei due calendari egizi 2, mi hanno suggerito la necessità di sottoporre a revisione la cronologia di Manetone / Africano 3, così da definire una nuova cronologia lunga dell’età faraonica, che possa sostituire le molte cronologie corte, cortissime ed estremamente corte 4, ormai non più in linea con le datazioni al C-14 5 e in contrasto con la Tavoletta di Djer (3° faraone della I dinastia) 6. Non è stato sempre possibile considerare la lista di sovrani e le durate dei loro regni riportati da Africano e, in particolare, si sono affrontate, limitatamente alle prime diciannove dinastie, le seguenti problematiche 7: I dinastia: gli anni di regno del 2°, 3° e 4° faraone sembrano sbagliati, non corrispondenti con le durate riportate da Eusebio, e sono stati aggiustati matematicamente; II e III dinastia: è difficile trovare una precisa corrispondenza fra i nomi dei sovrani in greco riportati da Manetone e i nomi egizi scritti sui reperti archeologici; IV dinastia: la durata del regno di Snefru è troppo bassa sia per l’esistenza di un riferimento archeologico che parla del 24° censimento del bestiame (48° anno di regno) sia per l’enorme mole delle sue tre o quattro piramidi, difficilmente realizzabili in 24 anni; manca la durata del regno di Djedefra; le durate di regno dei faraoni Mencheres, Ratoises e Bicheris sono troppo alte e per gli ultimi due non hanno riscontro nei reperti archeologici; V dinastia: il totale degli anni per la dinastia è più elevato della somma dei singoli sovrani; la differenza di 30 anni è uguale alla durata di regno del 1° faraone della dinastia successiva; nella dinastia successiva è stato saltato un faraone; alla luce dell’uccisione del faraone Othoes / Teti, a causa di una congiura di palazzo, forse organizzata dal faraone mancante Imhotep si è optato di considerare Teti ultimo faraone della dinastia e l’usurpatore Imhotep primo faraone della nuova dinastia; VI dinastia: si sono considerati i due faraoni forse coinvolti nel colpo di stato e cancellati in quasi tutti gli annali; la durata della dinastia è sembrata troppo elevata e si è scelto di considerare quella riportata da Eusebio; la differenza di 30 anni potrebbe riguardare il doppio conteggio effettuato da Africano del faraone Teti, una prima volta senza nominarlo nella V e quindi nella VI dinastia; per far posto ai due faraoni dimenticati da Africano si è considerata una sovrapposizione fra i loro regni (forse in un’area limitata dell’Egitto) e quello di Pepi I, che avrebbe regnato sul territorio unificato solamente alla fine del suo lungo regno; VII dinastia: Manetone ha considerato effimera questa dinastia e ha forse giocato con i numeri sfortunati sette - settanta; il numero 7 ricordava infatti la lunga carestia della III dinastia e 70 erano i sicari che uccisero Osiride, così Manetone riportando 70 re in 70 giorni ha voluto forse esprimere un tentativo di colpo di stato e l’uccisione di Menthesuphis / Merenra II; vista la brevità dei disordini dinastici, Manetone fa continuare la dinastia col regno di Nitocris, sorella del faraone ucciso, lasciando intendere che forse il breve periodo di anarchia fu causato dalle lotte per la successione del lunghissimo regno di Pepi II (quasi cento anni); VIII dinastia: i 146 anni riportati da Africano sembrano troppi e si è preferito ipotizzare che Africano abbia aggiunto erroneamente 100 anni; IX dinastia: i 409 anni assegnati da Africano sembrano troppi anche alla luce dei 109 anni riportati da Eusebio e si è preferito ipotizzare che Africano abbia aggiunto erroneamente 300 anni; X e XI dinastia: gli eventi storici hanno suggerito una certa sovrapposizione fra la X dinastia di Eracleopolis e la XI dinastia di Waset / Tebe. Si è tagliata di 43 o 50 anni la durata della X dinastia segnalata da Africano, mantenendo la maggior importanza data da Manetone alla X dinastia; XII dinastia: il faraone più importante fra Sesostris II e III è stato posto subito dopo Amenemhat II, lasciando ipotizzare un’inversione di alcuni faraoni, non facilmente identificabile per la mancanza di un altro faraone con nome simile; i tre faraoni successivi (Lachares, Ameres e Ammenemes) presentano nomi molto differenti e durate stranamente uguali di 8 anni, che non corrispondono ai reperti archeologici; si è scelto di modificare sostanzialmente la durata dei regni di questi faraoni, rispettando in parte quelle indicate dal Papiro di Torino e aggiungendo 77 o 61 anni alla durata segnalata da Africano; 2° Periodo Intermedio (XIII-XIV-XV-XVI-XVII dinastie): le durate delle dinastie proposte da Africano sono decisamente errate e tali da far ipotizzare degli aggiustamenti arbitrari; si è scelto di considerare, solamente come ipotesi di lavoro, un tentativo di