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MASONIC INFtUENCE IN THE SETTLEMENT~ COMMERCIAL AND PASTORAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE COLONY OF NEW SOUTH WALES 178~<'~1860 JENNIFER LAMBERT TRACEY BA (AND); M App.Se. CUc) CULTURAL HERITAGE RESEARCH CENTRE SCHOOL OF RESOURCE, ENVIRONMENTAL AND HERITAGE SCIENCES UNIVERSITY OF CANBERRA AUSTRALIAN CAPITAL TERRITORY NOVEMBER 2007 DEDICATION As a child growing up during the 1950s in a provincial North Queensland town, I recall that debutant balls were highlights of the local social calendar. At the age of seven years, I was invited to lead the debutants for presentation at the Masonic Debutant Ball to be held in Townsville. My mother made me a beautiful white ball gown and I was excited at the prospect. I had no idea of what a 'Mason' was, and my childish curiosity had me listening in on adult's conversations, only to remember that any mention that 'Mr.... was a Mason' was said with hushed tones and raised eyebrows. After several weeks ofpractise with the prospective debutants the night of the ball arrived. I had spent several holidays with my mother's family on their sheep station near Richmond in north-west Queensland, and was familiar with such social occasions held during the racing season. These were balls where the women wore elegant gowns and the men wore traditional suits with bow ties. However, this Masonic' ball was decidedly different. The men were wearing fancy aprons and other decorations. All the 'important men' of the town were there, including our family doctor. A little nervous and slightly bewildered by this strange pomp and ceremony, I fulfilled my role. I was presented with chocolates and flowers, and the photographer from the Townsville DailY Bulletin, took photographs for the next morning's edition. As with all good fairy tales, this is where the story should have ended. An array of photographs filled the pages of Saturday's newspaper. I returned to school on the Monday only to be confronted by the Mother Superior of our local convent. I remember, vividly, the anger on her face. She had seen the photographs and I was told in no uncertain terms, that because I was a Catholic I would 'go to hell' for being with the Masons'. How could something that I had enjoyed so much be so wrong? Tears flowing, I was sent home with a note to my mother. My father, who never had anything to do with Freemasonry, made some discreet telephone calls. I was returned to school and the subject was never raised again. It was not until I became involved in the research for my doctorate that I recalled this incident and searched for the photographs. The memories of that night and the events that followed came back to me with stunning clarity. My questions have fmally been answered. This thesis is dedicated to myparents KATHLEEN GENEVIEVE RILEY (1909 -1961) & ALFRED FRANCIS LAMBERT (1914 -1972) 4 CONT'ENTS CERTIFICATE OF AUTHORSHIP OF THESIS 3 DEDICATION 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS '" 8 .ABBREVIATIONS '" 9 MEASUREMENTS AND TERMS 10 LIST OF FIGURES 11 INTRODUCTION , 17 Aim of the Thesis 17 Methodology 18 Relevant Publications and Theses 20 Studies of the Origin and Symbolism of Freemasonry 25 Freemasonry and 'Religion' 26 Freemasonry and the Role of the Church of England 28 Landscape ~ Theories and Masonic Ideologies 35 CHAPTER 1 40 AN INSIGHT INTO FREEMASONRy 40 Masonry in the Middle Ages 40 Accepted Freemasons 42 The United Grand Lodge, London, and Freemasonry in Europe .43 Papal Condemnation of Freemasonry 46 Masonic Influence in the Royal Society 47 Freemasonry in Ireland 50 Freemasonry to North America 57 Masonic Ritual, Symbols and Regalia 61 The Masonic Certificate 68 The Masonic Apron 69 CHAPTER 2 81 SHIPPING, PROFITEERING AND MAsONIC ALLIANCES 81 Convict Shipping Contracts 93 Sailing ofthe Convict Transports for the colony ofNew South Wales 96 Colonial Enterprise 99 Bellasis and the East India Company 108 5 Flinders' French Encounters III Duperrey and Edwardson 117 CHAPTER 3 118 TOWARDS THE ESTABLISHMENT OF FREEMASONRY IN NEW SOUTH WALES.......118 Masonic Meetings ~ HM Ships Buffalo 1802 and Glatton 1803 126 Masonic and Society Meeting Places 134 Bligh, O'Connell and the 73rd Regiment of Foot... 142 Lodge of Social and Military Virtues No. 227 (I.C.) and the 46th Regiment 151 The Foundation Stone Laying Ceremony for Henrietta Villa 160 The 48th Northamptonshire Regiment ofFoot 163 The 40th (2nd Somersetshire) Regiment of Foot.. 166 CHAPTER 4 , 167 AUSTRALIAN SOCIAL LODGE No. 260 IC 167 Dedication Ceremony and Inaugural Meeting 168 The Formation of New Masonic Lodges 175 Lodge of Australia No. 820 176 Royal Arch Chapter No. 260 177 The Lodge of St John Parramatta No. 668 180 CHAPTER 5 183 THE MASONIC CIRCLE 183 Artists, Artisans and Architects 183 Of Wharves, Warehouses and Ship Owners 203 Bankers, Officials and Rum Traders 210 Pastoralists and Merchant Princes 217 Colonial Medical Practitioners 225 CHAPTER 6 227 THE CLAYTON TRADITION ~ AN ARTISTIC AND MASONIC INHERITANCE 227 The Claytons ofBaltinglass, Dublin 227 Benjamin