Africano di criptare i valori veri delle durate delle dinastie nascondendoli abbastanza ingenuamente nelle cifre del valore estremante elevato riportato; rispettando i 224 anni complessivi, che sembrano potersi assegnare alle cinque dinastie, al fine di non considerare cronologie lunghissime, e considerando un’inversione delle durate delle durate riportate per le XV e XVI dinastie, si è optato di considerare: 453 → 53, 184 → 18, 518 → 18, 284 → 84 e 151 → 51 e ipotizzare quindi che Africano abbia arbitrariamente aggiunto, per qualche oscuro motivo, ben 1366 anni (1590 - 224); si è considerata, infine, una sovrapposizione delle dinastie XV, XVI e XVII di Tebe con quelle Hyksos di Avaris; XVIII dinastia: il posticipo di 20 anni dell’inizio della dinastia, dovuto all’ipotesi che la levata eliaca di Sirio segnalata nel Papiro Ebers sia stata osservata a Dendera e non a Heliopolis, da me accettato nella prima proposta, è stato abbandonato nelle mie due proposte successive; in considerazione del dato cronologico del 1385 a.C. suggerito per l’Esodo biblico dalla cronologia relativa riportata nella Bibbia 7, si è assegnato tale anno all’effimero Smenkhkara, il cui regno dopo Akhenaton, la sua brevissima durata e la possibile morte di un suo primogenito fanno ritenere molto probabile la sua identificazione col faraone dell’Esodo; si è effettato qualche spostamento nell’ordine dei sovrani presentato da Africano e si sono effettuati vari aggiustamenti delle durate presentate da Africano, in quanto esse sembrano non corrispondere alla realtà storica, in modo particolare per quanto riguarda il periodo poco conosciuto dei faraoni di Akhetaton; la fine della dinastia è stata posta in relazione con l’inizio del Nuovo ciclo sothiaco (Era di Menophres), con differenti ipotesi per le mie quattro proposte; XIX dinastia: Africano presenta due sovrani in più a compensazione di quelli non segnalati nella prosecuzione della dinastia precedente (XVIII bis); le durate dei regni sono a volte decisamente troppo alte e sicuramente errate; è possibile che il referente di Manetone sia stato ingannato dal fatto che lo storico egizio ha considerato la dinastia precedente terminante con Merenptah e che pertanto abbia confuso nomi e durate. 2 Si riporta un confronto fra le mie quattro proposte e la cronologia di Manetone / Africano (prima tabella) e fra le mie proposte e le cronologie corta e cortissima di E. Meyer (seconda tabella): Cor Cra An Cor Cra An Cor Cra An Cor Cra An Afr. 1 no 2 no 3 no 4 no 1° 253 +10 263 3856 +10 263 3849 +10 263 3849 +10 263 3850 2° 302 0 302 3593 0 302 3586 0 302 3586 0 302 3587 3° 214 0 214 3291 0 214 3284 0 214 3284 0 214 3285 4° 277 +7 284 3077 +7 284 3070 +7 284 3070 +7 284 3071 5° 248 0 248 2793 0 248 2786 0 248 2786 0 248 2787 6° 197 -30 167 2545 -30 167 2538 -30 167 2538 -30 167 2539 tot 1491 -13 1478 -13 1478 -13 1478 -13 1478 7° 0 0 0 2378 0 0 2371 0 0 2371 0 0 2372 8° 146 -100 46 2378 -100 46 2371 -100 46 2371 -100 46 2372 9° 409 -300 109 2332 -300 109 2325 -300 109 2325 -300 109 2326 10° 185 -43 142 2223 -50 135 2216 -50 135 2216 -50 135 2217 tot 740 -443 297 -450 290 -450 290 -450 290 11° 43 0 43 2081 0 43 2081 0 43 2081 0 43 2082 12° 176 +77 253 2038 +61 237 2038 +61 237 2038 +61 237 2039 tot 219 +77 296 +61 280 +61 280 +61 280 13° 453 -400 53 1785 -400 53 1801 -400 53 1801 -400 53 1802 14° 184 -166 18 1732 -166 18 1748 -166 18 1748 -166 18 1749 15° 284 -266 18 1714 -266 18 1730 -266 18 1730 -266 18 1731 16° 518 -434 84 1696 -434 84 1712 -434 84 1712 -434 84 1713 17° 151 -100 51 1612 -100 51 1628 -100 51 1628 -100 51 1629 tot 1590 -1366 224 -1366 224 -1366 224 -1366 224 18° 239 +1 240 1561 +21 260 1577 +7 246 1577 +8 247 1578 19° 224 -103 121 1321 -103 121 1317 -103 121 1331 -97 127 1331 tot 463 -102 361 -82 381 -96 367 -88 374 1200 1196 1210 1204 tot 4503 -1847 2656 -1850 2653 -1864 2639 -1857 2646 Cra Cra Cra Cra Mey Mey 1 2 3 4 corta c.ma Dur An Dur An Dur An Dur An Dur An Dur An ata no ata no ata no ata no ata no ata no 1° 263 3856 263 3849 263 3849 263 3850 3315 3197 2° 302 3593 302 3586 302 3586 302 3587 420 419 3° 214 3291 214 3284 214 3284 214 3285 55 2895 55 2778 4° 284 3077 284 3070 284 3070 284 3071 160 2840 160 2723 5° 248 2793 248 2786 248 2786 248 2787 140 2680 140 2563 6° 167 2545 167 2538 167 2538 167 2539 181 2540 181 2423 tot 1478 1478 1478 1478 956 955 7° 0 2378 0 2371 0 2371 0 2372 2359 2242 8° 46 2378 46 2371 46 2371 46 2372 199 82 9° 109 2332 109 2325 109 2325 109 2326 10° 142 2223 135 2216 135 2216 135 2217 tot 297 290 290 290 199 82 11° 43 2081 43 2081 43 2081 43 2082 160 2160 160 2160 12° 253 2038 237 2038 237 2038 237 2039 212 2000 212 2000 tot 296 280 280 280 372
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