Clayton (II) 233 Robert and Thomas Clayton 234 First Stamps issued in New South Wales 1850 234 Samuel Clayton- Artist, Engraver and Silversmith 236 Clayton's Banknote Designs 237 The Voyage to New South Wales 243 Items from the Clayton Collection 246 Samuel Clayton and the Establishment of the Bank of New South Wales 255 Clayton's Designs for Bank Notes 256 Governor Brisbane and the Spanish Dollar 262 The Samuel Clayton Seals and Postage Date Stamps 268 CHAPTER 7 269 SAMUEL CLAYTON ~ COLONIAL FREEMASON 269 6 Samuel Clayton and the Irish Masonic Lodges, Dublin 269 The Apron and Seal for Australian Social Lodge No. 260 270 The Erskine Trowel 282 The Darling Mills Trowel 284 Clayton's Designs for the Halloran Medals 287 Samuel Clayton Retires 288 CHAPTER 8 289 BENJAMIN CLAYTON ~ PASTORALIST, FREEMASON AND COLONIALSURGEON .. 289 Benjamin Clayton and the Broughton Hume Connections 313 Construction of the Baltinglass Homestead 320 Benjamin Clayton Leaves Baltinglass 328 SUMM.ARY AND CONCLUSIONS 333 INDEX 353 BIBLIOGRAPHY 360 Unpublished Works and Theses ~ 360 Articles and Publications pre-1900 Cited and General 361 Articles and Publications post-1900 - Cited and General 364 Newspapers, Magazines and Supplements 376 7 -.~ :~:·M· 1 ,,~··.:·.D·...'.~. A. ..C. '.·v"_-1'.:_: N' 1/"'.'0:".W... V;t ... .. G .. _-Gi _. J ...'-G,.iE.'.. ·N.' i T-.:.... is·'._ , It is with gratitude that I acknowledge the assistance and support of many people. Their generosity during the course of my research has exceeded all expectations. W. Scott Zetrouer, Gibbes Museum ofArt, Charleston, South Carolina Fiona Pollard, Canonbury Masonic Research Centre, Islington, London Andrew Prescott, Centre for Research into Freemasonry, University of Sheffield, England Warwick Hirst, Assistant Curator of Manuscripts, State Library of New South Wales, Sydney. Chris Craven, Deputy Grand Secretary Museum of Freemasonry, Sydney. Archivists of the Grand Lodge of Ireland. John Houstone, Sydney John Wade, ARstraliana Maga;;;jne, Sydney. Diana Body, Anglican Diocesan Archivist, Canberra. Bev Roberts, Ental!J Estate, Hadspen, Tasmania. John Gooch, Wyoming, NSW. Stuart Hume, Garrooigang, Goulbum. Librarians of the Petherick Reading Room, National Library ofAustralia. Librarians of the Mitchell Library, State Library of New South Wales. Jennifer Towie, University of Canberra. My sincerest thanks.,. To Nancy Clayton for access to her most precious collection of Clayton cultural material for the purpose of this research; To my supervisor Brian Egloff, for his support, constructive criticism and guidance; To my husband Michael MacLellan Tracey, whose consistent encouragement and assistance has enabled me to complete this research; To our family, Kate, Michelle and David Johnson and Thomas, Lachlan, Elizabeth and Alexander Taves, Helene and Richard Scott and Ryan, Tenielle, Bradley, lain and Rochelle, for always being there when needed. 8 BREVIATIONS INSTITUTIONS, ORGANISATIONS, AND PUBLICATIONS ABC Australian Heritage Commission ANU Australian National University AONSW Archives Office ofNew South Wales, (now State Records NSW). AQC ArsQuatuorCoronatorum, Transactions of the Quatuor Coronati Lodge No. 2076, EC. EC English Constitution FS Freed by Servitude HEIC Honourable East India Company BRA Historical Records ofAustralia HRNSW Historical Records of New South Wales IC Irish Constitution ML Mitchell Library, State Library of New South Wales NAA National Archives ofAustralia NLA National Library ofAustralia NMJ\1 National Maritime Museum, Greenwich, England PPNSW Parliamentary Papers, New South Wales PRONI Public Records Office of Northern Ireland. RAHS Royal Australian Historical Society SLNSW State Library ofNew South Wales SRNSW State Records ofNew South Wales UC University of Canberra 9 To maintain historical integrity, Imperial measurements are used in the text according to the recommendations of the Australian Government 5(yle Manual 5th ed. 1994 ss, 2.40; 2.41; 2.42. Where appropriate, metric measurements or conversions have been included. Length 1 inch (in.) = 2.54 centimetres (cm.) 1 foot (ft.) = 12 inches; 30.48 ern 1 yard (yd.) = 3 feet; 91.44 em 1 mile = 5,280 feet; 1.61 kilometres (km.) Area 1 acre = 10 square chains; 4046.85 square metres 640 acres = 1 square mile; 2.58 square kilometres Volume 1 gallon = 4.54 litres Weight 1 ounce (oz.) = 453.6 grams (gm.) 1 pound (lb.) = 16 ounces; 453.59 gm. 1 hundredweight (cwt.) = 1121bs; 50.8 kilograms (kg.) 1 ton = 2,240 pounds (Ibs.); 907.18 kg. Currency Until 1966, when decimal currency was introduced, legal tender was expressed in pounds (f), shillings (s) and pence (d). 12 pence (d) = 1 shilling (is) 20 shillings =-1 pound (£1.) 10 Figure 1: Portrait of Sir Joseph Banks, by Thomas Phillips c.1808 49 Figure 2: The Baal's Bridge Square is inscribed 'I will strive to live with Love and Care. On the reverse is written 'Upon the Level By the Square'. The square bears the date 1507 52 Figure 3: The ancient Baal's Bridge in Limerick depicted in this engraving on steel by W.
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